Hello guys, I am Sumer Poddar and you are watching Play Chemistry. So guys, today we are going to cover the most important topic of Organic Chemistry. And that is General Organic Chemistry. So guys, we are going to cover Organic Chemistry completely in just one hour. So guys, in this video, what I am going to tell you, you will be able to use it in every chapter of Organic Chemistry. I know that if you were searching for general organic chemistry, then it means that you are looking for things like inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation. So yes, we have done those things, but at the right time. In this video, we have done everything step by step, sequentially. So let's do general organic chemistry step by step. So first of all we will start with organic reagents. So what is organic reagents? So we have an organic molecule, we put reagents in it and because of that reagent we get a product. So this is reagent. We call it organic reagent as well. And we call it attacking reagent as well. We call it attacking reagent because it is attacking on organic molecule. So this is also called attacking reagent. Now organic reagent is of two types. One is electrophile and one is nucleophile. So let's see what is electrophile and what is nucleophile. So let's start with electrophile. So first comes Electrophile Electrophile is made up of two words One is Electro and the other is File Electro means Electron and File means Lover So Electrophile is Electron Lover Now let's understand Electrophile completely Electrophile has a shortage of electrons And due to the shortage of electrons, we call it Electron Deficient Due to the shortage of electrons, we call it Electron Deficient It attacks wherever it finds electrons. So, wherever the Electrophile finds electrons, it will attack there. So, this is Electrophile, this is Electron Lover. Now there are two examples of electrophile, Cl plus and Cs3 plus. These two are electrophiles. These two have a lack of electrons. So this is electrophile. Now electrophiles are of two types. One is positively charged electrophile and the other is neutral electrophile. So let's do positively charged electrophile first. So first one is positively charged Electrophile. So the way to identify positively charged Electrophile is that it will have a positive charge. So let's see these Electrophiles. CS3+, CL+, BR+, and NO2+. So these have a positive charge. So these are positively charged electrophiles. So let's do an example. Now we have to see if it is electron deficient or not. Because if it is electron deficient, then only we will consider it as an electrophile. So let's see this one. CS3+. So first of all expand CS3 and draw it like this. So now you can see this. CS3 has 3 bonds. That means it has total 6 electrons. And carbon coaxial. For stability, total 8 electrons are required. But this carbon has only 6 electrons. That means this carbon is electron deficient. And if this is electron deficient, then we will call it as Electrophile. So, CH3 plus is an Electrophile. And similarly, all the electrophiles here, all of them are electron deficient. Now next is Neutral Electrophile. So examples of Neutral Electrophile are Boron Trifluoride and Carbon Dioxide. BF3 and CO2. So what is the meaning of Neutral? Neutral means No Charge. So there is no charge on Neutral Electrophile. You can see Boron Hydride, you can see Carbon Dioxide. Both of them are not charged. So both of them are neutral electrophile. But we still have to prove it as Electrophile. So let's see Carbon Dioxide. Now expand this carbon dioxide. So it will look something like this. So around this carbon, there are total 4 bonds. That means it has total 8 electrons. So this means that carbon is totally stable. Its octet is complete. But there are electrons. So how is it an electrophile? So how did this electrophile happen? There are two oxygens on both sides of carbon. And both of them are very electronegative. So oxygen will start pulling the electrons of carbon towards itself. Because of which, there will be a lack of electrons on carbon. So carbon will become electron deficient. So CO2 is an electrophile. Now it is time for boron trifluoride. So this is the structure of boron trifluoride. Now around boron there are total 3 bonds. That means it has 6 electrons. So it became electron deficient. And along with it is P orbital. This P orbital is vacant and it needs electron. So again it is electron deficient. So, even those trifluorides are electron deficient. So, it is an electrophile. So, now we will sum up the electrophile. So, electrophile is an electron loving species. It has a lack of electrons. And it is very reactive. So, this is our first reagent, electrophile. Now, next is nucleophile. So, what is nucleophile? We will understand this with this example. So, nucleophile is complete opposite of electrophile. Electrophile has a lack of electrons and nucleophile has excess electrons. So nucleophile is electron rich. So nucleophile has excess electrons and it wants to donate these excess electrons. So that's why we call nucleophile as electron donor. So there are two ways to identify nucleophile. One is lone pair and second is negative charge. Lone pair on NH3 and negative charge on OH-. So these two are nucleophile. Now let's see all types of nucleophile. So, nucleophile are of three types, negatively charged nucleophile, neutral nucleophile and ambident nucleophile. So let's see each of them one by one. So first comes negatively charged nucleophile. So its examples are H-, OH-, RO-. Hydride, Alcohol and Alkoxy. Now this negative charge means that they have electron excess. And this negative charge is sign of Nucleophile. Now next is Neutral Nucleophile. Neutral means that there will be no charge on it. So let's see Neutral Nucleophile. NH3 and H2O, Ammonia and Water. Now let's expand both of them. So this is NH3. The lone pair on NH3, these are excess electrons. So because of this, we will call it neutral nucleophile. Neutral because there is no charge on it. And nucleophile because there are excess electrons on it. And water, we have two lone pairs on water. And lone pair is a sign of nucleophile. And again, there is no charge on water. So it is neutral nucleophile. Similarly, ROH and RNH2, both of them are nucleophile. So, these two dots on ROH are lone pair. So, lone pair is present on both sides. So, both of them are nucleophile. So, this was our neutral nucleophile. Now next is Ambident Nucleophile. So what is an Ambident Nucleophile? In normal nucleophile, we have lone pairs on one atom. But in this nucleophile, one lone pair is on carbon and other one is on nitrogen. So this nucleophile can attack with carbon and also with nitrogen. So it has two attacking sides. So this is cyanide and this is a special type of nucleophile. And this is called... Ambi-dent-nucleophile So we have done nucleophile So all our reagents are now Electrophile as well as nucleophile So why are we doing all these things now? To understand the reactions of organic chemistry We will need these concepts So that's why we are doing all these concepts So first of all, let's see a normal organic reaction. So this is our organic molecule and we will add reagent in this organic molecule and by adding that reagent we will get this product. So this is a normal organic chemistry reaction. So in the middle of the reaction there are many things happening which we are not mentioning in this reaction. So for this thing we have mechanism. So in mechanism we see every step by which this product is made from organic molecule. So I am giving you an example of organic reaction mechanism. So this is our organic molecule. We have added a reagent to it and we get reaction intermediate. So this is something which is made in between of the reaction. Reaction is made in between but this is not our final product. We are not going to get this finally. Now in this reaction intermediate changes will come due to which we will get product. So this is now complete reaction. First, Reaction Intermediate made from organic molecules. Then, product made from Reaction Intermediate. So, this is the complete reaction. So, what is this Reaction Intermediate? Reaction Intermediate is something that is made in between of the reaction. Which is made in the middle of the reaction. And this speciality of Reaction Intermediate is that it is very unstable. So, let's see all types of Reaction Intermediates. So the first one is Carbocatine, second one is Carbinine, third one is free radical, fourth one is Carbine and fifth one is Nitrine. So let's learn about each reaction intermediate step by step. So the first one is Carbocatine. So what is the meaning of Carbocatine? So there are two words in Carbocatine. One is Carbo One is Cation. Carbo means Carbon and Cation means Positive charge. So in Carbo-Cation, we have a Carbon on which there is a positive charge. So let's look at this example. So this is CS3, CS2, CL. Now we will break this. We know that CL is more electronegative than Carbon. So chlorine will take both electrons of this bond towards itself. So because of this, negative charge came on chlorine. And on carbon, positive charge comes. So finally we get this compound. CS3 CS2+. Now this CS3 CS2+, this is carbon. with a positive charge. So this is Carbocation. So similarly, this is also Carbocation. All of them have a positive charge on Carbon. So all of these are Carbocation. Now let's move on to the second reaction intermediate. And that is Carbionine. So Carbionine is made up of two words. One is Carb and the other is Anion. Carb means Carbon. And Anion means negative charge. So Carbionine is a species which has a negative charge with Carbon. So let's see this compound. So CH3CH2-this is a carbon ion. So in the same way, all of these are also carbon ions. Because it has negative charge with carbon. So this is carbonite. Next is free radical. Free radical is a species on which an unpaired electron is present. So this is an element and it has only one electron. So one electron means that this electron is unpaired. So this is a free radical. Now let's look at this compound. So this is a chlorine. This will split in presence of UV light. Now how will it split? It will split homolytically. This means it will split equally. So this bond means it has two electrons. And from two electrons, one electron will go to this chlorine and the other electron will go to this chlorine. So finally we get this, we get 2 chlorine free radical. So on both the chlorine, there is one electron. So this is a free radical. Similarly, all these compounds will be free radicals. So this is free radical. Now let's move on to the fourth reaction intermediate. And this is Carbene. So in Carbene, we have a carbon and it has two electrons. So this is a carbon with a lone pair. So we call this type of species as Carbene. Now let's see how it is made. So we have a compound CS2N2. So this is a carbon. Now when it splits, nitrogen will release from it. So we will get CH2 and N2. So this compound is Carbine. So we get a Carbine from this compound. Now let's move towards the next compound. And this is Nitrine. So let's look at these two examples. So in Nitrine, we have two lone pairs and one bonded pair. Now let's look at this one. So in this one, one part is bonded with CS3 and the other two are lone pairs. So this is also a nitrine. So these are reaction intermediates and they are made in the middle of the reaction. And they are very unstable and reactive. So when we will do reaction, then you will observe that So, till now we have done reagents and we have done reaction intermediates. Now, it is time to observe this organic molecule. So, this is the time to understand electronic effects. By this, we will know where the reagent will attack and why it will attack. So, let's do electronic effect. and understand it step by step. So this is a compound. After electronic effect, I came to know that here electron density will be high and here electron density will be low. So where electron density will be high, I will put negative charge and where electron density will be low, I will put positive charge. Now we have two reagents. One is electrophile and one is nucleophile. So we know that positive and negative attract each other. So for this reason, this electrophile will go to the part on which there is negative charge. And nucleophile will go to the part on which there is positive charge. So this is the benefit of electronic effect. So we have basically these four electronic effects. First one is inductive effect. Second is resonance. Third is hyperconjugation. And fourth is electromeric effect. So let's do all of them one by one. So the first is the electronic effect, inductive effect. So let's see an example and understand it. So this is CS3, CS2, CS2Cl. Now in this compound, chlorine is more electronegative than carbon. So chlorine will pull the electron towards itself. So the electron density will increase on chlorine and the electron density will decrease on carbon. So because of this, the negative charge will come on chlorine. So we will write it as partial negative charge. And it will come on carbon. positive charge. So we will write it as partial positive charge. So like a magnet, magnet has more effect on the nails near it and less effect on the nails far away. Similarly, chlorine is a magnet. and electron clouds are nails so chlorine had a huge impact on first carbon electron cloud because it is very close to it but on the second carbon, it will have a little less impact so chlorine will pull the second carbon electron cloud but not with the same intensity as it pulled the first carbon electron cloud So, chlorine has impact on second carbon also but less impact. So we will write it as partial partial positive. Similarly, third carbon will also have impact but that impact will be much less than both of these carbon. So, this will have partial partial partial positive charge. So this thing is called inductive effect. In this, an electronegative atom starts pulling electrons towards itself. So this was inductive effect and it is a permanent effect. The distortion that is created is permanent. This chlorine will be partial negative and this carbon will be partial positive. So this is permanently created. Now inductive effect is of two types. One is plus I effect and one is minus I effect. So the example we just did was minus I effect. In minus I effect we have an electron withdrawing group. Electron withdrawing group means, the one which withdraws electrons. So, what was chlorine doing? Chlorine was drawing electrons. So, chlorine was electron withdrawing group. So, this one is minus I effect. Similarly, cyanide, nitro, bromide, all of these are electron withdrawing group. They also draw electrons towards themselves. So, all of them shows minus I effect. Now next is plus I effect. Plus I effect is complete opposite of minus I effect. In minus I effect we have electron withdrawing group which snatches electrons. And in plus I effect we have electron donating group which donate electrons. So in short we write it as EDG. That means electron donating group. So let's see an example and understand it. So this is our amine group. Now on this surface we have three methyl and these three methyl are electron donating group. These electrons are donating. Methyl are pushing their electron towards nitrogen. So electron density will increase on nitrogen. So here we are getting plus eye effect. Now apart from methyl, ethyl, propyl all these also show plus eye effect. All of them are electron donating group. Now where will this inductive effect be useful? So let's see it. So we have these two carbocations. Now we have to tell which of these two carbocations is the most stable. So let's see it. So why is carbocation unstable? Carbocation is unstable due to electron deficiency. Look at this. Here we have positive charge on it. Here we have electron deficiency. And for stability, it needs electrons. So from where will we get these electrons? So we have CS3 around it. We have methyl around it. What does methyl do? Methyl pushes its electrons. So it will push the electrons that are present. So methyl is an electron donating group. It is donating electrons. And when it will donate electrons, the electron deficiency of this carbocation will be finished. So this carbocation will become very stable. Because it has 3-3 methyl. But let's see the other case. In the second case, we have only two methyl and this methyl will help in stability. It will not make it as stable as the first one. In the first one, there were three methyl but in this one, there are only two methyl. So it will be comparatively less stable than the first one. So this was stability of carbocation. Next is stability of carbonyne. So we have these two compounds. Both of these are carbonyne. Both of them have negative charge. Negative charge means that on this carbon, electron density is high. And due to high electron density, it is unstable. Now look at these methyl groups. Here there are three methyl groups. And what are methyl groups? Electron donating group. So they are pushing their electrons towards this carbon. So what will happen with that? Earlier the electron density was high on this carbon. Now it will be even higher. So what will happen with that? This carbon ion became highly unstable. Now look at this second one. So here we have two methyl which is less than the previous one. So these two methyl are pushing their electrons. They are electron donating group. We know that. But it will not affect this carbonyl as much as the first one. Because there were three methyl and here there are only two methyl. So the first one was highly unstable and the second one is comparatively less stable. So this means that second one is more stable. than the first one. So inductive effect is used here. So let's see next application of inductive effect. So next is stability of acid. So we have two acids here. Now in both of them, carboxylic acid is used. So what actually makes them acid? This part. If it easily loses H positive, that is proton, then it is a good acid. So, from these two, whoever loses H positive easily, that will be the best acid. Now, we have to find out which is the most acidic in these two. So, first of all, expand both. So, let's look at the first one. So, we have chlorine around this carbon. And what is the function of chlorine? It is electron withdrawing group. These electrons snatch electrons from us. So we have 3 chlorines here. That means we have 3 electron withdrawing groups. So they will snatch electrons towards them. So what will happen in its return? This carbon will snatch electrons from this carbon. And this carbon will snatch electrons from this oxygen. Now what will this oxygen do? This oxygen will snatch electrons from this hydrogen. So this carbon say... These two electrons will go towards oxygen and hydrogen will not have any electrons left. And this H will leave as H positive. So, because of 3 chlorine, so much electron deficiency will be created in it that H positive will leave this compound. So, this compound is very acidic. Now, let's move to the next compound. So, in this compound, we have 2 chlorine. So, these 2 chlorine will also create electron deficiency but not more than the previous one. So, yes, H positive will leave this compound but it will not be as acidic as the previous one. In the previous one, there were 3 electron withdrawing groups and in the second one, 2 electron withdrawing group. So the first one is more acidic and second one is comparatively less acidic. So this was acidic strength. Now next is basic strength. So let's do it. Now let's look at these two compounds. Now we have these amine groups. Now these two have a lone pair. Now due to the lone pair, these will be Lewis base. The one who donates their lone pair easily, that is a good base. So let's see which one is a good base. So in the first one, we have three methyl groups. And what are these three methyl groups? Electron donating group. So they will push their electron towards nitrogen. So the electron density will increase on nitrogen. Now the lone pair on this nitrogen is very likely to donate that lone pair. So that's what makes it a very very strong base. Now let's see the next one. In the next one, there are only two methyl groups. So the electron density will increase but not as much as the first one. So this one will also donate loan pairs but not as strongly as the first one. So if we talk about basicity, first one is more basic than the second one. So this was strength of base. So this was our first electronic effect, inductive effect. Now let's move on to our next electronic effect and that is resonance. Now next electronic effect is resonance. So resonance is an electronic effect which makes the compound very stable. So this is benzene and on this is resonance. So in benzene these double bonds are alternately placed. That means double bonds are after one gap. So this is a sign of resonance. So there will be resonance in this. Now let's see what will happen. Due to resonance, these double bonds will shift. So this bond goes here, this one here and this one here. So all these double bonds are displaced. Finally, this is what we get. Now these double bonds will shift. All of these double bonds will shift. So after double bonds shift, we will get this structure once again. So this chain will keep on running. This structure will convert into this structure and this structure will convert into this structure. So this is resonance. Resonance is a sign of stability. The compound in which this is present, it becomes very stable. Now for resonance, one thing is very important and that is conjugation. If there is conjugation, then only resonance will be there. So let's look at all types of conjugation. So these are all types of conjugation. So first is double bond, then single bond, then double bond. So these double bonds are alternately placed. So this is a sign of conjugation. And if there is conjugation, then resonance will be there. As we saw in the previous example, there was this type of conjugation. Now we call double bond as pi bond. So this is also called pi-pi conjugation. Now next is p-pi conjugation. So in this you can notice that we have a double bond and after one bond we have lone pair. So if we get such structure then resonance will be there. So we will call this double bond as pi bond. and this lone pair is a sign of P orbital so this is P PI conjugation now next is this conjugation now here is a double bond and after one bond we have positive charge so if this happens then resonance will happen so these are all type of conjugation if these will happen then only then only resonance will happen otherwise it will not happen so for resonance conjugation is necessary If there is no conjugation, then there will be no resonance. Now look at this compound. First there is double bond, then single bond, then single bond again and then double bond. So this compound is not in conjugation. Double bond should be placed alternately for conjugation. But here double bond is not alternately. So this is not in conjugation. That means there will be no resonance. Now next electronic effect. So let's do hyperconjugation. So what is hyperconjugation? So let's do an example and understand it. So this is propene. Now in this propene we have a double bond. So this is double bond. And after double bond, we will call this carbon alpha carbon. And these hydrogens on alpha carbon, these hydrogens are called alpha hydrogens. So, just like double bond and double bond had a conjugation, similarly, the bond between alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen and this double bond, there will be a conjugation between these two. So, hyperconjugation is also a type of resonance. So, let's do it step by step. So, the bond between alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen, shift it here. So we have shifted. Now what happened? Now this carbon has 5 bonds in total. So the electron density has become very high. So what will happen? So this double bond will shift here. Out of this double bond, one of which is this bond, 2 electrons will shift here. So now finally, this is balanced. So, this is finally what we get. So, this compound will turn into this compound and this compound will turn back into this compound. So, this same chain will continue to run. Both of them will interconvert into each other. So, this is hyperconjugation. But now notice that there is no bond between alpha carbon and alpha hydrogen. So that's why it is also called Bondless Resonance. There is resonance in it but in the time of resonance, a bond is gone. And it is also called Sigma Pi Conjugation. Because this bond is Sigma Bond and this bond is Pi Bond. So this is Sigma Pi Conjugation. The question is, how are these two connected even though there is no bond? Even if the electron has left between these two, but still, the overlapping still exists between these two. So that's why both of them are connected. Only the electron has been delocalized from this. But the overlapping still exists. The compound which has hyperconjugation, that compound becomes very stable. So, hyperconjugation is a sign of stability. Now, let's do some application of hyperconjugation and understand it. So, let's do stability of alkene. So, we have these alkenes. So, these are all alkenes. So, we have double bond in each of them. Now, encircle alpha carbon in all of them. So these are all alpha carbons. Now the hydrogen applied on alpha carbon, they are alpha hydrogen. So the more alpha hydrogen there will be, the more hyperconjugation there will be. And the more hyperconjugation there will be, the more stability there will be. So we have this compound. It has 3 alpha hydrogen. Now let's move to the next one. We have 3 alpha hydrogen here and 3 alpha hydrogen here. So it has total 6 alpha hydrogen. Now let's move to this compound. We have 3 alpha hydrogen here and 3 alpha hydrogen here and 3 alpha hydrogen here. So here we have total 9 alpha hydrogens. Now last one. In this one, we have 6 alpha hydrogen here. Aur 6 alpha hydrogen idhar hai. So we have total 12 alpha hydrogen in it. Toh jitne zyada alpha hydrogen hongi, utni zyada stability hogi. So let's number each of them. First, second, third and fourth. Toh stability wise, fourth is the most stablest, then third one, then second one and then first one. So this is the concept of hyperconjugation. So till now we have done three electronic effects. And this is our third electronic effect. Now next electronic effect. It's Electro-meric effect. Now next electronic effect is Electro-meric effect. So let's see this compound and understand it. So this compound has a double bond. And this double bond will remain normal until we put any reagent in it. So, in the impact of reagent, this double bond will get distorted. So, let's say that B is more electronegative than A and B. So, by adding reagent, this bond's electron will shift towards B. So, partial negative charge on B and partial positive charge on A. Now, as we remove reagent from this, This compound will turn back to this compound. So, till the time we add the reagent, till then there will be distortion and after removing the reagent, this distortion will end. So, this is Electro-meric effect. And this effect is temporary. It does not happen permanently. It happens till we have a reagent in this compound. Now, Electro-Meric effect is of two types. One is Plus E effect and one is Minus E effect. So, let's see what's the difference. So, in Plus E effect, Reagent Electrophile is there. And in Minus E effect, Reagent Nucleophile is there. So let's see plus E electromeric effect first. So this is our alkene and H positive will attack on it. So H positive is our electrophile. So this is plus E effect. Now due to this attacking reagent, this double bond will get distorted. The electron of this bond will shift on this carbon. So what will happen? This carbon will get positive charge and this carbon will get negative charge. Now we know that positive and negative attract each other. So H positive will attract with negative carbon. So ultimately we will get this compound. Now next is minus E electromeric effect. Now in minus E effect we use nucleophile. So let's use it here. So this is our carbonyl and this is our cyanide. So cyanide is our nucleophile. This is our reagent due to which it will have an electromeric effect. So what will happen in carbonyl? This double bond of carbonyl will get distorted. Electron will shift on oxygen. So, Carbon will get positive charge and Oxygen will get negative charge. Now we know that negative and positive attract each other. So, Cyanide will go with positive part. So, we will get this compound. So this is our minus E effect. We used a nucleophile in this. And this is a temporary effect. Till the time there is a reagent, till then there will be a distortion. And when the reagent is removed, then this distortion will be finished. So these were electronic effects. To understand organic chemistry, it is important to understand this concept. And whenever we do organic chemistry, this concept will come again and again. You will see that. So this was electronic effect. Now let's move on to our next concept. Now let's move on to organic reactions. Now it's time to do organic reactions. So organic reactions are basically of four types. First one is substitution reaction. Second is addition reaction. Third is elimination reaction. And fourth is rearrangement reaction. So first of all we will start with substitution reaction. It is a reaction in which one atom replaces other. So we have this organic compound. Now we will add attacking reagent. and this attacking reagent will replace an atom from this compound so consequently you will atom compound coach or Dega or new wallah atom is compound pay a Jenga so we will get this compound so this is a simple substitution reaction Now substitution reactions are of three types One is electrophilic, one is nucleophilic and third is free radical substitution reaction So let's do each of them one by one So first comes nucleophilic substitution reaction So, it is clear from the name itself that in this nucleophile will replace the other atom. So, this is nucleophilic substitution reaction. So, nucleophile is attacking reagent. So, it is doing its work. It is attacking. Now, after attacking, nucleophile will be replaced by this atom and this atom will come out. Now, let's see an example and understand it clearly. So, let's do a reaction between OH-and CS3Cl. So, OH-became our nucleophile. Now this nucleophile will work. It will attack on this compound. Now first we will break CS3Cl. So to break we will get CS3 positive and Cl negative. This is because chlorine is more electronegative and carbon is less electronegative. So carbon will get positive charge and chlorine will get negative charge. Now our OH negative is negative. So this negative part will go with positive part. Negative part attracts positive part. So, this is why CS3 positive and OH negative will be connected to each other. And consequently, CL negative will leave this compound. So, we will get CS3OH and CL negative. So, CS3OH is called Methanol. So, this is Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction. Now, next is Electrophilic Substitution Reaction. So, this is also a substitution reaction just like the previous one. But this time, instead of Nucleophile, it will attack an Electrophile. So, let's see an example and understand it. So this is our benzene and we have this Cl positive, an electrophile. Now this electrophile will attack on benzene. So this Cl positive will attack on hydrogen and it will remove it. So hydrogen will leave as H positive. So what happened? We get this compound, benzene with chlorine and H positive is out. So this is chlorobenzene. So this is electrophilic substitution reaction. So nucleophile replaces nucleophile and electrophile replaces electrophile. In the last example, OH-replaced Cl-. So both OH-and Cl-are nucleophiles. So nucleophile replaced nucleophile. In this example, Cl-replaced H+. So both Cl-and H-are electrophiles. So in this case, the electrophile replaced the electrophile So whenever you do substitution reaction, keep this in mind Now the last substitution reaction is free radical substitution reaction So here we have a methane and a chlorine So now we will react these two in the presence of ultraviolet light So UV light will split the chlorine So how will the chlorine be split? One electron on the chlorine and the other electron on the chlorine on this chlorine. So we will get chlorine free radical from it. So because of UV light, we get chlorine free radical. So this free radical will now attack on methane. So this chlorine free radical will replace hydrogen. So this hydrogen will leave as hydrogen free radical and chlorine free radical will be attached to this methane. So we will get this compound CS3Cl, Chloromethane. But still we have one chlorine free radical left. Out of chlorine, A-chlorine free radical is left on the compound. But A-chlorine free radical is left. That will connect with hydrogen free radical. And they will form HCl. So this was complete free radical substitution reaction. So substitution reaction is done. In case you haven't seen our substitution reaction video, So definitely check that out. In that video, we have covered this topic in depth. Now next is addition reaction. In addition reaction, we have a double bond and a reactant. And this reactant is added to this double bond. So this is the sign of addition reaction. And the second way to identify addition reaction is In addition reaction, after reaction, triple bond changes to double bond. And double bond changes to single bond. So this is the sign of addition reaction. Now let's do some example and understand it completely. So this is our alkene and we have to add HBr in it. So first split HBr. So we will get H positive and Br negative. Now where to add H positive and where to add Br negative? So this is the problem. So for this we have a rule and that rule says that the negative part should go to that carbon which have less number of hydrogen. So, out of these two carbon of double bond, the second carbon has the least amount of hydrogen. So, this means that this Br-will go to this carbon. So, Br-goes here and hydrogen goes to the third carbon. So, we get this compound. So, double bond is converted into single bond and HPR is added to it. So, this is an addition reaction. So guys we have done addition reaction in greater details in our previous video. We have done these reactions and also done the mechanism. We have done that completely. So definitely check that out. Now next addition reaction example. Again same reaction. Propene and HBr. So we have to react these two. But this time the difference is that we have to add peroxide in it. And by adding peroxide, everything will be reversed. Last time. Br-went to the carbon which has less hydrogen. This time Br-will go to the carbon which has more hydrogen. So Br-will add here and H-will add here. So finally we will get this compound. So this is completely opposite of what happened last time. So it is because of peroxide. So this is also an addition reaction. Now next example. Now look at this part. This is carbonyl. Now you will notice that the addition reaction we did till now was on alkene. But this time we are going to do addition reaction on carbonyl. So carbonyl also has a double bond. So addition reaction can be done on this also. So let's do addition reaction on carbonyl group. So this is carbonyl and we have to add HCN to it. So split HCN and we will get H positive and CN negative. Now look at this CO part. Oxygen is electronegative then carbon. So what will happen? Both the electrons of this bond will go towards oxygen and carbon will become electron deficient. So what happened because of this? So carbon became positive and oxygen became negative. Now positive is attracted with negative. So cyanide will go towards C positive and H positive will go towards O negative. So we get this compound. So addition reaction happened in this also. So addition reaction happens on double triple bond like alkenylkine and carbonyl group. So we have covered addition reaction in detail in a separate video. So definitely check that out. Next is elimination reaction. Elimination reaction is kind of opposite of addition reaction. We used to add in addition reaction and eliminate in elimination reaction. So in addition reaction, double bond converts into single bond. In elimination reaction, single bond converts into double bond. So this is our compound bromobutane. Now we have to do elimination reaction in this. So to do elimination reaction, we have to put a reagent in it. And that reagent is KOH alcoholic. Because of KOH alcoholic, it will have elimination. Consequently, H and Br will be eliminated. Due to adding KOH, H and Br will be eliminated. And another bond will be added between these two. So we will get this compound Erbutene. Now let's look at one more example. So this is an alcohol compound, Propanol. And we have to do elimination reaction in this. So to do elimination reaction, we have to add a reagent in it. And that reagent is S2SO4. So, by adding H2SO4, this H and OH will be removed from the compound. So consequently there will be one more bond here. So we will get this compound. And along with it H2O will be formed. So by adding H2SO4, H and OH parts come out from it. And these two together make H2O. So H2SO4 is also called Dehydrating Agent. That means it removes water. So due to H2SO4, water is eliminated from it. So this is also called Dehydration Elimination Reaction. So, these two examples are enough for this video. But if you want to do elimination reaction in depth, then you can check out our elimination reaction video. In that, we have covered elimination reaction in detail. So, till now we have done substitution reaction, addition reaction, elimination reaction. Now, let's look at another reaction, rearrangement reaction. So, you must know the meaning of rearrangement. So, rearrangement means to rearrange. means rearrange again so let's look at this example so this is a primary carbocation and it will have rearrangement reaction so this is a methyl if we rearrange this methyl so this methyl will go here so we will get this after shifting the methyl electron deficiency will be created on this carbon and electron deficiency will be finished on this carbon so now we get positive charge here So this reaction was called rearrangement reaction. So earlier it was primary carbocation but now it has become tertiary carbocation. Now because carbocation wants to be stable so it will spontaneously change into tertiary carbocation. So in this reaction we don't need to add any reagent. Methyl shift will happen automatically so that this primary carbocation changes into tertiary carbocation. So the rearrangement reaction that happened in this spontaneously. Now next rearrangement reaction. So this is butane and we have to do rearrangement reaction in this. So this is not a carbocation this is a normal organic compound. So in this rearrangement reaction will not happen automatically. We need to put some reagent so that in this rearrangement reaction will happen. So we added AlCl3 to this. So by adding AlCl3, methyl will shift in this. Now this methyl will shift on the second carbon. So we will get this compound. So the rearrangement reaction is done. And we get 2-methylpropane. Now this reaction is also called as Isomerization reaction. Now why? Because these two are isomers. Both of them have same molecular formula. but different structure So their formula is C4H10, this one also C4H10 and this one also C4H10. So this is also called as Isomerization Reaction. So Re-Arrangement Reaction is done. So we have done all of the organic reactions completely. So all the reactions you will get in organic chemistry will be one of these four. So now in all the reactions you will do in organic chemistry, you have to notice this. By the way, if you want to do Isomerism in detail, then you can watch our this video. We have done Isomerism completely in that video. So this is everything A to Z you need to know about organic chemistry. Guys, organic chemistry starts from this video. If you make these concepts strong, you will definitely understand entire organic chemistry. So that's why we took so much time to understand this concept. All the upcoming organic chemistry videos will need this concept. So guys, this is basics of organic chemistry. So if you like this video, Then like, comment and share. Don't forget to subscribe and press the bell icon. So I am Sumer Poddar and you are watching Play Chemistry.