States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gas

Introduction

• Focus on three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
• Use of particle theory or kinetic theory to explain behavior.

Solid State

• Structure:
  • Strong forces of attraction between particles.
  • Particles held in a fixed position, forming a regular lattice structure.
  • Solid keeps a definite shape and volume.
• Particle Movement:
  • Particles vibrate but do not flow.

Transition from Solid to Liquid

• Heating up a Solid:
  • Increases particle energy and vibration.
  • Weakens forces between particles.
• Melting Point:
  • Temperature at which particles break free of bonds.
  • Solid melts into a liquid.

Liquid State

• Structure:
  • Weak forces of attraction.
  • Particles free to move randomly.
  • Has a definite volume but shape can change.
• Particle Movement:
  • Allows liquids to flow and fit into containers.

Transition from Liquid to Gas

• Heating up a Liquid:
  • Particles gain more energy, move faster.
  • Weakens forces holding particles together.
• Boiling Point:
  • Particles have enough energy to break bonds.
  • Liquid boils or evaporates into a gas.

Gas State

• Structure:
  • Very weak forces of attraction between particles.
  • Particles move freely, no definite shape or volume.
• Particle Movement:
  • Move in straight lines but are deflected randomly.

Effects of Heating and Cooling

• Heating a Gas:
  • Particles gain energy, travel faster.
  • Gas expands or pressure increases in a fixed container.
• Cooling a Gas:
  • Particles lose energy, form bonds.
  • Gas condenses into a liquid.
• Cooling a Liquid:
  • Further energy loss, more bond formation.
  • Liquid freezes into a solid.

Conservation of Mass and Density

• Closed System:
  • Change of state does not change mass.
  • Density changes: solids > liquids > gases.

Conclusion

• Overview of state changes and properties.
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