our energy homostasis homo homeostasis occurs when your energy intake is matched to the expenditure and that's really what you want to go for your energy intake depends on the amount of food that you consume and the expenditure depends upon your your basal metabolic rate uh thermogenesis from non-exercise or food induced thermogenesis there are two centers in the hypothalamus related to the regulation of food intake they are the feeding or hunger center and the satiety center the feeding center is constantly active but it can be inhibited by the satiation that's what tells you when you feel full the hormone leptin acts on the hypothalamus to to increase your energy expenditure activate circuits that are going to increase that as well as inhibit circuits to stimulate eating other things that affect feeding and satiating centers are glucose amino acids lipids body temperature distension the gi tract and cck in order to have a healthy diet you should eat a variety of foods try to maintain a healthy weight choose foods that are low in fat saturated fat cholesterol eat plenty of vegetables fruits and grains use sugar in moderation salt and sodium in moderation and drink alcohol only moderate moderately or not at all they used to use something called the food guide pyramid but that was phased out a few years ago and now they use a plate that shows proportions of the food groups instead it's called my plate or the healthy eating plate and it allows you to visualize on a plate how much of your plate should have fruits and vegetables how much should have whole grains and how much should have proteins minerals are inorganic substances they make up about four percent of our body weight their functions are varied calcium and phosphorus form bone they can help to to regulate enzymatic reactions like calcium iron manganese and and magnesium magnesium converts adp to atp they help to form buffer systems regulate osmosis of water as well as generate nerve impulses vitamins are organic nutrients that maintain growth in normal metabolism and as i mentioned previously a number of them function as coenzymes most vitamins can't be synthesized in our body and no single food is going to have all the required vitamins and that's one of the best reasons to eat a diet that's varied based on whether or not they dissolve in water vitamins fall into two main fat groups fat soluble and water soluble this shows here we have some fat soluble vitamins a d e and k and some b vitamins and vitamin c and the sources of these as well as things they're essential for and what happens when you have deficiencies one of the deficiencies is called beriberi and that happens when you don't have enough thymine this is typically found in areas where they have um where they're dependent on rice in their diet and if the rice is de-husked or the the outer layer of the rice is removed they lose their primary source of thymine b1 is necessary for metabolizing fats lipids and protein and production of several neurotransmitters and some of the symptoms would be weakness pain impaired sensory perception loss of reflexes uh edema encephalopathy and death there's actually two kinds there's dry berry berry and wet berry berry what berry berry is where you'd start seeing the anemone edema and where it would become much more serious with dry berry berry you have emaciation weakness wrist drop things like that scurvy comes from lack of vitamin c scurvy is characterized by weakness anemia gum disease skin hemorrhage it's rare in the united states and affects mostly older adults who aren't getting proper nutrition remember vitamin c is really important in the production of collagen and collagen is the most abundant protein in our body rickets is a disease of growing bone in children's and adolescents and it's caused by lack of calcium phosphorus or vitamin d the bones are soft and weak and damage from rickets may have to be corrected by surgery the fat soluble vitamins are um in order to be absorbed have to be emulsified into my cells and they're stored in cells particularly in the liver they include vitamins a d e and k water soluble vitamins are absorbed along the water along with water in the gi tract and they dissolve in the body fluids if you have too much of any of these vitamins they're excreted in the urine because the body doesn't store them very well and water-soluble vitamins would include the b vitamins and vitamin c antioxidants include vitamins c e and beta carotene these help to inactivate oxygen free radicals that can damage molecules in our cells oxygen free radicals rise naturally just from metabolism they can also come from environmental hazards things like tobacco or radiation and antioxidants are thought to protect against cancer aging cataract formation and atherosclerotic plaque it's preferable to eat a balanced diet rather than take supplements exceptions would be women should consider taking iron especially if you have heavy menstrual bleeding iron and calcium for pregnant or nursing women folic acid if you're trying to become pregnant to reduce the risk of things like spina bifida and other fetal neural tube defects all adults should probably take some form of calcium b12 for strict vegetarians and the antioxidants c and e obesity is defined as having a body weight more than 20 percent above desirable standard even moderate obesity is hazardous to the health and risk factor in a number of different diseases including cardiovascular disease hypertension pulmonary disease non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus arthritis certain types of cancers varicose vein and gallbladder disease anorexia nervosa is a disorder mainly considered to be a mental disorder in which women in particular women starve themselves due to fear of obesity involves different types of control issues and with them their body weight is 15 or more below normal they have pale skin hair loss scales on the skin medical complications would be amenorrhea no getting menstrual cycle bradycardia hypothermia and low potassium levels bulimia nervosa is another type of eating disorder it's the most common about four to twenty percent of women in college suffer from bulimia which includes binging and then purging so purging through vomiting or laxatives or diuretic as well as constantly exercising while women with anorexia nervosa are skeletal like women who and others they're men who are bulimics as well can be underweight they can be normal weight or they can be overweight the complications include dehydration potassium imbalance gi distension ruptures of bleeding cardiac arrhythmias constipation yellow teeth and death pica is a rare disorder seen mainly in children where they eat they're hungry and eat non-nutritive sources like dirt paper chalk sand you also see it in pregnant women children with developmental disorders um it used to be thought that pica was a way for a person to get something that they're lacking in their diet and that's why they are attracted to it but there are people that have perfect nutrition who suffer from pica as well as people without with certain nutritional deficiencies it's thought it may be in adults that may be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder problems with it particularly eating dirt you could end up ingesting animal feces and developing parasite infections nutritional deficiency or even some sort of intestinal blockage by eating things that can't pass through your gi tract the goals for this lecture describe how the hypothalamic thermostat works to find shell temperature core temperature hypothermia fever bmr satiety center leptin and antioxidants describe basic healthy eating guidelines name several minerals describe their functions define vitamin and list several fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins describe beriberi scurvy and rickets describe who should take vitamin supplements and describe the eating disorders anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa and pica