welcome to medical terminology language of medicine chapter 1. the information in this video is credited to Dottie Ellen chapner the author of the book The Language of medicine Wikipedia and many other sources chapter 1 is about basic word structure in this chapter the goals are identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language divide medical words into their component parts learn the meanings of basic combining forms prefixes and suffixes of the medical language and use these combining forms suffixes and prefixes to build medical words the objective in studying the medical language analyze words by dividing them into component parts relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body and be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems some medical terms are pronounced alike but are spelled differently which accounts for their different meanings for example ilium and ilium have identical pronunciations but the first term ilium means a part of the hip bone red arrow ilium the second term refers to a part of the small intestine blue arrow other terms that commonly get mixed up are urethra in the blue arrow and ureter in the red arrow word analysis is the studying medical terminology is very similar to learning a new language at first the word seems strange and complicated although they may stand for commonly known disorders and terms for example cephalga means headache and an ophthalmologist is an eye doctor the first job of learning the language of medicine is to understand how to divide words into their component parts logically most terms whether complex or simple can be broken down into basic parts and then understood for example the word hematology is divided into three parts the three parts are root combining vowel and suffix Hemet means blood and Loki means process of study important elements root foundation of the word suffix word ending prefix small part attached to the beginning of a term combining vowel vowel usually o that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and combining form root plus combining vowel it is useful to read the meaning of the medical terms starting from the suffix and then going back to the beginning of the term thus the term hematology means the process of studying of blood let's try another word electrocardiogram Electra is a root means electricity cardi is another root means heart O's are combining vowels and gram is a suffix means record electrocardiogram reading from the suffix back to the beginning of the term means record of the electricity in the heart notice that there are two combining vowels both o in red color above the first o links the two Roots elector and cardi the second o links the root cardi and the suffix gram let's analyze gastritis gaster is the root mean stomach and itis is the suffix means inflammation please note drop combining vowel when suffix starts with a vowel as an itis again gastritis reading from the end of the term suffix to the beginning means inflammation of the stomach and note that the combining vowel o is missing in the term this is because the suffix itis begins with a vowel the combining vowel is dropped before the suffix that begins with a vowel however it is retained between two Roots even if the second root begins with a vowel let's do a quick quiz for fun all medical terms have a a combining vowel B two Roots c a suffix d a prefix the answer is c a suffix all medical terms have a suffix you have not learned this yet but let's try for fun anyway which element appears at the beginning of a medical term a suffix B prefix C combining vowel D combining form the answer is B prefix okay let's do some more word analysis gastroenterology gaster is the root mean stomach enter is also a root means intestines O's are combining vowels and Loki means the process of study putting these together gastroenterology means the process of studying of the stomach in intestines please note the combining vowel is retained between Gastro and enter even though the second root enter begins with a vowel when a term contains two or more Roots related to parts of the body anatomic position often determines which root goes before the other for example the stomach receives food first before the small intestine so the word is formed as gastroenterology not enter Gastrology remember these three general rules read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across drop the combining vowel usually o before a suffix beginning with a vowel gastritis not gastroitis and keep the combining vowel between two Roots gastroenterology not Gastroenterology you now have learned the root combining vowel and suffix as you are familiar with these terms hemato means blood gastro means stomach and cardio means heart let's learn the prefix next the prefix is a small part attached to the beginning of a term not all medical terms contain prefixes but the prefix can have an important influence on the meaning consider the following examples hypogastric hypo means below gaster mean stomach means pertaining to this word means pertaining to below the stomach next example is epigastric Epi means above gaster mean stomach and again means pertaining to this word means pertaining to above the stomach quick summary of word analysis the important element of medical terms are the following root foundation of the term suffix word ending prefix word beginning combining vowel vowel usually o that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and combining form combination of the root and the combining vowel since you have mastered the components of medical terminology now let's get serious we are going to learn so many terms that your head will spin these are the combining forms Adeno means gland adenoma means tumor of the gland the suffix Alma means tumor or Mass adino means gland adenitis means inflammation of a gland the suffix itis means inflammation arthro means joint arthritis means inflammation of the joint bio means life biology means the study of life or living organisms carcino means cancerous or cancer carcinoma means cancerous tumor carcinoma is cancer that forms an epithelial tissue such as basal cell carcinoma or esophageal carcinoma cardio means heart Cardiology means the study of the heart cephalo means head cephalic means of in pertaining or relating to the Head speaking of the head take a look at the cerebrum and its functions Savory Brum is the largest part of the brain it is divided into two hemispheres or halves called the cerebral hemispheres areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech thought emotions Reading Writing and learning Let's test your knowledge which term means inflammation of the gland a arthritis b adenitis c adenoma or D cephalic the answer is B adenitis Adeno means gland and itis means inflammation let's continue with the combining forms cephalo means head cerebro means cerebrum as you just saw in the previous picture means to cut crino means to secrete to come out such as a certain gland or glands cysto means urinary bladder cyto means cell dermo or Dermot means skin Electro means electricity encephalo means brain and entero means intestines quiz time again which term means study of cells a cystoscopy B cystitis C cytology D hematology the answer is C psychology cyto means cell Loki means studying of didn't I promise you that your head will spin let's do some more erythro means red gastro means stomach glyco means sugar no so means knowledge gyneco means woman female hemato or hemo means blood this is histology of the red blood cells white blood cells and thrombocytes which are platelets moving on hepato means liver iatro means treatment physician leuko means white such as leukocyte is in the image that we just saw logo means study of nephro means kidney neuro means nerve a medical doctor who diagnoses treats and manages disorders of the brain and nervous system brain spinal cord and nerves is called neurologist let's continue onco means tumor althamo means I Osteo means bone patho means disease Tito means child psycho means mind radio means x-rays Reno means kidney Rhino means nose Sarco means flesh secto means to cut from bo means clot or clotting Euro means urinary tract urine AC and L mean pertaining to algae means pain means cell ectomy means excision or removal this one is too easy for you which suffix means to cut out or remove a ectomy B Skippy C itis d upsi the answer is a ectomy we just learned in the previous slide I am sorry just a bit more you are almost done emya means blood condition for example leukemia genic means produced by organ means protein gram means record ick or iCal means pertaining to ion means process IST means specialist itis means inflammation Moji means process of study Oma means tumor mass or swelling the top picture portrays the hematomas under the nail and from the broken ribs the bottom picture shows a sarcoma of the muscles about 20 more terms and you are done with suffixes opsi means process of viewing osis means condition usually abnormal pathy means disease condition [Music] scope means instrumental visually examine Skippy means process of visually examining sis means state of condition Tomy means process of cutting incision e means process condition with suffixes now let's learn the prefixes means no not or without Auto means self own Dia means complete or through and Ando means Within Epi means above papon xxo means out outside of or outward hyper means excessive above more than normal hypo means deficient below under less than normal in means into or in Theory means surrounding around Pro means before or forward re means back backward or again retro means behind sub means below or under trans means across or through let's learn some Specialists for chapter one who knows one of you will be one of these Specialists someday don't forget me when you become one cardiologist an internal medicine specialist who takes additional Fellowship training in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases gynecologist specializes in surgery and internal medicine to diagnose and treat disorders of the female reproductive system psychiatrist is a specialist in diagnosing and treating mental illness oncologist an internal medicine specialist who takes Fellowship training in the diagnosis and medical drug treatment of cancer hematologist and Internal Medicine specialist who takes Fellowship training in blood disorders these two usually go together we call them he monk doctor ophthalmologist trains in both surgery and Internal Medicine in order to diagnose and treat disorders of the eye neurologist an internal medicine specialist who takes Fellowship training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders or nervous tissue brain spinal cord and nerves nephrologist an internal medicine specialist who takes Fellowship training in the diagnosis and medical treatment of kidney disease a nephrologist does not perform surgery on the urinary tract but treats kidney disease with drugs gastroenterologist an internal medicine specialist who takes Fellowship training and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tracts urologist a surgeon who operates on organs of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system such as the prostate gland urologists also prescribe drugs for some conditions the pronunciations of these terms are important I will have a separate video showing you how to pronounce all the terms in chapter one the pronunciations of these terms are important I will have a separate video showing you how to pronoun these terms there are many of these pages and exercises in your book please complete all of them learning a new language is not easy practice makes perfect the answers and exercises are at the end of the chapter please do your homework thank you for watching please subscribe comment like and share