Nurse Chung's Guide to Human Anatomy and Physiology for Healthcare Exams

Introduction

• Welcome message from Nurse Chung.
• Partnership with Smart Edition Academy.
• Goal: Guide to mastering human anatomy and physiology section of the test.

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam Section

• Comprises 44 questions, with 18 on human anatomy and physiology.
• QR codes on slides for more information through Smart Edition Academy.

Organization of the Human Body

Body Cavities

• Thoracic Cavity: Houses heart and lungs.
• Abdominal Cavity: Contains stomach, liver, intestines.
• Cranial Cavity: Encloses the brain.
• Spinal Cavity: Encases the spinal cord.
• Pelvic Cavity: Contains reproductive organs and parts of digestive and urinary systems.

Anatomical Terminologies

• Inferior and Superior: Below and above.
• Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal): Front and back.
• Proximal and Distal: Closer to trunk and further away.
• Lateral and Medial: Closer to sides and midline.
• Superficial and Deep: Closer to skin and inside.

Body Planes

• Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right.
• Mid-Sagittal Plane: Equal left and right halves.
• Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides front and back.
• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Slices from superior to inferior.

Cardiovascular System

• Heart: Four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
• Valves: Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), aortic.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

1. Entry through Superior and inferior vena cava.
2. Right atrium to right ventricle via tricuspid valve.
3. Journey to lungs via pulmonary artery.
4. Oxygenation in lungs.
5. Return to heart via pulmonary veins.
6. Left atrium to left ventricle via bicuspid valve.
7. Distribution out to the body via aorta.

Respiratory System

• Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli: Path of air.

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nasal Cavity: Filters air.
• Pharynx: Directs air.
• Larynx: Voice box, aids speech.

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea: Supported by cartilage.
• Bronchi and Bronchioles: Guide air to alveoli.
• Alveoli: Gas exchange site.

Gastrointestinal System

• Oral Cavity: Start of digestion.
• Esophagus: Pathway to stomach.
• Stomach: Muscular sac for food breakdown.
• Small and Large Intestine: Nutrient absorption and waste formation.

Accessory Organs

• Salivary Glands: Enzymes start digestion.
• Pancreas: Produces enzymes for digestion.
• Liver: Produces bile for fat digestion.
• Gallbladder: Stores bile.

Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

• Testes: Sperm production.
• Epididymis: Sperm maturation.
• Vas deferens: Transports sperm.
• Prostate Gland: Enhances sperm motility.

Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries: Egg production.
• Fallopian Tubes: Site of fertilization.
• Uterus: Site of embryo development.
• Vagina and Vulva: Birth canal and external genitalia.

Urinary System

• Kidneys: Filter blood, produce urine.
• Ureters: Transport urine to bladder.
• Bladder: Stores urine.
• Urethra: Excretes urine.

Skeletal System

• Over 200 bones providing support and protection.
• Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones, Sesamoid Bones.

Muscular System

• More than 600 muscles.
• Cardiac Muscle: Heart, involuntary.
• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, movement.
• Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, internal organs.

Integumentary System

• Skin: Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer.

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Endocrine System

• Pituitary Gland: Master gland.
• Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes.

Lymphatic System

• Lymph Vessels: Transport lymph.
• Lymph Nodes: Filter harmful substances.
• Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils.

Conclusion

• Smart Edition Academy as a resource for further study and understanding.
• Encouragement to explore additional topics and courses offered by Smart Edition Academy.