hello and welcome to our lecture on the era of good feeling it sounds all nice and fuzzy doesn't it uh so we're going to talk about what caused the death of the federalist party today you've already gotten a little bit of that you'll get a little more today what sectional frictions existed under one party rules we're all gonna be in one big happy party but we're gonna see the same fights that we saw between two parties now happening inside that one party we'll be looking at what the monroe doctrine is which is super super super important and what economic practices contributed to the panic of 1819 so let's start off with those federalists we talked about the hartford convention uh which is where federalists got together to talk about what changes they wanted to the constitution to kind of prevent this democratic republican threat from succeeding and controlling the government the way it had news of new orleans right the battle with andrew jackson and the treaty of ghent that ended the war of 1812 made their way across the united states and there was a great sense of unity in the nation americans said they'd beaten britain again this little country against the most powerful nation in the world britain amidst this surge of patriotism federalists released the amendments they had approved at the hartford convention so these are the changes they're demanding be made to the u.s constitution this is incredibly bad timing federalist demanded the elimination of the three fists clause now that makes sense because it's giving southern states that have slavery outsized power in the congress and then more power than they should have in the electoral college and if you remember jefferson wouldn't have won his first um term as president without that three fist clause adams would have won a second term so they want that three-fifths clause to go away they think it's giving the south and these virginian presidents way too much power they wanted a two-thirds majority in congress for several things one for the admission of new states because they don't like the idea that those states in the northwest territory or maybe the louisiana purchase territory are going to come into the nation as democratic republican voting states instead of federalist states so instead of making policies that would appeal to those people they just want to keep make sure that they don't become states too quickly and aren't able to affect national politics they also won a two-thirds majority on declarations of war which meant they would have been able to stop the war of 1812 which is pretty uh partisan down the line and they wanted a two-thirds majority for enacting any kind of trade embargo because they blamed jefferson and then madison's trade embargoes for creating the conditions that led to the war of 1812. so their criticism of the federal government just as the war ended and the battle of new orleans was won meant that the country perceived the federalist as quasi-treasonous almost treasonous and we see this in the cartoon on the slide here called leap no leap in which the artist lampoons the inclinations towards secession by convention members rhode island massachusetts and connecticut even though secession was not brought up at the convention and it alleges that they're getting encouragement from king george iii so he's over here encouraging them to make the leap to kind of go back to being part of britain and the center kneeling and praying is federalist timothy pickering who is praying for the success of this venture and that he's got enough enough strength to do it on the cliff of buff him massachusetts is pulling rhode island and connecticut who does not look happy about this here toward the edge saying what a dangerous leap but we must jump brother connecticut and across the water sits king george with his arms outstretched calling otis my yankee boys jump in fine fellows plenty of goods to smuggle honors titles and nobility in the bargain so below the cliff is a medallion inscribed with the names of the heroes of the war of 1812 and a ribbon which says this is the produce of the land which they wish to abandon so it's basically arguing that they're giving up what was won by the the military heroes of this war now the federalist party essentially dies as a result of their response to the war and this leads to the temporary disappearance of the two-party system in the united states so imagine a series of elections going so poorly just two presidential elections going so poorly that one of the two major parties in the united states is just done it's annihilated so there's only one party left but we still have all those same fights right and the only way to win office is to be part of that one party so no matter which party you're picturing in your mind as being the one party left we're all gonna be in that party now so if we disagreed about federal power uh a state's autonomy or certain laws and how they apply to people when we were in two different parties are we all going to get along just because we're all in the same party now no and that's what's going to happen right the federalist party dies but if you were you know if your ideological views were with the federalist party and now they're dead now you're going to run as a democratic republican but you're going to keep those views and we're going to see the same fights within the party that we had seen in the two-party system so while the first party system of the late 1700s dies off hamiltonian policy survive which is the heart of that system and it would divide the democratic republicans the only party that will matter through the 1820s so we call this the era of good feeling because it's supposed to feel good right we have one party we're all on board we're all american we're all democratic republican it's gonna be a good time right after madison's two terms james monroe was elected in 1816 and re-elected in 1820 and it seems like we're all getting along this was expected as the secretary of state typically ended up being the next president so if you think about jefferson had served as secretary of state uh and now monroe to madison and so this kind of we've set up policy here that the secretary of state tends to be the next president almost in the way that today we would expect a vice president to be the one to run at the end of a two-term uh presidency the monroe presidency began what we call the era of good feeling so we typically define this as being between 1817 and in about 1823. partisan conflict lifted because there's not two parties anymore and the democratic republicans governed in a spirit of harmony but there wasn't real political unity federalists just joined the democratic republican party and their democratic republicans that they're joining rethink some of their own ideology and political stances as well so under the umbrella of the democratic republicans some of the same political battles will be fought during washington's presidency it was jefferson and madison fighting against the expansion of federal power under madison the original u.s bank charter had expired in 1811 and congress led it they killed the bank that hamilton had originally set up but during the war madison and those democratic republicans saw the need for the bank and for the financial regulation that had worked well before the war before they killed the bank and now they really needed state banks were printing too many banknotes prices were falling and this led to inflation so all of a sudden two of those democratic republicans who had been so against the bank when hamilton proposed it madison and monroe now supported the idea of a national bank and this new support for the bank was held by a younger generation of democratic republicans in congress who've been frightened by the sexual disunity of the war years so they acted more like jefferson did as president when he was expanding federal power and less like when he was a cabinet member and a critic of federal power all of a sudden the democratic republican party likes hamilton's plan they like the bank this is not kind of the original view of that party so madison's newer version of this economic program was pushed through congress by clay and calhoun who we talked about last time calhoun introduced the second bank bill which passed in 1816 and again chartered the bank for 25 years it was modeled after the original bank it was capitalized at 35 million dollars and it was the nation's largest bank it also had the exclusive privilege of being able to establish a branch in any state because it's operating as part of the federal government war and embargoes had led to american businesses making goods they had previously imported so in response in 1815 and 16 great britain flooded the american market with cheap manufactured goods they're trying to kill off these fledgling american industries now to stop that from happening the u.s passed the tariff of 1816. so this is in direct response to this kind of trade war initiated by britain and these are protectionist tariffs they're meant to protect emerging manufacturing industries in the united states that are kind of being targeted for this type of competition with government subsidized goods from britain so it's the first protective tariff in u.s history by protective we mean it's meant to protect american manufacturing it's not just about raising money or tax dollars you know on imports and exports it's literally meant to protect an american industry from competition overseas congress earmarks the revenue from this tariff that means they set it aside for a particular project so they earmark the tariff money along with one and a half million dollars from the bank of the united states which was a cash payment in return for its charter and they're going to use both sets of money for transportation projects across the nation congress passed calhoun's internal improvements bill of 1817 and make sure you understand what we mean when we say internal improvements we're talking roads eventually we'll be talking railroads and canals but these are transportation or communication network uh projects typically that are interstate so going between multiple states which is what makes them federal so congress passes calhoun's internal improvements bill of 1817 but not all of the democratic republicans are on board with the federal government funding internal improvements madison vetoes the law he argues that the constitution did not permit federal financing of what were primarily local projects so maybe they go through two states maybe three states but that doesn't mean it affects all 13 now 14 or 15 states does it so he still says the federal government doesn't quite have the power to do that but his party is beginning to embrace this idea and we'll see them really embrace it within a couple of presidents even under one party rule politicians debated the size and the function of the federal government support for a strong federal economic program and federally funded internal improvements was strongest in the mid-atlantic and the western states because they'll benefit from it the most new england already has quite a bit of that stuff now the south and the west is going to get on board with some of it right mid-atlantic south not deep south resistance to federal power was strongest in the southeast like i said deep south and in new england they feared being overshadowed politically by the rising west and in the deep south as long as they can get those big cash crops that are produced by slave labor to market they don't really want all these internal improvements so the democratic republican party has now completely reversed its position on a strong federal government a national economic policy and basically states rights now there's still some competition here of course monroe vetoed some of this stuff but the party itself is moving more and more in support of all the things they had started out being against in the early part of the nation so their switch would eventually contribute to the party splitting into regional coalitions the united states finally got beyond being a fragile state following the war of 1812 and a lot of that is due to john quincy adams who is serving as secretary of state under monroe from 1817 to 1825 that name should sound super familiar but this is not the john adams that was the second president of the united states this is his son which is why we call him john quincy to distinguish him john quincy adams not john adams now of course there's only one party now so even though his dad was a federalist and he started out as a federalist john quincy adams switched and became part of the democratic republican party and he was very popular as secretary of state probably our most successful secretary of state britain wanted american food and cotton and the u.s also wanted to sell manufactured goods within the british empire which had always been a no-go for britain john quincy adams got a series of agreements with england that increased trade so it doesn't get everything the u.s wants but it gets a lot of it the agreements also demilitarize the great lakes region and the canadian border and it set the 49th parallel as the boundary between the louisiana territory and british canada now in 1818 great britain and the united states agreed to joint jurisdiction over the oregon country now today this area includes washington state oregon idaho parts of western montana and basically both nations great britain and the united states had claimed this area so britain had claimed sole jurisdiction but had ruled it very loosely there's actually more americans living there than brits and so john quincy is able to get the british to agree to joint jurisdiction in this area spain's and portugal's colonies in the americas right central and south america had successfully revolted and won their independence after the napoleonic war much the way the united states had several decades earlier henry clay called for immediate recognition of the new nations in central and south america but congress delayed after the war of 1812 andrew jackson kept battling seminoles those are native americans who would strike along the alabama georgia frontier and then run back into spanish florida where american troops were not supposed to follow because that would be invading a foreign country jackson followed them into florida anyway where he attacked and occupied pensacola he seized two spanish forts he destroyed seminal encampments and he hanged two englishmen for allegedly trading with the seminoles so not only has he invaded spanish florida now he's executing englishmen in spanish florida so all of that could be considered an act of war in spain protest and a disagreement breaks out monroe's cabinet over how the us is going to respond to jackson's illegal actions monroe and his secretary of war john c calhoun thought it best to kind of apologize to spanish florida and smooth things over john quincy adams disagreed he actually blamed spain for not controlling the seminoles the native americans who lived in their territory and monroe lets him go with this argument even though it's kind of sketchy so adams blames spain and actually presses spain to pay the united states for the damages incurred by american settlers living close to florida but not in florida uh from these native americans who basically are living in spanish florida so adam says if you can't control the seminoles then give it to the united states the u.s will control it and spain does it they just give florida to the united states under the 1819 adams onis treaty the united states obtained florida and assumed 5 million dollars in spanish debts to u.s citizens so because the united states had said that spain owed its citizens this money for these seminal raids now the u.s is actually going to pay that money itself basically as part of the deal to get florida the treaty drew the boundary between the louisiana purchase and the spanish southwest all this stuff over here including where we now live and they draw that line basically from the spanish southwest from the sabine red and arkansas rivers right up to the continental divide and then due west at the 42nd parallel so this red line divides kind of spanish possessions this will be kind of northern colonial spain eventually northern mexico all of this in here and this is now the united states right up until joint jurisdiction with british in oregon over there all right so those are some really good deals the secretary of state's doing a pretty good job helping the united states expand its territory and be on good terms with its neighbors this seems pretty successful the spanish empire in the americas as we said was collapsing we've got all these new independent republics emerging in central and south america now monroe had delayed recognizing these new latin american nations until after the adams onus treaty because they want to get on good terms with spain before they do something that's going to really upset spain so after that happens monroe then agrees to diplomatic recognition and ties with latin american nations so to give you an idea of what's going on here if you check out this map everything in green had been a spanish colony everything in yellow had been a portuguese colony and everything in purple by 1830 right 30 years later is now an independent nation right so we've got lots of nations declaring their independence breaking off from those imperial powers much the way the united states had several decades before so the u.s begins to recognize mexico and colombia in 1822 chile and argentina in 1823 brazil formerly of portugal and the federation of central american states in 1824 peru in 1826 right so they're establishing really good trade relations with all of these little independent republics and the us is really liking making money off of these trade deals but latin american republics feared that european nations would try to retake them as former colonies this is especially a problem because most of the european monarchs austria prussia and russia in particular had formed the grand alliance to protect legitimate monarchical governments from democratic challenges including colonies who rebelled against legitimate mother countries so basically this is a group of monarchs getting together saying if your colony tries to declare independence we're all going to help you keep that colony as part of your empire and then if our colony does the same thing you help us in 1822 the grand alliance including a restored french monarchy so we have a monarch in france again authorized france to invade spain so they could restore the spanish monarchy and then reconquer all of those spanish colonies so the threat of the grand alliance led to the desire for american and british cooperation to protect latin american nations from being reconquered both britain and the us are making a lot of money trading with these latin american nations they don't want spain or france to reconquer them and deal with all of that mess so in august of 1823 the british foreign minister george canning proposed that the united states and great britain issue a joint declaration opposing any european attempt to recolonize south america but this would be a mutual pledge not to annex any former spanish territory too that's a problem if the united states wanted wants to continue expanding in the future and spoiler alert they absolutely do americans were already discussing where they would expand to next so john quincy adams distrusted the british and he wants to avoid entanglements in european politics which george washington had argued and adams and jefferson after him he also wants to discourage european settlement in the americas so he's got to figure out what he's going to do here adams claims he's got a better idea than signing that joint petition with britain basically he says who needs the british the u.s would tell the rest of the world to stay away and the result was monroe's annual address to congress mainly written by john quincy adams which came to be called the monroe doctrine proceed to the next part of the lecture page to learn more about the most important diplomatic statement in american history the monroe doctrine