British North America right because the United States is really comes from 13 colonies that were 13 not all not all of British North America there are 13 colonies in British North America right there are many colonies that England that the English great the pressure to have Jamaica or Beto's they're still like the British Virgin Islands nova scotia parts of canada police right you know for the first week I just said what does America mean to you in one word right just try American one word and the word that was used by it was 50 students probably by 20 of them was like more than any other word was opportunity right any of opportunity coming up with you know free free the freedom to do whatever free that the idea of freedom opportunity Economic Opportunity right a lot of people some of you may have been born in another country or your parents were born somewhere else and came to this country for a better opportunity for your family economically you know where you can you know think standard quality of the quality of life labor another one is religious freedom people cite this but when it comes to the pilgrims the pure who are Puritans right they were Christian Christian denomination and it's very it's not it's put it nicely problematic to say religious freedom is why pilgrims game here it's really not accurate at all so let's go let's focus on those two things idea the opportunity or economic opportunity and the religious motivation right because economic opportunity a lot of people even from England people from England came here as indentured servants right they thought that they came here basically they agreed to be someone's slave for a certain number of years in so many words like that you know and at the end of that I believe they would serve out this term where they were basically a slave or clerks close to it they would get something for it really a piece of land or something so there was maybe opportunity at the end of it but a lot of them died before that right they would be able to agree to work for five years and then they would die they get here in 18 months later they're dead right because if we're tallied rates are higher its new new new it's a new part for europeans so even though they brought those diseases with them they're not used to the climate they're not used to you know how to grow food here all sorts of stuff right it's very volatile and also you have by 1860 right you're gonna have 4 million people in the United States that are slaves right that did not choose willfully to come to this town to this part of the world right they were forced to come here and then as far as opportunity goes I mean they're kept in a situation they basically laws are going to be constructed where they are intended to become speedy slaves remain slaves for their entire lives and then children they have for going to be slaves for their entire lives so as far as opportunity goes kind of problematic ok so page 55 many degrees of freedom coexisted in 17th century North America from the slave stripped completely of Liberty to the independent landowner who enjoyed a full range of rights during a lifetime a person might well occupy more than one place on this spectrum but by personally I think implies like white colonists right not because the slaves that's complicated is they're not gonna they're not going to be able to leave their position of slaves certified to be law as they were designed basically keep it in slavery the settlers success however rested on depriving Native Americans of their land and in some colonies importing large numbers of African slaves as laborers freedom and lack of freedom expanded together in 17th century America right that's pretty interesting interesting statement right freedom and lack of freedom so not just there was freedom for these people over here and these people didn't really have the same level of freedom that's how he's saying he's saying that freedom was good certain laws certain groups and this is all happening in a time of the Enlightenment and people are having these or writing about these ideas regarding citizenship and regarding the rights of human beings right like the stuff in our Declaration of Independence the rights of citizens the right to choose their government you know the right to have a say in the choices of society makes that's happening in tandem with not people being left out of that but actually laws being said to make people even less free than they were right so people from Africa who are brought to this country you know some of the first slaves so the first Africans brought to this country is slaves at least one of them they no gain that they gained their freedom at some point one of them gained their freedom and ended up actually owning his own intention servants and slaves right so he wasn't in the laws weren't designed yet where this group of people is coming here and they're going to remain in this position slaves forever right but that's that ends up happening so laws are actually being written that that make this group that's being imported less free and sorry I digress London very crowded there's a population what's called a labor surplus this is this because it's problems right because for a few reasons one there's this there were in London for area England for a long time there are lands that were called their lands held in common the Lake land sort of land in rural areas that people could work they can farm on it they didn't know us airily owned it but people could live off of it right and then but then there's this a privatization of lands called enclosure right which kind of self explains where people are enclosing land fencing off plate you know land claiming whether it's well these citizens private citizens or you know the church you know a lot of time the church ended up a lot of land government so there's all these land that people used to be able to sort of live on and survive on that is no longer available so when that happens people end up migrating into the cities right for work and then you end up with too many people looking for work and not enough jobs we many of you maybe have the experience with our own country when this has happened right happened like 10 years ago but there's a recession so there's a massive labor surplus this is actually one of the reasons that people fight for the conflict in Syria starting right there was it was sort of a rout in that part in that part of the world which affected people's crops right the land dries up crops are don't grow people have to basically abandon work with those whatever agricultural endeavor they're raining go to the cities to look for work and the cities become crowded it causes a lot of civil turmoil right tension because there's not enough jobs but there are a lot of people and people in the cities and people are in crowded seas and people start doing stuff when they're in crowded cities and they need money and they don't have any right start robbing people in putting other issues so there's a desire to get people to go to the Americas and then obviously people who are living in that situation we're living in the in that can try to see like that see an opportunity to go somewhere else where they might end up with their own piece of land even if they have to work as an indentured servant Tina Fey to sign away like five years of their life to be someone's slave basically they're willing to do that and a lot of them a lot of those people end up not even without living those fighters have died but they're willing to make that risk that's how dire the situation is for a lot of people right and so that's that's one thing that separates England if you look at France you look at Spain in Chapter one there's a difference between their how they start causing the new world the Americas versus England England has definitely is pushing not just we're going to claim territory and try to mine you know take resources out of there right mine for gold or or enslaved an indigenous population to have that do some work so we can prop it up a bit just just to just to create wealth for the for the country too late for Spain or Franks right England's actually we're sending people to these places we're gonna send people there and the idea and they're going with the idea we're getting our own land but we're gonna get our own slice of life even if that means that taking it from other people who are here right what you would call when's it happening really what we would call ethnic cleansing ethnic cleansing right where people are basically you're taking pieces of you're taking land and it's being reserved for English people for white people right and vision people are pushed out of that land by four three like force forced labor indentured servants are I mean they're not forced in the sense that they sign a contract right there sitting in England okay I'll sign this contract but it's forced in the sense that once they're here they can't just say they can't like six months in they can't go okay this guy's kind of an a-hole I don't want to be kind of beating the hell out of you every day and I'm working like 14 hours a day I'm getting kind of sick I don't think I should do this anymore right you like you agree to do this you sign this contract there's no getting out of it right you know and so they were indentured servants who would run away right just like slaves the only difference is with intensive service you you know there's it's basically white people who are running running away into a colonial territory that's oddly by other white people who are free right same with the indigenous population you try to enslave an indigenous population if you're basically enslaving somebody in there in the place that they're from right there's like woods over there that they've grown up in and they people that live in front hundreds of years they can just take off how are you gonna find you're gonna track this people down and they can blend they can you know blend in with their with their own population with African slaves it's a lot you're taking people from a completely different part of the world to transplanting them somewhere they have no familiarity with really and they stand out very easily so it's easier to locate them so that's one that's one reason that slavery becomes a more dominated system of labor but they can both be bought and sold right indentured people signed contracts slaves are bought and sold as property right they are human property in law by 1705 in this in this section in 17th century this is when laws are basically written to make African slaves legal property right and that and that's that's something that they win ticket when people do that you know there's a there's especially after the Revolution when we have these ideas codified it in any law that we're all equal that we all have rights when something like when a system of labor like this exists there's a need to sort of justify it like how can we believe in democracy or believe in freedom when we have all of these people we own and so there's these ideas of well they're inferior there's savage they're not Christian they're not white right so all of these ideas of around race that we see today and there's a lot of it's you know part of our political dialogue you know it becomes like black lives matter all these civil rights issues you look at the civil rights movement a lot of these issues around race and racism really take root in our pedaling to the last 500 years you know during this time period this is socially constructed thing right so there was a need for a for for labor they become dependent on this group of Labor and they need to justify that right you need to jump to themselves into City you know because it's clearly it's a very brutal system of labor there's a lot of physical abuse there's sexual assault all sorts of stuff so and they're so they're considered human property all right they're not somebody sitting and signing up they don't go to West Africa and go to shore and talk to people in villages and then kicked in these different kingdoms say hey you want to come work in America sign here they just take like prisoners of war you know massive amounts of people that have been captured for whatever reason or chained up and they put them in the bottom of the boat like they like they would with molasses or rum or sugar or rice or anything it's another office so in surgeries Legion Lake George - you know judicial it's in law it's written now it's actually explicit law the fact I mean we actually said like you slate de facto marriage for slaves means that slaves could get married right the male and female slave on a plantation could marry each other and have kids had children those marriages are not legally recognized right so when their owner maybe goes into debt has to sell off some of his property he could take that that couple he can take their child and sell it because it's not really their child it's his property they're not really a husband and wife they they are property of another person right but but in Hitchin servants can get married if they have permission from their owner and those marriages are legally recognized right and also when it comes to the issue of children in there are actually laws written in 1662 in Virginia 16 - there is a law passed by that till the House of Burgesses it's like the legislature of Virginia there's a lot of states that any child that's born in the Virginia Colony that whether they are considered free or slave whether they're you know their status is dependent on what their mother's status is so if their mother's a slave and the child is a slave regardless of who the father is right so I mean this is basically who's familiar with Thomas Jefferson and the relationship he may have had you did have with his slave right this basically is a legal legal encouragement of rape right if a slave owner you bought you purchase some like some a female a slave from what's that forgot from you know what Mali or Ghana or somewhere should be 14 or 15 years old and you can do and there's like you're looking at like systematically repeated and sexual assault over the course of her entire adult life she can produce five six seven eight children all of those people are property now of the slave owner and you know the person who is basically great raping the person they're being encouraged they're being protected in law to do so they're being rewarded financially because you purchase this is one of the one of the ways in which slavery is able to become a more dominant system of labor than indentured servants are more preferred right because you buy your bike please the purchasing and indenture contract is a lot less expensive than purchasing a slave right you purchased a slave if the idea is you're gonna own them outright for their whole life so it's more expensive up front you know slate can be eight hundred dollars or something like I'm not sure they tried to figure out the equivalent value like in our own money today and there's all sorts of speculation but it's like yeah you go to a slave auction you purchase a slave for $800 you know then their whole life and maybe even if it's a female slave nepa children they produce could be yours but that slave could die in two years right they just got here you buy them take into your plantation and they could get sick and die within you know a couple years so it's not you know and you lose all that you lose out on that it sounds myself but you lose out on that investment with indentured servant you the same thing could happen maybe Zion couple years we paid a small amount you know I don't know I tried to find what indenture contracts actually sold for like with inflation I'm not quite sure who I think was substantially less I couldn't find exact number for some reason than fifty to fifty fifty bucks sounds good in my head compared to eight hundred dollars like something it would be something like that was very nominal amount right and at the end of that contract are supposed to promise this person yeah if you I'll give you is some some land I'll give you twenty I'll give you some you know piece of land or and some and some money or something like and that made more sense because usually you didn't have to give them anything as they died so you paid a smaller amount and you'd work them for a few years and then they die and then you just go get another by another indenture contract somewhere right now once people start to once the colonies become more developed and settled people start living longer people start living out these contracts and they want so now it's like now they want that piece of land that you promised that in the beginning right I'm alive still you for the last five years that work for you now where's my 50 acres of land right and they were actually there were there were there was what's in Virginia where there was what's called a head right system head right in quotations basically if you for every if you immigrate to Virginia you get you guys certain amount of land and Virginia was 50 acres and now north and Eddings both Carolina's North and South Carolina when they develop his colonies later they're gonna make it 150 acres if you move they're just encouraging people to come there you get 50 acres of land in all of these colonies are established with they're basically government charters right like they they have private investors they're private investors who you know work over the money basically that's gonna because they're they're investing in something that they think is gonna produce profit right they're gonna you know in Virginia they start there's no there's no gold there's no silver like there wasn't in Spanish colonial territory so these are growing tobacco tobacco becomes the cash crop of the co those colonies right in other places that sugar and so you have private investors but they have to have some sort of government sanction it's called a charter the government basically gives the stamp of approval okay wherever you whatever you settle you have the backing of the government and then a lot of times there's also a religious you know there's missionaries religious priests and stuff that go on the voyage too so you have this very sort of intertwined church and state and private investment all sort of backing this thing and I'm so play so they basically would say so as you go to this colony once established you've got a certain amount of land and every person you get to integrate with you gets a certain amount of land so if you're a wealthy person you get land when you first get there and if you purchase indenture contracts and bring people into the convent of that colony you get fifty acres of land for each person so very well someone who comes from England who's wealthy who is maybe wealthier and buys land and get some land also just for coming there every person they bring in that's fifty more acres of land right and if those people are dying before they work their contract you know they'll leave their contract then you don't give them anything you just get to keep that land but as people start living longer they leave out these contracts and then all of a sudden all this land that you've accumulated people are now wanting that 25 acres or that 50 acres you promised me right so the idea of a system of slave labor where they're imported from Africa where there's no promise of freedom you're going to give them anything again p.m. not accurate if I said right there was his legally you know convention service or legally bound labor for four to seven years slaves are legally protected by a legally protected I mean they're not protected the owners are legally protected knowing them bound labor and input for life because for life is not really accurate right you owe somebody someone is a month you know a woman whose slave and she's late for all life but she has children those children are slaves for their whole life beyond with happy she dies and then she goes their whole life and if it's you have a daughter but if she produces kids you know your grandchildren might just think you can see this there's a lot of set up in a way where you know that this is just going to be the way the the status of your of you and your descendants for however long till it's abolish basically so it's to say for life is not accurate rights perpetually forever just back then so a lot of times you have situation where Slade might give birth and if they were able to maybe we please go take the infinite drought or you know Kriegers in there till it is yeah that's and that's really that's got to be I mean imagine like the emotional the situation psychologically is a as a parent who used to give birth to this human being but you know that this person is going to spend the rest of their life like dealing with severe physical assault and working I mean they eventually leave slaves they're talking like like 14 hour days six seven days a week you know if there was a full moon they make them you know those losses bright at nighttime they would some people would make them continue working out and there's and you're not getting compensated for that at all and if you mess up you're getting physically abused and even if you don't mess up you might be getting like raped repeatedly like on a regular basis like you know a lot so yeah and that that happened I was like that's something that happen it happened for a very long time and the slave population only grows there's more slaves in 1860 when the Civil War starts there's more so there are more slaves in the United States than there ever ever 4 million people right a revolution there are maybe I think 700,000 see it's less than a million but the populations grows and it's expanding right slavery starts to grow beyond these initial colonies these 13 colonies 13 states rights experienced in the Mississippi Alabama Texas there are 300 slaves in California when California becomes the state they were brought in here before statehood time so at some point you're gonna have a conversation with somebody like you're conservative uncle or some somebody that's good you know people that say that similar war wasn't about slavery it was about states rights and the slavery was gonna die out anyways it wasn't you know just thought they would get rid of slavery without civil war but it was it was very much a growing system of Labor that was growing and the people who owned slaves were very entrenched in you know they were very committed to keeping it as a system of labor it's three you know four million slaves in 1868 in in just a dollar value if you added up all the value of all of those people and as human property three billion dollars in eighteen sixty three billion dollars that's about like inflation like today's value in eighteen sixty three billion dollars worth of human property it was the largest concentration of wealth in the United States every we took every wealthy person at all the North the factories railroads any you know any any sort of asset and cutting it up it was not as much as the value in those four million slaves three billion dollars so you can imagine if someone inches has that much of a financial investment something they're planning to maintain so yeah so and also so it so in in his service though amended servants you get it was referred to as freedom juice what's due to them when they're free right and as people start out living the contracts and what I expect that free of those freebies they either people either switch stop using an engine service and just rely exclusively on slave labor or they start offering less you know because they know people are gonna live longer so they say out and they good things they don't make the freedom dues as generous and so a lot of so people stop you know there's less of a desire for people to sign these contracts like they're only gonna give me like you're having a big meal and you're gonna give you some money you're gonna give me very little land I'm not gonna go do this these people or they don't go to Virginia are they no either don't come to America or they go to another colony where they might get a better deal and so people that sort of he pushes people to become even more rely on slave labor I know what you're thinking why didn't you just stop and start doing the work on their own I know how the piece that would seem like a reasonable humane thing to do yeah okay so the first 20 and first 20 African slaves was really wedding heat when the quotation air it earlier about freedom and lack of freedom expanding together in the 17th century it's really a good example of that is in 1619 right Jamestown is a step okay um sixteen of 67 is colonies established in 1619 the Virginia House of Burgesses is established this is the first it's basically the legislature they call it Burgesses it's basically the legislature it's a seat of government right so this the first it is the first example of a big colonial government in British North America right we have this country that's established out of these colonies based on government self-government representative government right and this is the first example cited is one of the first examples aboard is actually a colony which is sets up its own government right it's not being governed necessarily by England even though it's technically calling even when ready to have their own system of government but they seen years so I seen here when they establish their own system of government right which we sort of see is this is a early example of setting up a democratic or a Democratic Republican institution of government right the same year the first twenty slaves arrived in Virginia first twenty African slaves arrived in Virginia but at least one of them and this is another one of them ends up gained their freedom ends up owning actually their own slaves and definitely owns their own adventure service because but that's in 1619 this idea of indentured servants are over here and the white and slaves are like slavery being identified with being black being from Africa it's not necessarily if something like sort of develops in the 1600s you know so that by 1705 slaves our slaves are considered property in law right so one of the those first 20 slaves arrived one of them gained their freedom and then ends up owning his own servants it's something that site if you go on the names Anthony Johnson if you go on the internet you guys going to internet WorldStarHipHop go to your end that's something that's used a lot by like folks to argue well slavery see we're not this isn't a racist country slavery you have anything to do it race look at this guy he got his free time he owned the slaves the chair the chair which and this is true this guy owned slaves the Cherokee a lot of members of the Cherokee Nation ended up owning owning slaves but you know they remain in a certain league the southern part of the United States there were a lot of slaves who got their freedom and then owned slaves a lot a lot of the time it was people who bought who purchased their family members rights someone got the freedom that would purchase family members and then didn't free them for whatever meet you know I'm sure that some of the profit off of it but a lot of time you can purchase late your life's freedom or your daughters for you where somebody can purchase you know their husband's freedom and then what happens if you free if you free them MA then they get maybe people can be kidnapped in and then green slave all the time yeah you can imagine if somebody if somebody's living if you if you escaped slavery or if you just get your freedom you could even go to Canada and you're in Montreal and somebody plugs your over the head and you wake up and you're in South Carolina how are you going to say well you can't say oh I'm free this is right this is something something there's mistake you're gonna see you're in a state where slavery is legal where people who are black are pretty much all slaves you have no record no I mean how are you how are you any bits like