hey everybody dr. Oh here in this video we're going to talk about the different types of vaccines so I covered what vaccines are and how they work in a different video I'll have a couple of their shorter videos on vaccines but I really want to hone in on the different types of vaccines that you'll see here and just so you know there's gonna be all sorts of vaccines coming in the future there won't make this list this is going to be the current vaccines that are being used so you see here we're gonna start with the first we're gonna start with are the live attenuated vaccines versus the inactivated or killed vaccines so terminology the term attenuated means weakened so these are living pathogenic organisms that have been weakened so they weak that weakened them with genetic manipulation or a lot of times they just grow them in a culture they don't like until they just basically weaken and and have decreased virulence they're less scary organisms but they are living organisms so let's talk about the pros and cons of doing this so number one it more closely mimics an actual infection because you really are being infected you're just being infected with a weaker version of the organism that means the organisms are alive when they go in they're going to stay stay alive while your body mounts an immune defense which can take you know ten to fourteen days we covered that in the other video so you are gonna get a more lifelong immunity and as you can see here so you see here it says long lasting immunity and right above that it says both cellular and humoral immunity that means your t-cells and your b-cells have been made aware of this organism and it's been around in your body long enough to actually confer really good immunity so you're only gonna need one dose instead of a series of doses you're gonna get both cellular and humoral immunity and you're gonna get a more longer-lasting community now the other thing here is you can see another advantage is transmission to contacts it so you are infected so you can technically spread this to other people but again you're spreading a very weakened version of it so the disadvantages is that this is a living organisms so what makes it advantageous also makes it a disadvantage because there's always the risk if you're an immunocompromised person this infection would be enough to make you sick you would never give this kind of vaccine to someone that's immunocompromised there's also the resist that it can back mute that it can back mutate into a more pathogenic version so those are going to be the key disadvantages so so you don't see as many as you used to because there are those risks and there are people that can't take them this is what we mean when we say that herd immunity is important because there are people that cannot be vaccinated for some diseases if you're immunocompromised or too young or whatever this kind of vaccine could potentially be dangerous all right that is a live attenuated or weakened vaccine next we have the inactivated whole agent vaccine so it is the entire pathogen still but it's been killed or inactivated usually radiation heat or different chemicals will do this so the pros as you can see here ease of storage and transport it so you don't have to keep it refrigerated and it's and it's just less likely to break down because you're not dealing with the living organism it's already broken down they're already dead there's also no risk of infection you're not actually infecting anyone so you're just putting in these dead pieces so these kind of vaccines these killed agent vaccines can't be spread to other people there's no risk for you getting the infection because you're just getting these dead organisms but the downside the problem is that the immunity is going to be weaker so it's only going to be humoral immunity which is driven by your b-cells instead of the cellular and humoral immunity the other downside is it does say here higher doses and more buescher's required now I'm a stickler for this just because I use the term booster a little differently if you hear me talking about a booster shot I'm talking about your toxoid vaccines so what I would say here though is this takes a series of injections because when you inject someone with this it's gonna be out of their system very quickly whereas with a live attenuated vaccine it's going to be in their body until your immune system mounts the response to get rid of it because the living infection so this is why it would take a series of injections for your inactivated vaccines it's a real quick review because these are the two most important types currently the live attenuated or weakened vaccines more powerful only need the one shot better immunity but the downside is there is a risk for of infection either if you're immunocompromised or if it BAC mutates and reverts to a more dangerous strain the inactivated the killed vaccines takes a series of injections you're not going to get as good of immunity but is much safer and people that are immune or minds can take them so so that's your live attenuated vaccines versus your inactivated vaccines next ones we won't spend near as much time on so here you see the subunit vaccines the toxoid vaccines and the conjugate vaccines all very important subunits you're seeing a lot more of these now we're instead of giving a living or dead whole organism you're giving pieces so I always think with the immune system I always think about wanted posters so with the other two you're actually giving someone and want a poster with the entire picture on it so this is the criminal to look out for with subunit vaccines it's just pieces so imagine if you had a picture of me all you have was my hair and my eyes and my ears and my goatee and you know a couple more features right this little this little scar here you wouldn't have the entire picture but you'd have enough of me to recognize that I shouldn't be there and to mount them immune response and get rid of me so so you're using pieces instead of the entire organism so you're you're never given an entire organs there's no risk of infection so but also because you're not given a living organism it's going to take multiple doses in order to get the full effect different types of these subunit vaccines recombinant vaccines would be ones that are subunit vaccines that have been created by genetic modification I also would put the virus-like particles in this group I'm pretty fascinated by these a virus like particle looks like the entire virus on the outside but there's no payload on the inside so you can't so you teach your immune system what a virus looks like but there's no risk of it actually causing an infection all right so that is your subunit vaccines next we have the toxoids and then we'll talk about the conjugate vaccines before we're done here so toxoids are a special kind of vaccine because they're not a vaccine against an organism they're in there a vaccine against in a the toxins that organisms produced so I guess that's here an inactivated bacterial toxin so your immune system will recognize the toxin and be able to deal with it when it shows up as you can see here it's only humoral immunity from your b-cells that's totally fine that's what that's what were dealin talks ins anyways this organ this vaccine though is not actually trying to kill the organism so you see here the examples botulism diphtheria pertussis tetanus so let's think like tetanus for example if you get a tetanus shot it is not a vaccine that's trying to kill or control clostridium tetiny the organism that causes tetanus it's in activating the toxins as they're being produced so that's what a toxoid it a toxoid is a vaccine against toxins instead of against organisms so one more important thing for for me to note if you're one of my students this is what I call the booster shots the booster shots are the the every ten years that revaccination you need with these toxoids that's how I personally use the term boosters I just talked about series of injections series of doses or multiple doses in other contexts so I'm not saying I'm right or anyone else is wrong it's just how terms are somehow used differently and then lastly we have conjugate vaccines so specifically conjugate vaccines are designed to help children so children have a harder time becoming immune to with vaccines that only go after the capsule of these organisms these polysaccharide are carbohydrate based on vaccines so what a conjugate vaccine does is it adds proteins to it which allows for that better response and kids so this is so this that these are very important vaccines but then an adult certainly can take them and do take them like streptococcus pneumoniae the Pneumovax is a good example of a conjugate vaccine but the key thing i want you to know about them is is that conjugate vaccines protect children in ways other vaccines may not be able to all right so those are all the major classes and types of vaccines I hope this helped have a wonderful day be blessed