Lecture on the Greatest Technological Discovery: Language

Introduction

• Question posed: What is the greatest technological discovery ever?
• Answer: Language, invented 2 million years ago by Homo erectus.

Homo Erectus Overview

• Lived nearly 2 million years, much longer than Homo sapiens so far.
• Possessed a significant brain and body:
  • Brain size: 950 cc, approximately 75% the size of modern Homo sapiens.
  • Physical capabilities: bipedal gait, long-distance running, effective cooling.

Achievements and Characteristics

• Persistent Hunting:
  • Unique ability to chase prey until exhaustion or use tools to kill.
• Tool Making and Usage:
  • Olduwan, Acheulean, and Levallois tools.
  • Crafted both throwing and thrusting spears.
• Art and Symbolism:
  • Created items like the Venus of Berekhat Ram.
  • Engraved shells found in Java.
• Seafaring and Exploration:
  • Evidence of sea travel to islands such as Flores and Socotra.
  • Archaeological findings suggest planned group voyages.

Language and Communication

• Homo erectus had vocal limitations similar to a gorilla but could still have developed language.
• Comparison with languages like Pirahã, which have only 10-11 sounds.
• Argument that language could develop with as few as two sounds.
• Evidence of complex villages and hierarchical organization at sites like Gesher Benot Ya'aqov.

Sign and Grammar Development

• Charles Sanders Peirce's sign types: Indexes, Icons, Symbols.
• Archaeological record supports progression from indexes to symbols.
• Grammar Types:
  • G1: Linear order (simple sequence).
  • G2: Hierarchical order (nested structures).
  • G3: Hierarchy with recursion (complex, nested structures).
• Homo erectus likely capable of at least G1 grammar, sufficient for language.

Conclusion

• Language as a cultural, not instinctual, development.
• Constant evolution and change in languages.
• Homo erectus' contribution to the beginning of the information age.
• Final message: Appreciate and utilize the power of language, a gift from Homo erectus.

The lecture emphasizes the pivotal role of Homo erectus in the development of language and their various capabilities that underpin modern human communication and achievement.