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List three major psychological causes of ED.
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Stress, performance anxiety, depression.
What phase is characterized by the maximal levels of excitement in the sexual response cycle?
Plateau Phase
What are the four phases of the sexual response cycle?
Excitement Phase, Plateau Phase, Orgasm Phase, and Resolution Phase.
What type of medication is commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction and how does it work?
PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil) work by increasing cGMP levels, promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the penis.
Name a physical device used to treat erectile dysfunction and its principle of operation.
Vacuum erection devices use negative pressure to draw blood into the penis.
Which physiological system is involved in 'Reflex Erection'?
The parasympathetic nervous system
How can diabetes mellitus lead to erectile dysfunction?
Hyaline deposits and thickened capillary walls in diabetes cause hypoxia and death of smooth muscle cells in the penis.
What are emissary veins responsible for in penile anatomy?
Draining blood from the penis into the deep dorsal vein.
What is a common name for Erectile Dysfunction (ED)?
Impotence
Describe the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the erection mechanism.
Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase, converting GTP to cGMP, which decreases intracellular calcium, relaxing smooth muscle and allowing cavernosal spaces to fill with blood.
Which phase of the sexual response cycle involves the release of sexual tension in males?
Orgasm Phase
Which anatomical structures are primarily involved in maintaining an erection by trapping blood?
Corpora cavernosa
How does hypertension contribute to erectile dysfunction?
By damaging endothelial cells and reducing the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is necessary for smooth muscle relaxation in erectile tissue.
Which part of the penis surrounds the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
Explain the mnemonic 'Point and Shoot' in relation to erectile function.
Parasympathetic (Point) causes erection, Sympathetic (Shoot) causes ejaculation.
Why does the prevalence of ED commonly increase with age?
Due to factors like increased likelihood of vascular disease, decrease in testosterone levels, and other age-related health issues.
What diagnostic tests might be conducted to identify the cause of ED?
Blood tests (testosterone, glucose), neurological assessment, and duplex ultrasound.
Identify one neurological cause of ED.
Central nervous system damage, such as from a stroke or multiple sclerosis.
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