hello and welcome back to all you need notes for Edexcel IGCSE history and this is the third video in the superpower relations topic for paper one which runs from 1943 to 72. and this time we're looking at the cold war in the 1950s and I'm going to be showing two effects of everything in this part of the specification especially for your question B's but also for your question C and your question a the first thing then is the Korean War the first effect of the Korean War was that it showed that the US was committed to containing communism so by fighting the Soviets in Korea when they invaded South Korea in 1950 America committed itself to the treatment Doctrine which we looked at in the previous episode um in the series of containing communism so America went to war in Korea for four years and millions of soldiers died America was very very committed to stopping communism they had a lot of um military tactics a lot of um defense spending plowed into career and so they were very very much committed to stopping the Soviets gaining complete control of Korea China later joined the war um and this proved to President Truman that communist countries were trying to join forces uh and to try to defeat America so he was very very scared about what the Communists might do if they came together as China and the Soviet Union had done second effect of it was that it led to rearmament and further military alliances so the U.S increased their defense spending by 400 percent as a result of the Korean War and even the Marshall Aid which we looked at again in the previous video was used for defense spending in uh European countries the US were very very worried by China this very new force in the world um emerging and becoming stronger and of their involvement and that relationship with the Soviet Union the Soviet Union was strong already but this was direct military conflict between America and the Soviet Union for the first time um and so they were very wary of this but both sides increased their military spending in case of further military conflicts in May of 1955 look at this later the Soviet Union organized the Warsaw Pact in retaliation to Nato which had been set up in 1949 and this showed increased tensions between the two sites so further military alliances Soviets were setting up the water pact just in case um someone tried to invade one of the satellite States if you remember about NATO if one member of NATO was attacked then every other member would make sure that they'd send that country and so this this led to the world splitting into two sides that was packed uh and NATO um in these two military lights is going against each other the second thing then is the Warsaw Pact the first effect of it was the increased difference in Europe so West Germany joined NATO in May of 1955 and so the Soviets and retaliation set up the Warsaw Pact which was the military Alliance of the satellite States um to the countries in Eastern Europe that the Soviet Union controlled you should remember by the way as well that Stalin had died in 1953 so from this point on don't reference Stalin in in your essays the Soviets were kept going obviously but silently gone so Stalin did not set up the water Pact and this was a split in military Alliance in Europe and also across the world so along the Iron Curtain a lot of the countries in the west joined NATO a lot of countries in the East joined the Warsaw Pact um and this happened not just in Europe but but across the world as well it increased tensions there were two huge military superpowers which were now going against one another and getting allies against one another the world had been split into two the second effect was that it cemented Soviet control over Eastern Europe so West Germany had grown in power um and they'd recovered a lot better after the war this was right next to the satellite States the Soviets really did fear that the that the US and the UK were trying to grow West Germany in power in order to use it to attack the Soviet Union and to stop communism so they were very very scared and West Germany was right next to the Eastern European um Zone and so they were they were very close so they could easily launch a military attack on the Communists and so this really scared the Soviet Union there was increased competition between the Warsaw Pact and with NATO for example nuclear weapons so they'll get the nuclear arms race where each con where each military Alliance was trying to make the best um nuclear weapons and and to have the most of them but now the Soviet Union with with wattle pact was able to control the other governments in terms of Defense so telling them to increase their defense spending um to give more money to help develop nuclear weapons the Soviet Union were in complete control of these satellite States and there was a pack just cemented this and making sure that they were ready in case of military invasion now onto a completely different note uh peaceful coexistence so the first effect of this was that it decreased tensions between the superpowers so President Eisenhower who replaced Truman um and Khrushchev who was the leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin they wanted tensions between America and the Soviet Union to decrease after the Korean War there was direct military conflict between the two sides this was quite scary and so they wanted to bring the two sides to decrease after it neither side wanted another world war they've had two of them already and they agreed to accept each other without fighting so the U.S had to accept that communism was there that they were not able to eliminate it um and there was no point in fighting communism and in turn the Soviet Union had to accept that they couldn't fight the capitalists America was there to stay Eisenhower really wanted to improve relations with the Soviet Union as a serpents were growing um in terms of the number that were produced in terms of the technology so they were much more deadly now with a larger range and no one wanted another water breakout so the two sides did try to peacefully coexist you know know that each other know that each other was there without trying to attack although obviously the distance stop suspicions so the water pact came to being because there were some suspicions about what might happen if anyone tried to invade the satellite States but overall they tried to live um together without fighting each other the second effect was that less money was spent on defense so after the Korean War and also after the creation of the Warsaw Pact there was increased in military spending so they were scared about what might happen in case of invasion um we'd seen the American defense spending increased by 400 percent after the Korean War and so there was a lot of money being spent on nuclear weapons programs um some countries had used the martial Aid that was given to them um for defense spending and this money obviously wasn't going towards health care or food or whatever was needed in that country so it wasn't helping their economies really um and so both sides decided to hold meetings and they seemed to be growing um in terms of their cooperation and they seemed to be less hostility between the two sides they were less likely to go to war it was looking a bit better after some of the heated developments like the Korean War and so this meant that there was less defense on spending less money was needed to be spent on nuclear war programs because both sides could almost see that things were getting better in terms of relations between them next one then is the reasons for the invasion of Hungary so this is a large topic the Hungarian Uprising um and you need to know not only the effects of it but also the reasons for it firstly um there was an unpopular stalinist as a communist leader of Hungary um it was called rakashi and he had sent over 300 000 people to prison from 1949 to 56 he was very very unpopular with people he was too strict and Solomon gone now his influence had decreased over the Soviet Union he wasn't liked and so the hungarians protested about their leader they wanted to change and Khrushchev agreed and he replaced rakashi with imray notch in October of 1956. um not really sure on the pronunciation but as long as you know how to spell it that should be fine um and so he immedi uh became the leader of Hungary in October of 1956. Notch wanted less Hardline communism so Communism had been in Hungary all about arresting people and making sure people took the line and he came up with a completely different idea of Communism which he wanted in Hungary he wanted to be he wanted it to be less Hardline so less you have to go with what I say and with what um the Communist Party says and he even suggested democracy in future um he also wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact which was the big one Khrushchev feared that other satellite States like tried to follow him in trying to leave the water packed he was still a bit paranoid even with people peaceful coexistence he was still very very paranoid that other countries might try to leave the Warsaw packed and this would weaken the Soviets um ability to retaliate if the Americans decided to attack they wanted to remain strong they wanted to appear strong Crush Dev crucially wanted to seem like he was in in charge of the Soviet Union and he wasn't known to let other people say well communism is not very good and tried to leave he was going to make sure that all countries took the line and so he sent tanks into Budapest on the 4th of November 1956 and what you can see um on the bridge there is a statue uh just celebrating what had happened um into in terms of knowledge um trying to make Hungary a better place But ultimately failing the tanks came in and this Uprising this well this trying to leave the water packed uh was ended completely so we'll have a look now the first effect was that Crush Dev strengthened his control on Eastern Europe so despite many many protests by hungarians the Red Army tanks entered Budapest and they killed 20 000 hungarians who tried to protest Khrushchev here completely asserted his control he showed that he would not accept anti-communist uprisings in the satellite states he wanted them to be completely loyal to the Soviet Union he would not allow them try to leave doors or parked or trying to change the definition of communism or anything like that he would only accept loyalty from them no protests no transcripts also packed no trying to get away from the Soviet Union the Soviet Union and the water pact was going to remain strong and appear strong to America the second effect was that the U.S seemed weak so they're heading courage rebellions amongst us amongst the satellite States um and they'd encouraged what not what not wanted to do however they refused to take military action so after saying you should rebel against the Soviet Union you should do this you you should um you should you should not just accept what the Soviet Union imposes on you they didn't actually help Hungary when they really needed it and so America really did seem weak a bit pathetic in the worlds View however this meant that relations between the two sides did sort of um well you could say you could argue that they got better you could argue that they got worse so they showed respect for the Soviet Spirit of influence America had no intention to try and fight Head to Head um with the Soviets so they weren't going to try and intervene um in terms of military they had no intention to fight the Soviet Union so it showed that America had respect for the Soviets of influence the countries which were under the Soviet control and they weren't going to try and take over so this might increase relations between the two however you could also argue that Khrushchev he'd said well let's live together peacefully you know let's accept that each other um are here and that we can't try and fight each other so let's go for peaceful coexistence and yet he has used really really violent military action to completely put down an anti-communist protest so it showed complete intolerance of anything that went against communism and so really it seemed that peaceful coexistence wasn't going to happen and so you could argue from that the tensions perhaps increase between the two sides they they won't get it on very well the final thing then is the nuclear arms race so the first effect of this was that America and the Soviet Union were now in direct competition so the Soviets were trying to catch up with the Americans nuclear abilities so America had the power of nuclear weapons from the second world war they had bombed a Hiroshima um in Nagasaki and they were now looking for new technology for example icbm's intercontinental ballistic missiles they'd invented in 1957 um they were increasing their ability uh and their power in terms of community weapons and the Soviets were scared of this because if they lacked behind well then they'd be crushed and so they were trying to catch up with America um because they hadn't invented weapons yet so they were getting the technology they were trying to develop new new ideas um and they were always just behind America so they developed the Soviets have developed the atomic bomb in 1949 um so that was a bit later than America had and then they developed the intercontinental ballistic missiles in the same year as America did in 1957 so it showed that we're catching up but they were putting a lot of money into their nuclear arms program in order to catch up with American Technology both sides needed to continue to plan money into it to develop their military um prowess so that they could not be attacked if Soviets generated really really good nuclear weapons which were better than American ones then America could feel quite vulnerable to attack the Soviets were stronger more powerful and so they both needed to try to make sure that they were matched that those nuclear technologies continue to grow at roughly the same pace so that they were always evenly matched however having said all that the second effect was that both sides were less likely to go to war so as they got um stronger these nuclear weapons as they became more powerful and as they were able to to go to longer distances essentially they both sides were able to destroy the world many times over and because of this they were less likely to perform nuclear war um nuclear weapons acted as deterrence they held great great risk um if you fired one of these nuclear weapons you could kill millions of people and also you would know that you would be attacked yourself um if you if you tried to to launch a nuclear weapon so countries had them so that other countries wouldn't try to to fire nuclear weapons at them because they would know they would be attacked in turn so this meant the countries were less likely to fire them because millions of their own citizens would die if they did and so nuclear war became less likely and this led to mutually assured destruction in the 1960s which was a policy that said well nuclear attack would lead to a complete destruction of both sides so now they would want to attack the other because they would be attacked themselves and so relationships between the two sides arguably sort of improved because of this because they knew that they couldn't go to war and so that is the end of the third video in this all you need notes part of the superpower relations section of Edexcel IGCSE history on the cold war in the 1950s and if you've learned something or this has helped you for anything please do like and subscribe and the next videos will be out shortly