Lecture Notes: Attribution Theory and Covariation Model

Explaining Behavior

• Attribution Theory: How we explain the behaviors of others.
• Key Concepts:
  • Internal/Dispositional Factors: Attributes related to the person themselves.
  • External/Situational Factors: Attributes related to the environment or surrounding circumstances.
• Behavior is often on a spectrum between internal and external factors.

Covariation Model

• Developed by Kelley: Provides a framework to determine whether behavior is attributed to internal or external factors.

Key Components of the Covariation Model

1. Consistency

   • If behavior is consistently observed over time, it is likely attributed to internal factors.
   • Example: A friend who consistently cancels plans ("flaky friend") likely has internal reasons (dispositional).

2. Distinctiveness

   • If behavior is unusual or out of character, it is likely attributed to situational factors.
   • Example: A normally relaxed person (Jim) becomes furious in a specific situation (pizza parlor), attributed to the situation.

3. Consensus

   • If a behavior is demonstrated by many people, it is likely attributed to situational factors.
   • Example: "Group lateness" where everyone is late likely due to environmental factors (e.g., weather).

Practical Understanding

• High Consistency: Internal attribution (e.g., personality traits).
• High Distinctiveness: Situational attribution (e.g., specific events).
• High Consensus: Situational attribution (e.g., environmental influences).

Conclusion

• Understanding these factors helps in accurately attributing behaviors either to personal dispositions or environmental influences.
• Kelley’s Covariation Model provides a structured method to analyze behavior in various contexts.