Overview
This lecture explains Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, outlining five environmental layers that impact human development and how their interactions shape individual growth.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
- The theory provides a framework for understanding how layered environmental factors influence human development.
- Development is shaped by five interconnected systems, ranging from immediate relationships to broader societal contexts.
The Five Systems
- Microsystem: Immediate environments such as family, school, and friendships directly shape behavior and emotions.
- Mesosystem: Involves connections between microsystems; parent-teacher collaboration can enhance a child’s academic and social development.
- Exosystem: Indirect environments (e.g., parents’ workplace) affect the individual; parental job stress can impact a child's well-being.
- Macrosystem: Broad societal influences, including culture, laws, and values, affect how children are raised and educated.
- Chronosystem: The dimension of time, including life events and historical changes (e.g., economic recession, moving countries), influences development.
Implications and Applications
- Social changes like technology advancement affect multiple system layers, altering development experiences.
- Educators and parents can enhance development by fostering positive interactions within and between systems.
- Schools collaborating with families and communities can better support student growth.
- The theory contrasts with stage-based theories (e.g., Piaget, Erikson) by highlighting the influence of multiple interacting environments.
Strengths and Criticisms
- Provides a comprehensive view of developmental influences but may be seen as too broad and complex for specific situations.
- Critics note it may not account for individual differences in environmental experiences.
- Refinements to the theory now emphasize the importance of time and historical context.
Assessment Tools
- Ecological models guide assessments of family, school, and community to support developmental needs.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Microsystem — Immediate surroundings with direct interactions (family, school, peers).
- Mesosystem — Connections between microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher relationships).
- Exosystem — Indirect external environments affecting the individual (e.g., parent's workplace).
- Macrosystem — Cultural, economic, and societal influences shaping development.
- Chronosystem — Time-related changes, including life events and historical shifts.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of each system and consider how they interact in real-life situations.
- Prepare for discussion: Compare Bronfenbrenner's model with stage-based development theories.