Yes. And is there any written method? Yes. Who say no? Good discussion.
Yes, he said no. Why you say no? We started because we said that the compilation is the time of Abu Bakr.
Very good argument. Those who said yes, how can you defend this argument? So he said Prophet there's a Kutab al-Wahi, the revelations writers and Allah called them to write down.
So how can we combine these two opinions? We said when Rasulullah passed away, the whole Quran was written down. has written however not in one copy not in one place not with one person if that makes sense so everyone has this several surahs this man have several surahs not in one copy not in one place not with one person but it's over there it's written Because these two methods, Allah indicates to this method that He described Qur'an as a Qur'an and as a Kitab and He combined these two in the beginning of Surah Al-Naml and Surah Al-Hijr تلك آيات القرآن وكتاب مبين What's the difference between Kitab and Qur'an? Kitab comes from the root kataba, write. Quran from qara'a, recite.
So he wants to say that Allah will preserve this Quran with two methods. Preserve as a kitab and as a qira'a, Quran. As a kitab, written way, or a Quran, oral way. So that's very very important.
That's why sometimes they said, I think last week one of you asked me, is there any they said that there is a narration that a writer He, when he write that he was sleepy. You know, these researchers nowadays, look at this narration, how can you defend this narration? We have a narration in new literature that one writer, when he write a Quran, he was sleepy.
How can we defend this argument? Yeah, if a one writer is sleepy, is the Quran come from one person first? Even written way or oral way, the both?
So when Abu Bakr in that time they combined, is it one person who combined this Quran? Or the whole Sahaba, this big event? So if he said, what about these thousands of people who memorize as you said?
Because they always try to compare to the Bible, where is the manuscript? and they themselves they found some manuscript anyway so that's keep in mind oral and written method so in the time of Rasulullah we said that he emphasized the both methods for the oral you can find many ahadi encourage memorization encourage Muslim to memorize because this one of the preservation method encourage Muslim to learn and teach the best among you is the one who learn and teach Quran. That's all to emphasize this.
And you'll find also that he emphasized written way. He choose some people, Qutab al-Wahi, And he said to the old companions, لا تكتبوا عني شيئا غير القرآن Don't write down anything except Qur'an, Rasulullah Azzam said. Even his hadith, He prohibited people to write hadith.
He said don't write anything except Quran. He don't want that to mix that confusion between Quran and hadith. But that shows you that the written method is very common in that time.
That Rasulullah ﷺ said to them don't write anything except Quran. It means they write, write. This is a big change that Rasulullah ﷺ from these Arabs It's who in that time ready to find someone who read and write and then this became a lot of writers and they love writing and they try to write Quran.
This one of the miracle that when Allah Ta'ala went to preserve his book. So oral and written also, and when Rasulullah ﷺ passed away, a lot of this. We talk about Rasulullah ﷺ and we talk about what's the final revision, al-ardha al-akhira, what's that? Who can tell me?
Yes? Very good, Mashallah. Your advice is very good. So the last year with Rasulullah S.A.W., the last Ramadan, Rasulullah S.A.W. used to make i'tikaf, to stay in the mosque for the last 10 nights.
Except the last Ramadan, he stayed for how long? 20 nights. And he said, because Jibril came down to me to revise the whole Qur'an twice. And he called Qutab al-Wahyi for this last revision. That's why the committee in the time of Abu Bakr, all of them, one of the conditions for Abu Bakr is, you attend the last revision with Rasulullah ﷺ.
So you know what's the last order and last thing. Okay, we talk about this now. Did we talk about Abu Bakr?
Oh good. So we said, what's the reason behind the compliation? Yeah, the battles were, especially one battle, a lot of Al Yamama, a lot of Huffab, they die in that.
Who's the head of the committee? Zaid ibn Thabit. And did they, so compile that first copy in the history, did they write down that copy?
To copy from it a lot of copies and read it in every mosque? They don't even read from it. So why they compile them? For the next generation. Just in the case if we all die, we memorize Quran now, what if we all die?
The next generation will have a copy. So that's an oral method is the strongest. A lot of Huffab around.
Muslim world now they memorize Quran like Fatiha and majority of them nowadays they are non-Arab if you ask them Mas'Ud what's your name in Arabic they don't understand but when you say to him read from this place straight away that's a miracle Okay, then Abu Bakr now we have a copy of the whole Masahif, but this time not written in the rock or in the leaf, no, in the skin of deer, in a leather. And now this is a whole copy and keep it in the house of Abu Bakr till Abu Bakr passed away. Now the time of Umar, it was in the house of Umar till Umar passed away. And then it was with Hafsa, the daughter of Umar. wife of Rasulullah now we are in the time of Uthmani which is the famous one what's the reason of compilation in the time of Uthmani it's quite different than the reason in the time of Abu Bakr yes the issue of Qiraat is number one and the issue of All notes, Mashallah.
The Masahif al-Sahaba, very good. So there's two main reasons. Yes?
Yes, Dini? Yes. So new people converted to Islam. This was in a country called Azerbaijan.
Where is Azerbaijan now? Near Manchester. Around Bolton. Near Iran and? Turkey and?
Armenia. There's a recent war between Armenia and. Azerbaijan really converted to Islam in the time of Osman.
Can you imagine? Very early. And when they conquered Azerbaijan, the students of Quran, they gathered together and one of them lead salah, so he recite with another qira'ah. So those people who don't know this Qira'ah, they confuse. We are memorizers of Quran, but we don't know this.
It's the first. Like sometimes this now happens. One came to the masjid and he recited different Qira'ah. So for example now when you visit Libya or Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Gambia, all this West or North Africa, they reside in a slightly different way. not in the hafs they will say for example sabih isma rabbika la'la alladhi khalaqa fasawa alladhi qadda'a fahada'a alqari'a ma alqari'a wa ma adara'a kama alqari'a inna as-salata kanat ala almuminina kitaban mawquta So this, some people they heard say what's this?
Is that the same Quran? So they confuse. That's why Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman, he traveled straight away from Azerbaijan to Medina and he told Uthmani we should do something.
Otherwise it will be big fitna. So that's the first problem, Qira'at. There is a second problem. Which is some Masahif, some of the Sahaba, some of the Tami'een, they write down Quran, their own copy, and they write down, added some words for explanation.
For example, in the Masahif of Abdul ibn Mas'ud, Fasiyamu thalathati ayyam He adds mutatabi'ah Fast three days together Mutatabi'ah, he may ask Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, is this three days should be One after one or should be separate Abdul Ibn Sa'ud believes should be one after one so he write down this note Some of his students think that this is from Quran, Siyamul Thalathati Ayam Mutatabi'ah That's what called in Ulum al-Qur'an, al-Qira'atu al-Shadda which is not from Qur'an, you can't recite it in Salah but it's in the book of Ulama to try to extract some some Ahkam Anyway, so that's the second reason also the notes in the individual Masahif now become common that's a big problem So Uthmani, he make a big gathering with Sahaba, the Sahaba that there, many great Sahaba still there, 10 Mubashshirin in Jannah, except Abu Ubaidah, Abu Bakr, Umar, the rest is all there, so they decide also to write down a copy and send Four copies to the main cities and send a reciter with every copy. And they tried for that copy to write it in a writing style which can combine all Qiraat, all majority of Qiraat. So the main cities at that time is Medina, Mecca, Kufa, Basra, Damascus.
That's the main cities. So they tried to copy what they do. First of all, Zaid ibn Thabit and the committee, they brought the copy of Masahif Abu Bakr from Hafsa, may Allah be pleased with her.
And they now tried to write it in a stamp. which now called Rasim Uthmanii If you open any Masahif nowadays you'll find the first page Kutiba Bil-Rasim Uthmanii What does Rasim Uthmanii mean? Yes, it's writing style which is in a way that can you can read different Qira'at in the same This needs some...
You know, can we write just by the finger on this? Just to explain this. Not pen, even just...
So, now we write a copy. A copy of that Masahif. Different Masahif now.
Bear in mind that in the time of Sahaba, Arabs, they don't know dots at all. They can read the whole book without any dot. Subhanallah!
How's that? There's many words they can confuse you, yes, but they know it just by the context. So clever, that you can read quickly just...
and a word can... you can guess many meanings but just by the context you read quickly there's no Dots, dots, it's come to the stage number four in the time of Abdul Malik ibn Marwan. In 70s in Hijrah, it means after more than 60 years after the death of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, they put dots, they divide Quran to ajza. It's all new after that, but in the time of Rasulullah there's no dots.
So the Masahif Uthmanii now, there's no dots, as we see now. So, no dots, then that's why, let me give you an example. Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Alameen Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim Maliki Yawm al-Din Or Maliki Yawm al-Din If you open the Masahif now.
look at Maliki open your Musafi mobile phone look at Maliki please or if not it's just a white board that's it Malik is the Alif, small Alif or big Alif? Small. Why it's small? All Masahif is small.
Yes. The Qur'an that reads Malik is also Qur'an. Yes.
So they could write it a big alif, but they want that writing style to combine the different qiraat. So the one who recite Maliki, it's easy for him. The one who recite Maliki, just small alif, become Malik, Yawm al-Din. You can use your hand.
Straight away, go on. No, I think that is there. Yeah. Yeah.
And then here, Okay. Oh, I think I write... Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Look. Oh.
Please don't write with me, please. Okay. So Maliki is like this.
This is Maliki. So we can put here just a small alif and it becomes Maliki. So this is, like this, is the Rasim Uthmanii.
For example. What's this? Who can read this?
Mi'a Minhu Minnatun Fi'atun You can read many words. How they differentiate? Just by the context.
Straight away. This here In Surah Al-Hujurat يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ جَاءَكُمْ فَاسِقٌ بِنَبَئٍ فَتَبَيَّنُوا Or فَتَثَبَّتُوا Both Qira'ah And you can just by dot differentiate between them But in Rasim They are the same So in Rasim Uthmanii there is Let me show you Rasim Uthmanii The question here is, did Rasulullah ﷺ recited Maliki or Maliki? Both. That's a very important point. Qiraat is not from some people, they create Qur'an from themselves.
No, it's from Rasulullah ﷺ. Okay, why Rasulullah ﷺ recited in different way then? Why Rasulullah recite سبح اسم ربك الأعلى And Rasulullah also recite سبح اسم ربك الأعلى Yes, yes Jibril came down I know, but why? Yes Muhammad, I will take another one Because of what? Raise your voice.
Customs of the... Yes, what do you know? What do you mean by that?
Okay, you want to say that, yes? The friend of the Hajj. You speak Arabic? Yes. Oh, Mashallah.
Where did you learn it from? I was raised in Saudi Arabia. Oh, SubhanAllah.
Where in Saudi Arabia? Abu Dhabi. SubhanAllah.
Mashallah. Al-Arab, they have different dialects. So, one day in Bukhari, Umar found one Sahabi, Rasulullah taught that Sahabi Surah Al-Furqan.
So he recited to Umar. In a different way that Umar knew that Surah in a different way, in a different Qira'ah. Umar is Umar.
So he grabbed him from his clothes and he brought him to Rasulullah. This man is crazy, he recites Qur'an in a different way. Leave him, Umar.
Recite to that person. He recites. Rasulullah said, It's revealed like this.
Umar said, I'm confused. What's this? Then he said, oh Umar, read Surah Al-Furqan. Umar read it in a way he knows.
Rasulullah said, Why Rasulullah ﷺ teach that person different than Umar? Because that person is not from Quraysh, it's from different tribe. For that person, his tribe, they can't say Al-A'la. Their dialect is La'la, La'la That's their dialect Arabs are the ones Allah chose to spread the Quran So he needs different tribes of Arabs especially the main tribe to carry Quran to the whole world and they can't recite it in different dialects that's their language And there's no difference if you say, رب سبّح اسم ربك الأعلى سبّح اسم ربك الأعلى Just like different dialects in the same country. When you say fantastic and fantastic.
Liverpool. So it's just different dialects, it's the same meaning, still fantastic. But in just the time of Rasulullah ﷺ, can any Arab people after the time Rasulullah ﷺ said, oh I am Arab, I have a different dialect, I'm reciting this way?
No. Should Rasulullah ﷺ have proved that? That way when they came to them, to him ﷺ, he teach them this, especially in the year 9, because these different tribes. So they say, inna as-salah.
Some say, inna as-salah. That's their dialect. So, there is no difference.
But, to make our Quran easy for them, then they can carry this. So, the Rasim Uthmanii is trying to, because there is no dots, that help them also. Sheikh, what about the words where there is different words?
Yes, when different words it means also the same. Some people they say tathabbat, some people say they tabayan. It's sometimes about the dialect, sometimes about the word itself.
Same meaning, but some Arabs say tathabbat, some Arabs say tabayan. Yes, that's the same meaning. But just when you say in this city, this, yes. Yeah, what's the difference?
Yeah, the same. Yes. تعلمون and يعلمون is the same. Just when you go to another قراءة you'll find that's the miracle of Arabic that you want to pay attention to different meaning to this.
So instead of تعلمون I talk to you يعلمون I talk about them, for example. Yes. No, but when people came to Rasulullah ﷺ, Rasulullah ﷺ teach them, teach them this Qira'at.
Or Rasulullah ﷺ recite that Qira'at. But majority of time, Rasulullah ﷺ is the one who teach them from different tribes. Yes? Is it Sunnah to learn from Qira'at?
It's okay. It is obligatory for Ummah to preserve this Qira'at but for individuals one is enough. However, sometimes to recite different Qira'at in the same mosque sometimes is not recommended even if it will confuse people. Anyone who wants to recite a different Qira'at he should announce that. before he recite and he should explain to the people yeah so then the Uthmani now what he did is this rasam different masahif why different masahif because sometimes qiraat have a difference one word here, one letter sorry or one for example Jannatin tajree tahtaha al-anhaar Surat?
Tawbah Quran says, Uthmani write down five masahif Jannatin tajri tahti hal anhar is only in Maliki version, only in the Masahif he sent to the Makka. The other four Masahif is Jannatin tajri min tahti hal anhar. Sari'u ila maghfira min rabbikum.
Is it Sari'u or Wasari'u? Who's from Africa here, West Africa or North Africa? Okay.
in our country we recite it sari'u it's got at once okay so mushaf which is in medina othman mushaf al-imam is sari'u but the other masahif is wasari'u because that why there's five that's why there's copies not just in the purpose of copy no but with other purpose also He now solved the first problem which is Qira'at. There's another problem which is that notes in some Masahif which confuse now, which is called Qira'at al-Shadda. Which is Qira'a explain the Quran but it's not, you can't recite it in the prayer. What he will do with that? He burn the own Masahif which combine these notes.
He said this will confuse people and the next generation will come and say this is from Quran. He burned all of them and sent just these five copies called Masahif al-Imam, copy from it and he sent a reciter, a big hafidh, to every main city and people started to copy from that Masahif. ...tell people to make it obvious that it's not Quran. It's difficult if you make it obvious. What about these thousands of people?
What about the next generations? It's still there in the book of scholars but to write it with Quran this confusion. You can write it in the book of Tafseer which is still we have now.
But he prohibited to write it within the manuscript of Masahif. If anyone has any of script this bring it we'll burn it and don't do it again. That's to solve the next problem. problem. Then he sent the main...
ok, the manuscript, sorry, you raise your hand, ok. Now the Western researchers, as we said before, they build now some types of sciences to know, to search for the first version or the copy of Bible. They use these three types of sciences.
One looks at the letters, shapes, one looks at the spelling. And the most important, the third one, radiocarbon dating. Which is a type is to know or estimate this paper for how long, which age, depend to the letters shaping spelling and depend to the material itself. They discovered this in 1940. One American in Chicago, he discovered this and that time it was a big thing. They tried to use it to find where is the first copy of Bible.
And after that they used it to find the first copy of Bible. ...to find the first copy of Quran. They found now that in the first century, so basically they look at these three things, look at the script, writing style, the type of the ink, and then at the parchment which is the material you write down this so they found that zero percent they didn't found find any manuscript of the bible in the first century after the birth of isaac the first thing they found is piece only 18 verses of bible you know bible now is around 8 000 verses 18 only they found and it's now in manchester university you can google it now this google now java island 52 and you'll find this the scripture you can visit in manchester the quran Around the world now, in Hijaz, in Turkey, in Egypt, Germany, Spain and Britain, we have around 100% of manuscripts of the Quran in the first century. And one of the alias is two copies, the one in Birmingham and one in Turkey.
Birmingham Manuscript. They claim that this is 648. It means after 18 years of the death of Rasulullah ﷺ. There's a very nice website called Islamic Awareness. Type this website, islamicawareness.org islamicawareness.org, not.com, sorry.
You'll find this, let me show you the... This one of the papers of manuscript of Birmingham. Which surah this?
Do you remember Surah At-Ta'a? Okay, can you read? Let me go through it.
Wait, wait. Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim Taha ma anzalna, no dots Alayka Kaaf is write this, this is now Moroccan style Alayka al-Qur'an Litashqa Illa tadkira liman yakhsha تَنْزِيلًا مِّمَّنْ خَلَقَ الْأَرْضَ وَالسَّمَاوَاتِ الْعُلَىٰ الرَّحْمَنُ عَلَىٰ الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَىٰ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا وَمَا تَحْتَ الثَّرَىٰ وَإِن تَجْهَرْ You can find this in internet very easily. Look, you can choose any of. Okay, this is challenge now.
Who can read? Which surah guys? I'm the first time I see this. But I can recognize quickly. Maybe because I'm Arab.
Okay. Gone? What's the second line? أخرجنا به nabata kulli shay'i faakhrajna minhu khadiran nukhrijhu minhu habban mutarakiba okay i'll be nice straight away from this word which is just in surah an'am okay who's memorized quran here One, two, three, okay. Another test.
It's very difficult. Hmm. Ya ayyuhal ladhin amanu. Huh?
Huh? Surat al-Nisa. I can't read it. Huh? Sorry?
This is Al-Ma'ida. إِذَا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ فَقْصِرُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ وَإِيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى الْمَرَافِقِ وَامْسَحُوا بِرُؤُسِكُمْ وَأَرْجُلَكُمْ إِلَى الْكَعْبَيْنِ Okay, good. Anyway.
This is the website. If you go to the website, you'll find this. Talk about Quran, about Hadith, about all these doubts about this, even about the Bible, the history. We talk about text first, then about the manuscripts, sources. Okay, so let me go to this now So this is Masahif Uthmanii now and people try now to copy a lot of Masahif Bear in mind this is just manuscript, but oral method is always there That's why every ijazah now in Quran if you take ijazah, everyone here knows what ijazah means Can you define what ijazah means?
Yes, what's ijazah? It's a permission to teach for the next generation. Good, what else? Yes? Is there a way to indicate that you can read the Qur'an?
Yes. It's not to teach. You cannot teach. But just that you can read Qur'an as it revealed to the Prophet.
So your teacher, this is very common in all Muslim countries. In the past they were very strict, nowadays the teachers are some... So before they are very strict, the teacher will not... You are not allowed to call a hafidh till you recite Quran sometimes for 40 times for...
And then you teach... in some countries you have to write Quran in Uthmanii Masahif, this is in my country in my country ijazah has two conditions first one is to recite Quran 40 times every single day and the second is to write down at least five juz'in Masahif in Uthmanii style without looking because every day you recite write down as Uthmanii style then he will give you a certificate called ijazah that certificate is just a chain from your teacher to the prophet and you say my teacher taught me this quran from the beginning to the end as it revealed his name is this and he took this quran from his teacher name this and he took from this teacher till rasulullah that's the certificate Because of this, Quran is preserved. But what we talk about here is just manuscript.
So don't forget the oral method, which is now you can find in international competition. Dubai, Kenya, Turkey, Egypt, anywhere now. These young kids, 10 years old, 11 years old, 12 years old, from all different countries, different backgrounds, recite Quran from Fatiha till An-Nas, like it's revealed, but they don't know Arabic at all. Some of them, they can know the number of these verses.
Tell me some amazing thing, which is a miracle that Allah has preserved. Combine this with how many people they memorize the Bible from the beginning to the end So that's the big difference The last stage here is in the reign of Abdul Malik ibn Marwan Which time this? Umar ibn Abbas guys I am Abdul Malik La ilaha illallah Yes, in Amawi, yes, in the time of Amawi So we have, what, Rasulullah Wasallam, he died in which age?
In which year, sorry? 11 Hijrah, go to Hijrah now. Then Abu Bakr, 2 years and 3 months, 13. And then Umar, 10 years and 6 months, 23. Sorry, 23. And then Uthmani, 12 years, 35 Hijrah. Then Ali, 4 years and 9 months.
40 and then in Hafsa six months this now Khilafah Rasim this 30 years after Rasulullah SAW. Rasulullah SAW said Al-Khilafatu Ba'di Thalathuna Osman The Khilafah which is the best one will last for 30 years. Calculate now this two years and three months plus 10 years and six months plus 12 years plus four years and nine months Ali the equal is 29 years and six months then Al-Hafsa ibn Ali he lasts for six months this is exactly 30 years okay and now we have Muawiyah 41 till 60. and then we have Yazid 61 till 64 and then we have 64 till 65 Marwan ibn al-Hakam and then we have Abdul Malik we have Abdul ibn al-Zubair which is Khalifa and Abdul Malik is Khalifa in the same time but then you know the history anyway so Abdul Malik now from 65 Till, anyone knows?
Long period. 21 years as a Khalifa Abdul Malik ibn Arwan is why we talk about this this is the time of Abdul Malik ibn Arwan around 70s some scholars say 77 after Hijrah something happened which they said that these new Muslims they can't read Quran without dots So we have to do something. That's where they create dots.
Sahaba, they don't know dots. Only those who attend this, the last thing. But the majority of Sahaba, they don't. Arabs, they don't know dots.
so they create dots that's why the dots is a slight difference between east and and african north african and west african with five letters anyway that's details so so they put dots just to make it easy for new muslims to read that's number one second they divided mushaf to ajza 30 juz this is new Rasulullah and his great companions they don't know what ajza means they don't know that Quran is divided to 30 juza as we said in the first lecture so they divided to ajza and to ahzaab and to quarters arbaa and they put dots and after that like nowadays now we have some masahif with diff with with different colors why to make tajweed easy for people, that type of mas'ahib, I can't read from it. I'm serious, it confuse me, what's this gadas? So it's just to facilitate the reciting.
Also ajza and hal is just to facilitate. That's why I said in the beginning, in the first lecture, that the surahs, 114, this from Rasulullah. That's why the course is about to know, to go deep in this 114, what's. the order of the surahs, what's the main themes, where does the names of the surahs come from, that's what the course is about. All what we talk about is just introduction.
Allahu a'lam wa sallallahu ala abdi rasooli Sayyidina Muhammad.