Transcript for:
OCR GCSE PE Revision Highlights

[Music] all right [Music] thank you [Music] thank you [Music] [Music] good afternoon one and all thank you for being here we really appreciate it for paper one OCR gccpe we've been doing this for a couple of days already on Tuesday what do we do Martin we did on GCSE yesterday we did AQA and Excel paper one and today we're on OCR do you see with you guys and then later on this afternoon we're doing wjuc GCSE as well it's good fun um a couple of things my name's James I have my colleague Marta here with me MARTA would you like to say hello hello so mod is here she's all about the chat she's all about the interaction folks we love a bit of interaction I know it's not the coolest thing to get me to say your school name or whatever or but if you want us to do that let us know you can chat to us live on the Hub page um there's a live chat down there we keep it private in the sense that we tried YouTube live chat for a little while and uh or maybe not so you can chat with us that way or get in touch with us on the social media Twitter is a really common one that people use and we will sort of answer your questions live and we'll do that for you so do please it reassures us so do please do that a couple other things me first of all before we get straight into this please do subscribe to the YouTube channel or and or hear a bit of a like I know it's sort of like you know but it actually is really valuable to us in the sense that it really gets sort of exposure and it sort of builds like a bit of momentum around what we're doing stuff like that so it's a small thing but it does actually help so I would genuinely appreciate it um furthermore I do share a bit of information about what you're doing you know if you're in a classroom with a bit of pizza get it onto social media obviously be careful with um with your photo and stuff like that but do that and finally with resources can I stress to you that all of the resources that are coming in the session are available with the video so if you're on the Hub page just below the Hub page just there there's notes Pages they're essential uh there's also the national mock exam which you don't necessarily need to advance it but you should be looking at it for reference because it sort of interacts with this session you could also be looking in there for um the mark schemes for the national mock exam and also the model answers we read and that all kind of interacts become the package of resources we want you guys to use here now in terms of timing for the session both of our sessions yesterday took about one hours ten wasn't it until that's what we're anticipating so between an hour and hour and 15 we think is pretty predictable okay and then what we'll do is at the end we'll just do a bit of a sort of a deep answering questions those sort of things and go from there Marta have I missed anything before we give this a go I don't think you have I'm gonna start adjusting my headphones which I need for this next bit and we're going to get elderly digital pen and we're going to get cracking folks this is a bit of a nerve recommendation is a switch feed but let's go for it pens already it's going to be busy I make no apologies guys it's a fast session you may need to come back and cover bits of the decision that sort of thing but I think we're aiming for some like 14 topics or 12 Topics in in an hour so it's a proper whiz okay so be prepared stick with it and you can always catch up with any bits that we sort of go go quickly through okay let's do this thank you welcome to 2023 revision for OCR GCS CPE today we're doing paper one good stuff couple of things I'd like you to be considering first of all you're taking the session you you could just use the you know like the video I suppose you know either live or on demand just take the video and watch it I suppose you could do that but it's much better if you have the notes page in front of you that's going to be crystal clear as we go through this ideally you'll have the exam infographic to handle this is available in the description or in the just below the Hub Page by the way or just above the video on the Hub page is the infographic ideally you'll have the national mock exam somewhere because that exam details lots and lots of the skills and the content we're going to talk about the mark scheme that goes with that and the model answers now can I stress with this I'm not necessarily saying you should have done this National Mock exam you might want to do it in your preparations before paper one perhaps um but you could certainly have a look at them because you've got the mark scheme and the model answers available to you it gives you a great Foundation to understand how questions might be asked how they might be answered and what the examiner might be looking for so all that is a shim now you'll notice at the start of your sort of notes pack that we've got these profiles we've got Josh we've got Tom Laura okay Julie Carlos the idea of these is that whatever theories we look at here you can use those for application okay so you know in a minute we're going to talk about functions about rugby but why not talk about wheelchair basketball why not talk about net but why not talk about Triathlon you've you've got these possibilities so that you in your preparation can say right okay I've looked at that in one way how does it look with this other how does it look with this other performer so these almost like the nutrition of your application okay we want you to go and use these and digest the content we're going to go through today further and further with these multiple applications in different directions now I will mention all of these performers today um and we'll use them as well in this session but you can use them beyond that now then folks critical point this material here was all covered in the National Mock exam so the national mock exam written by myself that National Mock exam covers all of that the bits that are highlighted we are selecting out and bringing into this session today okay so the bits highlighted they are in today's session now I just also want to make reference to what these numbers mean maybe maybe let me choose an obvious two these numbers here okay 24 and 27 that means that since 2018 to 2022 um show up some effects of exercise have contributed 24 raw marks on these papers and 27 of the the long term these are totals by the way they're totals but it lets us know sort of how commonly these things are assessed so we know that the effects of excise are really assessed commonly right therefore we're including levers another great example you'll see themes of this planes and axes you'll see themes of this on your infographic of course but we just want there's no particular reason why why because I'm not doing types of synovial joint today it's more that we've got stuff for now and I've got to select some material not all this now let's get into this we're going to fly straight into the functions of the skeleton nice and simple we have got six of them you can number them if you really want to but we're going to go through them and give a couple of details okay support first of all you know remember what function means it means what does the skeleton actually do what's it for so let's actually go through this a little bit with support we are talking about often the body being upright you know the skeleton supports this kind of upright will come to the word in a moment posture okay it provides a framework so all these muscles that we've studied and what have you they've got to pull against something that's the framework of the scale that's what it does and that's my other point that support is the support of muscles okay muscles can only do their contractile work and their Force production work when they've got something to produce that Force against that is what we mean by support now posture is an application of those principles so let's have a look at posture here we're talking about in sport the correct shape we are talking about human shape so think I know it sounds like a really sort of Base principle but think for example if we are running sprinting let's say sprinting has a certain shape to it and that shape comes from the skeleton of the body it's kind of upright as I mentioned before it's got uh knees bending and hips flexing and extended because that's the skeletal shape which we have now let's get into a bit more of the nitty-gritty here we can get into protection a little bit um I'm not sure what that means we're going to get into action protection of course is quite an obvious one but the key thing we want to be referring to is we are protecting internal organ soft issues and that's what that skeleton is doing and beyond that we want to be really looking at the idea of reducing that risk of injury protective vital organs but which Bones now we tend to find these sort of flatter bones do this job and a brilliant example is the cranium protecting the brain and we'll look in a moment examples when this might be relevant we're talking about the ribs and they are protecting the lungs we are talking about the sternum and this protecting the heart we are talking about let's say the vertebrae you know effectively the backbones and that protecting the spinal cord okay we are talking about the pelvis and the pelvis protecting the reproductive organs okay so um all of those are protective examples and we'll look in a second at specific cases where that becomes relevant movement's an interesting one again we've got loads and loads of information we could cover on movement but some key things the skeleton provides a surface for muscles okay surface for muscles muscles at basically in terms of skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton so there's got to be a surface and those muscles they attach to the skeleton via tendons and tendons are your Force transmission okay so if a muscle pulls it pulls it applies Force Through the tendon and that tendon applies it onto the bone which then moves and what this creates folks is a system of levers and we're going to come back to that key point in a few moments time okay so muscle spawn blooms oh and I should say as well movement of course occurs at joints you know our joints are effectively our fulcrums we've got loads of examples flexing at the elbow abduction at the shoulder that movement occursive joints blood cell production a couple of points on this that I really want you to get sort of nailed down first of all we are talking about the production of rbecs red blood cells but we are talking about as well the production of white blood cells remind yourself of what each one does a red blood cell is effectively an oxygen uh it's a gas carrying vessel typically it's carrying oxygen but of course it can also carry other gases carbon dioxide for example on the way back to the lung so red blood cells are produced by the skeleton in the bone marrow white blood cells which are there obviously part of your immune system you guys are studying this in biology your specific immune system those white blood cells are also produced there but we also produce in our bone marrow platelets and platelets which are actually cell fragments they are there of course to plot the blood so if we if we are doing an 800 meter or not let's say let's say um uh KTAR triathlete is Falls from her bike and busts a knee up plate which will help to to clot the the blood which is which is acting from whatever wound she's got on her knee and then finally folks let's finish off with minerals up here and what we're talking about with minerals are the bones release minerals so bones are released and sorry bones release minerals minerals are released by the bones and a couple of examples we want to give calcium which is super important for bone health itself um also involved in muscular contraction and phosphorus which is involved within muscular contraction so these are examples of the of um the storage minerals now that's all fine let's look at how we might word some of those things I've taken specifically a rugby example let me choose a different color I've taken a rugby example so we could be referring to this as Carlos although I think this is considered to be rugby rather than wheelchair rugby but nevertheless um what how would we write these out as application support supporting the lower body when a forward lands on their feet after a line out so this this is definitely not real a wheelchair would be this is rugby um supporting this so we've got this support happening when the forward lands on their feet after alignment so we should be able to say so and that we can then say they can attack Okay so we've got to say what the impact of that is let's go for posture allows the tackler to create the correct shape and wrap their arms with the correct technique so they force their opponent back protection sternum protects the heart when two players Collide during a tackle to a preventing injury movement leverage at the elbow so our key term there leverage at the elbow joint once when when the Center passes a ball to a teammate Okay so we've got our example birds are bridges red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the muscles of the legs when running okay and that allows our performer to work at higher to work at higher intensities aerobically because we've got that oxygen present for our aerobic respiration and we've also got mineral storage calcium causes leg bones to be dense and strong to cope with the weight bearing running of rugby Okay so we've got some lovely nice examples there of where we would take this so let's move our way down we've also got the rolls of muscles which of course applies to this you know we've got effectively the muscles we're talking about here are applying their force of our tendons onto the skeleton for the movement we might we made before we've got three types of muscles that we are going to address one two three so first of all again this sometimes you might come across the term Prime movie we're going to use the the term Agonist here an Agonist is a muscle that produces the movement okay so The Agonist is always there's our prime mover is always a Contracting muscle okay so a muscle that is Contracting is The Agonist okay by definition our antagonist muscle it works to counter the movement and this is our keyword it relaxes whilst Agonist contracts and this is the key principle muscles work in pairs more of which in a second muscles work impairs one muscle can only pull okay so each one let's take your bicep in your in your upper arm for example all it can do is pull it can't push it can't turn it can't twist it can pull so what does it need it can't push the elbow back into an extended position no it needs a another muscle the tricep at the back of the arm to go about doing that for us okay so they have to work in pairs otherwise The Joint can only move in One Direction then it's stuck now we've also got fixator muscles fixator muscles are stabilizer muscles and a little tip here they tend to be above the joint that is moving so for example if we're talking about the elbow joint and we're talking about the bicep and the tricep this the fixator or the stabilizer I suppose you could say will be the Dell toe because it's above holding that joint in position it prevents any unnecessary movement it makes us in essence folks more efficient in our movement and there's the example the deltoid at the shoulder joint during a bicep curl the deltoid sort of fixes and holds things in place so that the movement can be efficient and I just have a little example of that look here we've effectively got a bicep curl we have got this direction and then obviously lower into this direction and we we know that the bicep is the muscle which is doing that work right but we've also got this deltoid muscle here and to an extend the pectorals over here and they are holding this sort of posture and stabilizing and fixing that position now again we could look at it here in terms of this press-up position let's say that our performer is on the way up here for argument's sake what's happening now is that the tricep on the back of her arm is Contracting and of course producing straightening of the elbow extending of the elbow but that is being fixed Again by the deltoid which is holding the body position okay so that fixator is important can I just stress a couple of things here let's go back to our bicep curl when if we look at the upward phase here of course the bicep I should written read before I'll sort of overlay it in blue here the bicep is our Agonist okay and to allow that to happen the tricep this muscle here is lengthening and relaxing and that is our antagonist it's really important to make that to stress that those muscles work in unison they work in combination they cannot do their work alone Okay so one other example just remind you of a couple of muscles really we've got a muscle here which is the quadricep expelled it right that would help quadricep there's a quadricep there we've got muscle B which is the hamstrings group now you'll notice there is an s on the end of both of those these are groups of muscles there's four muscles in the quadricep three muscle in the hamstrings I'm not going to go over them here but we what we do have here is we've got um uh what we do have here is we have a pair we have effectively an antagonistic pair of muscles now again let's assume that our fella here is on his way up he's doing some kind of squatting in the upwards motion okay what's actually going to be happening here well we're going to the knee joint that's what we're going to look at the knee joint is going from this current position which is here flexed and it's going to go from that position and it's going to straighten and this person is going to be standing in this position they're going to extend right so this extension of the knee now the muscle that causes extension of the knee is the quadricep group the quadricep group pulls in that direction okay and it straightens the knee so we're going to have our Agonist I'm going to be in the quadricep and of course the hamstring group they're going to relax and that hamstring group is going to relax and it is going to be the antagonist to allow the movement to occur okay so I just want to get that principle across to you okay I'm just going to pause there just to sit my teeth and just to blow me notes one second and we're back lovely little sippity that I've got to say I love a cup of tea so leave is everyone's favorite I mean come on a couple of things I want you to be aware of a lever needs certain things and just a sort of like bass intuition a lever needs a rigid bar we're going to look at that in a second it needs a rigid bar look we've got that in terms of the black line here it needs what we call a fulcrum okay that's meant to be a triangle it needs a fulcrum okay which in the human body is a joint it needs a load or resistance something to lift something to move and of course it needs in this case an effort which in the human body is a muscle contraction okay so those four things one two three four are required for us to actually have a lever and we're going to go through that and sort of basically classify different kinds and how those things can be rearranged can I stress to you that this rigid bar should not be neglected that is a long bone in the body let's call it um let's let's say or typically it's longer let's call it a uh humorous let's call it a femur let's call it a radius that's typically what that bottom of is we talked about the function of the skeleton before that it provides that framework right and of course as I said before fulcrum's joints efforts the muscle contractions and loads depends what we're doing but it's the thing we're carrying on moving so we've got a system of levers and what the one we've got on the screen here this is called the first class sleeve and of course we've got an excellent example of it which is neck extension okay and I'm going to go through this so why is this a first class lever it's a first class lever because the f is between okay now it technically you could argue it's in the middle but it's not always in the middle of the lever arm it's not always in the middle of the rigid bar so the f is between the fulcrum is between the load and the effort so can I just stress that because the fulcrum is between the other two components this is what makes it a first class lever now our neck extension is an excellent example of it let's actually go through and see what these things are the fulcrum is the neck joint now we if I could spell it is the neck joint now we would typically call this the atlas an axis um of the head okay but it's actually what that is the the load oh the resistance is the actual head okay so it's the weight of the head and the effort is the neck muscles okay the neck muscles and those neck muscles are applying Force at the back of the head back here and pulling the head so this volleyball player can look up and sort of spot the ball those are our components and when we get that configuration we get a first class lever let's look at a second class so here we go let's imagine that this foot is sort of like the ankle is pressing upwards or maybe this is a person taking off a long jump board or something like that maybe this is um maybe this is uh Julie in our netball example jumping to catch a high pass into the D or something like that right so let's have a think about it it's a second class lever this time they choose a different color it's a second class and it's a second class because the load is between the load is between the other two components so what do we have here we have the full Chrome okay so there's there's our fulcrum there here it is there's our fulcrum this is the ball of the foot the ball of the foot okay that's our fulcrum we have the load here that's obviously between the load is the body weight now the human body sort of its Center of mass acts downwards through the tibia and you can kind of see that coming down and the effort this bit here this bit here is actually the gastrocnemius muscle applying its Force onto the heel bone I'm not going to go into which he which bone is the heel bone but you know if you want it's called the calcaneus it doesn't matter but the gastrocnemius Force the gastrocnemius Force application onto the hill and that raises the heel up and that's actually a really useful thing so those are our components second class leave now can I just stress this is the only real second class leave in the body that's technically not quite true what I said but for the purposes of our studies that will do for now okay and we finally got our third class so here's our third class and not surprisingly our third class tells us that our effort is between the other two components so we're going to use the example of a bicep curl now OC I would like me to tell you that elbow movement is a third class lever what I am willing to tell you is that elbow flexion is a third class lever and some forms of elbow extension are a third class lever I'm not going any further than that because I don't I can't call black white they're not the same anyway you take us out there if you want to chat about it I've got blogs on it so um here we go so what do we have well first of all we have our fulcrum and our fulcrum of course is the effort so our sorry our fulcrum of course is our elbow joint brilliant we have our load okay so the load here is let's call it the dumbbell or you could also say it's the dumbbell plus um the weight of the forearm but our effort of course is the bicep contraction okay and as you see here that this one is between the other two it's not quite in the middle but it's between the other two and that's what defines this as a third class lever so that's a really useful um aspect for us now we're now going to look at one particular principle of levers and that principle is called mechanical advantage okay so that's where we are going with this we've got this thing called mechanical advantage and I'm going to kind of prove it to you I'll just Define it for you first and then I'll kind of prove it to you so mechanical advantage is when a lever overcomes a large load okay and what we mean by that is something that's heavy right that's what we mean by that overcomes a large load with relatively little effort okay so the muscle contraction Force doesn't need to be huge relatively little effort so despite something being heavy we don't need a really large muscular contraction Force now where do we find this we find this at the ankle we find this in second class levers okay we looked at those uh just up above didn't we what am I right in that space meant to say leave as good and Bennett so how does this work so the key thing to be aware of here is these distances so I'm going to do almost like a a measurement of this distance to here that distance there the distance the horizontal distance between the effort and the fulcrum this is what we call an effort an effort arm and you're probably thinking arm James that looks like a foot arm is about the is is a description of the distance between the two and of course it's holding on because it's part of a rigid bar isn't it we said that before whereas this distance here this distance here this has been the load and the fulcrum this is what's called the load or the resistance arm and in essence folks if the F for arm is longer and the load arm is shorter it's that which creates mechanical advantage and the principle is a very very useful one here okay that is that if the F arm is longer and the load arm is shorter we get mechanical advantage now what you'll notice over here on our bicep curl look what we've got all of a sudden is our I'll start doing the same colors we've got our arm here is really short and we've got our load arm is really long so guess what we do not have mechanical advantage at the elbow no we actually technically have something called mechanical disadvantage we don't really study that but the point to make here is that this has got lots of strengths literally we can do these things however the other issue or the issue with mechanical advantage is it creates a short range of motion and it's also quite slow okay so other levers like the elbow they're kind of faster and more flexible but they're not as powerful they're not as forceful and that's because of the actual configuration of the components of the levers now we're going to leave that there it's actually a very interesting form of study going further but we'll leave that there for now I am just going to pause just for the briefest second once more guys I just need to blow my nose thanks for being patient with me okay another one playing snacks is everyone's favorite absolutely so I'm going to get into the planes first can I just stress that movement happens along planes okay along planes that's how moving happens I'll show you that in a second but let's name them first of all I've got this plane here this is A sagittal plane oh it's going to have some sort of flashing light on here I'm not totally sure why it's a bit weird it's sagittal what we've got here is our frontal plane what we've got here is our transverse plane so what I just want you guys to do is if for example if I was to show you say that to move along this frontal plane here this right shoulder could abduct to here to here to here to here can you see that that is moving along that plane just as for example you know if this leg at the hip was to go here here I don't even get my leg that far to the side but that is moving along the plane right well I'd just like you to quickly do is just to sort of decide in your own mind which of these three movement examples is is moving along each of those three planes what do you think which one's which I'll give you just I'll just sort of ramble a second just while you have a bit of a think about that and I'm going to ramble a bit more um I drink my tea but I've run out but we're going to say the following if we take our rotation here in the circle and by the way I'm only talking about the rotational move movement of the body here of course what's happening is that is movement along the transverse plane if we take our somersault here sort of uh on the beam what movement is that along well that is movement along this agile plane what about our cartwheel well that is effectively a series of abduction abduction and adductions and that is moving along the frontal plane so this is a really useful way to think about it we have got these different kinds of a long place now let's be clear most movements are complex and they involve differently you literally see that here we've actually got the arms of our discus thrower what are they they've been moved along the frontal plane I'm specifically talking about the rotation in the transverse plane so that the movements are complex right they they're often multi-planear we could say but what we want to have is this base principle of these movements that go this way so start to literally list out different movements they're going like if we were to talk for example at the sagittal plane we could talk about a bicep curl we could talk about a jump we could talk about uh most throwing actions we could talk about for example a forward roll a somersault they're all happening along the sagittal plane and you can cover your own examples now where life gets a little bit interesting for us folks is that we've also got our axes of rotation and I don't stress to you movement does not happen along an axis movement happens around an axis either in that direction or in that direction now you might notice those two directions are what we call um clockwise and anti-clockwise because it's rotational that's all rotational movement is but I want to make sure that we've got this correct now again all you teachers out there I don't know how aware you are of this but these are called different things a different examples so I am going to go so specific here because I'm literally teaching the wjc in a few minutes time when I did AQA and nxl yesterday revisioned covered levers and all that leaves covered axes and all of them it's a bit of a head spin to be perfectly honest with you anyway what we've got here is our long ear tudinal axis it is the ax that goes theoretically through the body from top to bottom now imagine if we got this bar and we Twisted it what kind of movements would actually occur here where we would have things like 360 degree twists you know something you know you could link that to all kinds of things this could be for example our netball player Julie pivoting this could be a skier turning a gate these are all examples of rotation around the longitudinal axis now if we imagine now twisting this kind of Foosball bar what would we get here well first of all let's name it this is what we call our transverse axis a transverse axis side to side so of course if we rotate it we tend to get things like somersaults we tend I'm not sure I've spelled that right we tend to get things like forward roll okay we tend to get things like flexion and extension we tend to get things like the running action and one thing to note about this is we actually have a transverse axis at the knee at the ankle at the shoulders okay not just at the hip so of course if we for example Flex our knee extend our knee that is rotation around that transverse axis of the knee so just bear that around it's like a running action in this case now finally we've got our frontal axis now a frontal runs through the body from from front to back and of course if we were to twist this bar what would we get we'd get something like a carton wheel wouldn't we we'd get something like a cartwheel or we'd get a diving sail that's a really nice example we'd get a diving save from a goalkeeper who's maybe dive into the bottom left corner to save a hockey ball or something like that okay that's rotation around around in this case the frontal axis now again same thing I'll just sort of fill some time what are each of these rotating around give yourself a little sort of a arrow opportunity here and put those things together and I'll start with the cartwheel well we already know the cart wheel is rotation around the frontal axis we know already our somersault here's rotation around the transverse axis and we know already that our rotate around the circle is rotation around the longitudinal axis you should be prepared to identify other examples of that kind of movement okay uh let's let's carry Straight on pathway of blood what I'll do here is I'll talk through the process I'm going to give you some key language when we change the canvas okay so we're going to follow with a pathway literally here we're going to follow the pathway of a red blood cell so first of all let me let me find a nice color for this I'm going to go even though it's a red blood cell well I'll give it a kind of a a ready tin so we've got a red blood cell here it might not look that red but it is returning to the heart via the vena cava vein okay now you just remember there are two versions of this vena cava there's what we call the superior and inferior and they're kind of represented by these two channels ones from the upper body ones in the lower body but basic our vein is going to come back into sorry our blood so it's going to come back into our right right atrium look right there right atrium and it's going to do that via the vena cava so from the vena cava into the right atrium it's that right atrium now is going to go through a contraction and that blood cell is going to be pushed downwards downwards downwards into the right ventricle so from the right agent into the right ventricle and that happens by the way folks via this valve here and that's our tricuspid valve so it passes through now our ventricle our right ventricle now is going to contract so it's literally going to contract inwards like this and upwards like this and it's going to force our red blood cell up and out in this direction okay so it's going to go up and out in this direction now first of all it passes a valve here okay this is called the pulmonary valve sometimes called the semilunar valve and that uh red blood cell is now going to pass up through the pulmonary artery that's where we are now through the pulmonary artery and it's going to go up to the lung okay and at the lung of course this is where this red blood cell is likely to be oxygenated and I use the word likely not accidentally okay it is likely it may already be oxygenated I'm not going to get into this and oxygen dissociation all that kind of stuff but let's just assume it has no option on it it's going to go and get oxygenated at the capillary network of the lung so it passes through the capillary network of the lung now you biologist which is all of you by the way you actually know that my red blood cell is the exact size and diameter of one of those pillars don't use seven micrometers or you know that bulges helpful here they squeeze literally through those capillary beds and it now starts returning back to the heart how via the pulmonary vein so from the lung via the pulmonary vein it comes back and it comes back into our left atrium there it is our left atrium now this left atrium is now going to squeeze it's going to push this blood cell down through this valve this is called the bicuspid valve down through this valve and it's going to find itself in the left ventricle now this left ventricle again is going to contract inwards inwards and upwards and it's going to push our blood cell up through this little valve here and out through this vessel which is the aorta this aorta is now coming round round round and it's now going down to the rest of the body via the aorta and other arteries by the way and it's now going to go to the tissue bits it's going to go to let's say the working muscle of the quadricep when uh KTAR triathlete is is cycling or swimming and it's going to deliver and drop off its oxygen via that capillary bed and guess what it comes back around that Loop into the vena cava and back so one of the things I encourage you to do in your answers when you write about this is say where the blood cell has been from and where it's going to if you put those into statements that's going to get you marks so let's say for example it's come from the vena cava here it's come from the vena cava here and it's going to the the right atrium here it was in the right age and passes through the valve and goes to the the right ventricle from two from two try and put those things into answers other things I just want to sort of recognize that heat from from here from uh from here to here this Loop here let me go darker that Loop there is one Loop of this system and we call it the pulmonary Loop the pulmonary circuit and then we've now got a second loop from here all the way around to here we've got another loop and that's called the systemic Loop or the systemic circuit now I raise that first of all because it's useful for you to know and to understand but secondly we have that double Loop because we're quite a large animal we're quite a large object so you guys know all about um exchange ratios and surface to volume ratios in your biology I'm not going to get into that MP but can you recognize if we were a much smaller animal let's say a mouse another mammal we'd only have a single Loop that passes all the way through because we those ratios are different because we're quite large as an object as a mammal we need these double Loops so effectively force is applied to this our little blood cell here there he is look let's call in calling calling the red blood cell he had Force applied to him twice in he was through the heart it's funny so that double Loop helps him on his way call in the red blood so I was not expecting that Colin the red blood cell okay I've got to change canvas right back to you call him the red blood cell he was a good guy he was born in the bone marrow a function of the skeleton um he just traveled constantly he was always on the move and uh he had no space for anything I didn't even have space for a nucleus didn't even have human DNA I miss him not really sure what just happened there but I just thought I'd mention that right okay just a couple of reminders speeches our Atria are our upper chambers they receive blood okay so the right atrium receives blood from the vena cava the left atrium receives it from the pulmonary vein the ventricles are our lower Chambers they eject blood they apply Force the blood and push it out of the heart on its happy journey in those two circuits remember about Our arteries and our veins so examples of Our arteries are aorta and pulmonary artery there are many others by the way brachial um carotid there's loads and loads of different ones and what do they do they exit uh well I mean effectively they leave the heart they're strong and elastic they deal with high pressure they deal with oxygenated blood with the exception of our pulmonary artery which of course is character blood up to the lung and uh they cut effectively they depart the heart and take blood to where it's required either in one Circle the other whereas our veins of course they're doing something else they're bringing blood back and one of the things I'd like just to notice about the vena cava specifically is it contains Valves and those valves to prevent backflow of blood in there now I also want to mention valves within the heart themselves Okay so we've got three types of valves we've got the bicuspid valve which is on the left side of the heart and it's between the left Atria and the left ventricle we mentioned that earlier and it prevents blood going back into the left atrium the tricuspid valve does exactly the same on the right side of the heart and just notice our semilunar valves of which we're interested in too they're the pulmonary and the aorticult show aortic um valve so as blood leaves those two arteries we've just talked about they prevent blood falling back into the heart when the heart's in its relaxation phase so we've got our three type R3 um are three types of valve that we've got there that we want to have good awareness of okay now I want to spend a bit of time on this Colin he's back thank God we've missed you Colin we've missed you mwah oh I'm gonna I'm I'm worried about Colin anyway let's think about Colin here what is his job he's a red blood cell I've just said he ain't got a nucleus he's a bicon cave disc for goodness sake don't worry about that term appear you can use it bulge if you want notice he has got millions of hemoglobin all over Colleen he's a spotty fella okay he's he's covered in hemoglobin he's iron rich proteins you guys know they're producing the ribosomes don't you but anyway they're all over this red blood cell and Colin as a result of the presence of that hemoglobin is able to do the following roles he's able to transport he's able to transport oxygen oxygen and hemoglobin like each other they have what we call a high Affinity they like each other they want to be together so Colin can transport auction where is he transporting that oxygen too which chance is transporting it for example to the muscle tissue and that could be for aerobic respiration aerobic energy release for example but he's got another job to do he's also that hemoglobin once oxygen has been dropped off and deposited he's also capable of transporting carbon dioxide so on the way back to the heart and then up to the lung he's going to transport that carbon dioxide and that's going to ultimately be deposited at the lung and we'll talk about that in a second and it's going to be breathed out so it's really important we realize that oxygen when it's attached to this heat this red blood cell it actually becomes what we call um oxyhemoglobin okay so it actually combines with that hemoglobin um I won't bother telling about carbamine hemoglobin which is the carbon dioxide equivalent but they actually combine okay and they sit on that hemoglobin protein and they're transport as a result so this is literally a vessel okay it is a ship it is passing through think of it like a submarine traveling through that liquidy place okay it's kind of a weird thought isn't it and and again just going back to your bulgy which again is useful here you guys know why we have these Delivery Systems don't you you know about surface to volume ratio you know because we're a large object with a relatively small surface area we need these Transportation vessels because we can't do it like other um smaller life forms let's talk about bacteria a bacteria for example right you know about these things so you can apply the same principles here okay brilliant what I do want to spend some time on is alveolife or gas exchange okay so I feel a bit bad about this because a slightly misread represented it in this particular image but nevertheless let's see if we let's see if we can get some key points here what have we got our blue shape here this here is an alveolus okay so it's a singular of our alveoli it's an alveolus and of course what we've got sort of running past it is a capillary and the point I want to make here is a couple of things we know that through that capillary our squeezing perfectly red blood cells and they are literally lined up like this literally lined up like this passing through this face now of course this makes us realize there are many many of these alveoli there are many many of these capillaries but they are literally passing through on their way okay it's such a tight space all like the plasma the what we call the tissue fluid has been squeezed out it's only the red blood cells that we're not going to get into how that gets back in doesn't matter but these red blood cells are being squeezed through here why the reason we get this the reason we have this is that mostly as these red blood cells squeeze through they are transporting they are transporting carbon dioxide okay amongst other things so they're transporting carbon dioxide whereas in our actual alveolus there's very little carbon dioxide there's not much of it in the air right it's whatever it is 0.03 in the air whatever so as these as these blood cells pass through these carbon dioxide molecules literally diffuse across why because there is a there is a diffusion gradient we here have a diffusion gradient remember all diffusion is is gas is moving about randomly okay that kind of kinetic energy Theory Okay so we've got a diffusion gradient and what happens here is that those carbon dioxide because there's more on the red blood cell they kind of their net movement their charcoal movement is into the alveolus and we've sort of depicted the two membranes the capillary membrane and the alveolar membrane we've depicted almost them as like broken with little gaps it's not quite realistic but we're trying to give you the sense that they can blip or squeeze through here folks they can blip and squeeze through now meanwhile we've got quite a lot of oxygen molecules or molecular oxygen we could call it in the alveols because we've breathed it in and as you know Oxygen's about 20 of the air so what happens here is because we've only got very little uh oxygen on the red blood cells these diffuse across onto the red blood cell making here oxyhemoglobin oxyhemoglobin okay and that then obviously gets transported off and goes back to the heart and goes around to the muscles and all sorts so a couple of things we have a diffusion gradient we have for example um greater quantities of oxygen in the alveols compared to the blood and the opposite the case with carbon dioxide therefore we get this diffusion gradient and the movement of gases between a couple of things I would like to add to this first of all um at the at the alveoli or the singular alveolus what we have got is we've got oxygen moving to the blood and how can I stress that is what we call net movement okay not everyone does it there's actually some going the other direction but the total overall movement is that way and obviously we've got our carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and that is moving that is moving into the into the alveolus now just last couple of points things that are positive about this structure so it's a short diffusion path so that you know you see how close the alveolus is to the actual red blood cells it's really short diffusion path um it's a moist environment which helps with this um and we have what you guys know in biology is a PPM a partially permeable membrane I've touched on that already so that helps us to understand how this oxygen moves across and of course the other thing we've got is a great blood supply so we've got huge quantities of blood being supplied up to the lung and therefore we have lots of surface area for this exchange to take place therefore it's quite efficient it's quite a fast exchange and there we go those are our key principles at this point now I'm going to carry on going to crack straight into this and section eight already goodness me what time is it oh we are getting on a bit though section eight short term effects of exercise you guys already know you folks already know this is a really big section if I ever position it correctly there's a big section because it gets lots of marks so let's just go through and let's look at the impact of each of these during exercise experiences so let's go here first of all muscle and blood temperature increases so everything gets a bit warmer why because we're typically doing things like aerobic energy release which is which releases energy excuse me an energy is heat right so of course we get warmer for that reason so why is this good well why is this relevant well things like muscles become more pliable they become more elastic we even get the release of more synovial fluid in joints and Joints become a little bit more kind of fluid and flexible fantastic our heart rate increases brilliant we get greater uh delivery of oxygen brilliant we can do more work aerobically at the muscle tissue our stroke volume increases the same thing our stroke volume obviously the amount of blood leaving the heart per contraction those things obviously we can multiply those things together and iconic output goes up guess what great auction delivery more removal of waste such as carbon dioxide we redistribute blood remind yourself this is through what we call vasodilation vasodilation or vasoconstriction of Our arteries well I'll tell you that's really of our arterials but nevertheless vasoconstriction facilization so let's think about this a blood vessel leading to the muscle will dilate and become more open a blood vessel leave into I don't know the liver will constrict and become smaller effectively what it will do is it will vasoconstrict and it will resist blood flow okay so those things are important I will come back to these two yellow in a second we get increased blood flow to the working muscles we already mentioned that um and if we're doing anaerobic work if we're doing anaerobic work we get lactic acid production now remember lactic acid is a fatigue in product of anaerobic respiration but remember also that lactate which is part of lactose it's actually quite useful okay so we can reuse that but of course the temporary state is that it's fatigue it makes our legs heavy makes it burn makes it hard to carry on now if we are doing Mac if we are doing sub maximal exercise compared to maximum exercise I just want to sort of make a distinction here let's do SUB maximal this is this is for example Kate in a triathlon we get an increase in breathing rate tidal volume and minute ventilation it's an interesting one that because they want me to tell you that we really get an increase in breathing depth okay next time you exercise notice that breathing depth increases quite quickly breathing rate is like the last thing but that's happening but if we go to maximal exercise let's go to uh Josh our Sprinter we talked about before um after that race finishes you might not breathed during it actually he gets a great increase in those factors so be prepared to say that if it's a sort of a sub maximal kind of thing you get an increase in if it's a maximal anaerobic high intensity you get a greater increase that's a great tip for you greater increase so try to look out for that in your questions if it's more of a maximal nature a great increase if it's more of a sub maximal nature our Triathlon for example an increase in nothing we're going to move this on we also have had a long-term effects of exercise now first things first I'll try and get them on the screen for you first things first folks can I know can you notice they have been separated into categories three four five now this is really just me doing this but I'm hoping it's going to help you so let's look at muscular skilly to long-term effects now remember this is really what we're talking about I have the weeks months and years of training so in essence how does our body adapt to our training regime so musculoskeletal our bones get denser fantastic folks try and get this on your notes as well why is that important about that make us heavier and slower James no it means the boat it means the skeleton remember one of these functions was to provide movement it can resist greater forces from the muscles and and move still brilliant we get hypertrophy engorgening fattening of muscle tissue really important that and you might want to think well why is that happening well that's happening because it's storing more stuff um we've also got an increase in strength so the muscle literally can apply more Force while the tendon to the more dense bone brilliant increase muscular endurance so it depends obviously what we're doing and we're training here but if we're doing what sort of um more reps more sets uh lower weights for example we're going to get more much Contours than strength we're going to become more fatigue resistant that's great right we're going to tie less we're going to uh we're gonna accumulate lactic acid at a higher intensity of exercise in other words we can work at higher intensities uh aerobically because those muscles don't fatigue as early now remember metabolic metabolism is any chemical process so what do we get as a result we get a delayed obler obla is the onset of blood lactate accumulation in other words it's that moment where it's like oh my God my legs are hurting we delay and we delay it not in time but to a higher intensity of exercise we get a high aerobic capacity sometimes VO2 max and we are faster at recovery remember our Aerobic System is our recovery system what about respiratory changes well even though it's not quite respiratory we get more capillaries around those alveoli we get an increased minute volume so we can literally move more gas in and out of our lungs per minute we get a great tidal volume remember this is breathing depth so we're able to breathe more deeply and our respiratory muscles our diaphragm our intercostals they become stronger and they get so can push air out of the body out of the lungs more efficiently fantastic actually has some other knock-on effects I'm not going to get into here and cardiovas remember cardiovascular heart the blood vessels and the blood again we get capillarization so more capillaries more diffusion sites we get a greater maximum cardiac output so memorable leave in the heart per minute maximum level is higher and that is because our stroke volume goes up that is because at rest our heart rate can decrease so so at rest if our stroke volume is higher our heart rate can be lower at rest which actually imagine if you let's say that you've got a maximum heart rate of 200 BPM let's say that your resting heart rate goes from 80 then it goes down to 60 well now between exercise in excise you've got between 62 200 beats available to you that's a range of 140 compared to before what is 120. that means you've actually got a greater capacity to deliver blood around the system because your resting heart rate is lower and that's happened because the stroke volume's gone up and we also get the heart fattening and engorging becomes stronger particularly much that much of the strength of the heart particularly on that left hand side that left ventricle no our general ones um we manage our weight brilliant we tend not to die brilliant and we're less likely to be ill it's pretty good exercise isn't it you've got to give I tell you what you've got to give some you got to give some creds to exercise it does it does good stuff okay I'm going to pause just uh just for a moment so folks we know our components of fitness that Fitness tests are big topics for us and I just want to sort of almost bring the skill to your attention at this point I want you to realize for example that when we talk about CV endurance yes you need to be able to Define this but one of the core skills in order to be able to give impactful examples so I just want to dwell on this of course we're talking about continuously exercising without tiring but can I just stress our triathlete we are literally Kate here what we're talking about Kate is able to swim cycle and run continuously without fatigue and work at higher intensities aerobically and prevent oblique and you see how that is impact on Kate's performance she's able to run at higher intensity or move at higher intenses aerobically and that helps to delay oblers if she doesn't accumulate lactic acids she can keep working without fatigue that is an impact-based statement okay and I really really want you to be consider achieving that when you give your example it's not just a matter of saying CV like what happens in Marathon running right we need to say what the impact is now the other skill is to consider which tests are valid reliable and practical tests for the testing of that and what we have here is we have the protocols the protocols for each of those tests now obviously for CV endurance we've got two tests here Cooper 12 minute run walk and we've got the multi-stage fitness test the point I want to get across to you you've got it on the page so you're going to learn it obviously but can you see that that is a clear and distinct process of how we go about doing that multi-stage fitness test okay notice as well that we have got what the result is it's the last level and shuttle reach notice we're being specific the test ends after two missed beeps notice was given the exact measurement of the track these are the details that I really want you to be considering getting into your answers and notice for our Cooper 12 minute run walk notice we calculate the meters travel that's our output and notice that we're saying the result is how far notice that um participants have to keep moving Etc now just one little detail on the Cooper 12 minute run we must have a specific course and what I mean by that is it's not enough to estimate that around your football pitch is 272 meters you've got to measure it's 270 meters the other thing we do with um Cooper 12 minute run is we put cones every 50 meters okay these are little markers so that we can sort of be accumulating and as time runs down it allows sort of a monitoring so there we go let's move on let's have a little look at muscular endurance I know so students sometimes get cardiovascular endurance and muscle endurance mixed up but muscular endurance we can consider it to be almost like anaerobic really it's the ability of the muscles to repeatedly contract without rest okay so it's an ongoing uh um contraction and the example I always think about is an Olympic rower who's pulling on that or for whatever it is 11 minutes straight against that resistance oh I didn't that must be hard I've never really rode if I'm going to buy from a bit of recreational stuff so what's happening here Olympic Road repeatedly contracts the biceps to flex the elbows and pull against the water with without fatigue meaning here's the impact they maintain their Pace In The crucial last 100 meters folks that last bit about the Imp I'm putting our definition into our example here but that last bit about impact I cannot stress enough that I believe that you should be doing that teachers as well that is something we really should be guiding our students by now obviously we've got a Pressman setup test it's a one minute test we must use the correct technique and we count the number of either press-ups or sit-ups we do in that context let's keep let's keep going speed definitions there um moving the body quickly distance divided by time fine example we've got a table tennis player or this could be a Tom or tennis player good you know equivalent example table tennis player moves rapidly to their left to reach a hard hit Loop shot before the ball passes their paddle and wins the point of the opponent so this is actually impact so they're preventing the loss of the point through their actions through their user speed how do we test it we test it through our 30 meter sprint what have we got we got a 60 to 80 meter area no why is that we measure the 30 meter distance within that and then the other distance is for the rolling start so your course is this is going to be your start line here but our our Runners are going to start here and they're going to accelerate here and it's that bit which is time once they're up and running and fast Okay so we've got that uh and it's obviously the time time tends to be between sort of three and five and a half seconds on average typically now then strength couple of more details here first of all it's the ability of a muscle exert Force for a short period of time here's our example our weight lifter here this we don't need to use weight lift it could be anything right weight lifter begins to raise a world record weight off the ground by applying maximal muscular Force to the bar with the upper and lower body okay so that the impact is there off the ground it's coming off the ground because they're applying that Force for a short period of time brilliant how do we measure this well we've got our grip strength die in a moment to test everyone's favorite word Whatever by the way there are other dynamometer test there's one for the lower back there's ones from hamsters all kinds of different ones we tend to use the ones for the forearms because it's accessible the stores well in the cupboard every P Department's got them and anyway what do we do we hold it in our dominant hand left these on the left right he's on the right we start with the by the way it's different versions of this step so this is the one I'm giving you um you start with your hand up above your head so it is our little stick man he's literally got his what was that he's literally got his arm up above his head with his kind of a dynamometer here okay so that is going up there like that and what he's going to do he's going to start squeezing that handle and then gradually bring it down into this position here okay we do this three times and we record the best or the highest score not the average okay we record the best score than that now a one repetition Max is probably our most detailed test okay so run through that but the whole principle here is the following things we of course lift the weight okay that we think might be in the region of our maximum we use the correct Technique we lift it once and then we must rest for five minutes and then we repeat with heavy weights the the why what we really need to stress here is that the last weight you lifted successfully is your outcome okay so try and get that into your answers okay last one before I change canvas power strength time speed you know combination a product of strength time speed you know applying large forces at high contractile speeds okay you know we've got all kinds of examples Javelin throwing sprinting Josh from our examples 100 meter Sprinter applies maximal Force the block at the highest speed possible to accelerate them ahead of their opponent in the race and especially at the start of the race right so we're giving an impact of having this now we've got two ways of doing this we've got standing jump test and we've got a vertical jump test so standing jump test is effectively a two-footed jump two-footed Landing you know we jump from this point we jump as far as we can from this point and then of course we measure the distance between those two points now our vertical jump test is the difference that sort of chalky one problem unless you've got the Recruitment and we reach up and make a mark Or we slide a ruler up it's our standing reach height we jump up and touch the board or jump a mark chalk on the wall and then we measure the distance between those two points and of course what that gives us is is here's our standing reach height here's our jump reach height what is that distance and that distance is our power reading in centimeters okay so that's what that gives us okay I need to change the canvas come back with a couple of other Fitness tests and then we'll finish off with some um uh what's it called uh risk and injury stuff folks we are in the home straight flexibility in the sit and reach test folks first of all Define flexibility what is it's a range of motion around your joints so for example uh our wheelchair basketball to play uh player Carlos needs to have a wide range of motion at his shoulder joint in order to be able to uh reach backwards and catch overthrown passes for example good example here but we've got another one a hockey goalkeeper shows a wide range of movement in the shoulder by hyper extending to save a slow moving ball that has already looped over their head and is going into the net so they make the save prevent the goal so how do we do this sit and reach where you remove shoes we have legs straightened knees locked we have soles of the feet on the box we reach forward with one hand on top of the other we stretch as far as possible guys we must hold their stretch and we do no bouncing jerking and we take our distance in centimeters okay I'm sure you've done this but those key points get them into your answers let's move us on agility everyone loves an Illinois Illinois Agility Test and they how quickly you can change direction under control without losing speed balance or power here's our example Julia Neville player dodging left and right to find Space to receivable to find Space she receives the bull which then she might pass into the D for a shot and a goal right this is important Illinois Agility Test what do we do we Mark out the course exactly we start lying face down we call that the prone position once the start goes we run the course as quickly as we can and however fast is recorded and we measure that in seconds it's usually something in the region of 15 to 2015's quick but you know 20 seconds is not unusual for that Illinois Agility Test I'm sure you've had a go at it so there we go let's finish off strong balance okay often not consider the component Fitness absolutely is okay another critical one I do um I do a couple of um exercise classes a week which are based around balance and coordination rather than sort of power and force and strength and aerobic capacity and this sort of stuff and it's actually quite I'm 46 so it's kind of nice to do that sort of work there's it's more like uh I enjoy stressing those things uh not just kind of you know working as it works quite nice to do that it's tough as well anyway definition Center of mass above the base examples our skier is leaning forward to keep their Center of mass above their skis in order to prevent a crash and stay in the race and perhaps you know register a good time where they get on a Podium or something like that now then how do we do this our hands are on our hips the what is on the inside of the knee of the opposite leg they raise their heel folks we must stand on that on the toes and the ball of the foot we hold it for as long as a possible crucial if either the heel the standing foot leaves the floor oh or touches the um I'll touch the floor or the foot leaves the knee the balance is lost and the timer stops and we measure it in seconds okay almost there coordination the ability to repeat a pattern or sequence with fluency and accuracy lovely definition the high jumper arches that back while simultaneously kicking their legs up in order to clear the bar with their lower body so it's a pattern it's a sequence it's a numerous subroutines of a technique put together okay that's what we mean by coordination and we tend to test it with a wall for a test always sometimes it's called an Anderson test two meters here's our little person I'll see if I can here's our little person the kind of uh I don't know what I'm doing here they're standing here they're they're two meters from a wall there's the wall and of course what are they doing here two meters distance one more drawing um they stand behind that line and they do an underarm throw with one hand and catch it with the other hand and then repeat they do as many catches as they can in 30 seconds and we count the total of number in that period of time okay there we go big topic that components of fitness I know you might find a bit tedious running through that with me and those Fitness tests but I mean really now that's going to be real potential uh area of um of marks for you so it's critical we do okay we're finishing off injury prevention potential hazards what's not to love about this so we're going to be looking at minimizing the risk of injury look for that term in your questions if you get that this is what it's going to be asking of you how do we do that how do we mitigate okay mitigate by the way is a nice word I wasn't expecting to say that just now it means you sort of reduce the risk in essence so how do we do that well we wear PPE a term that will never be never be the same again since covid but it's personal protective equipment think about your gum Shield think about your shin pads think about your shoulder pads your head protector uh a helmet when you're BMX riding um and so on and so on personal elbow pads knee pads for a volleyball player we wear the correct clothing think about Astro Trainers for hockey players what about light clothing for people who are maybe doing marathons like wicking clothing wicking means it removes the moisture from your skin and helps to evaporate that moisture and cool you that's really important that clothing it can help us minimize your risk of injury in this case it might be overheating right or slipping on the Astro appropriate level of competition so we've got sort of age groups in competition which is kind of a blunt method we've also got sex obviously often in many sports we have um males playing males and females playing females so that appropriate level of computation comes that way lifting and carrying equipment safely this can be during uh performance such as lifting in a line out in rugby but it can also be before and after you know putting the goals away um you know literally I've had to carry rugby goals on my shoulders at times you know you've got to do this kind of safely and and competently and then to finish off with folks obviously warming up and cooling down really helps to pre to reduce the risk of injury okay and we do we'll go down in other sections I'm not covering them today but of course we could look at that in more detail so really important that we can apply examples and to finish off with this folks I want you to start to be thinking about potential hazards now I don't think I can make this any more interesting what I've done is I've literally rendered these out of previous smart schemes for you so if if your ask for potential hazards in the fitness center in a swimming pool in a Sports Hall this language is really going to help you so I I'm just going to pick out a couple examples what do you need ultimately you need to get your head into it and learn it don't you let's be honest let's take the fitness center I always consider this to be like a gym like a weight kind of thing so littering bags might be left out it might be overcrowded they might not be super provises the correct technique or lack of induction session people you know what like especially Lads you know like trying to be all beefy in the gym and oh I can lift the heavyweights if you're in a class right now there's probably someone who does that in there right um if the floor is not clean or slippy if the exercise mats and that could if the machines are too close together you might end up doing a leg extension and booting someone at the butt uh participants over training real issue in sort of gyms like people get carried away right I'm not one of them um machines misused on more than a one person on a machine inappropriate use so this these are potential hazards and of course if you're a gym owner if you're working as a fitness instructor or a personal trainer you're trying to mitigate or prevent this stuff from happening right you know oh would you mind putting your bag away oh can I please clean that because we've got spillage you know this is like literally what's going on here I won't go over every single one get into it make sure no I do want to stress what we've got here I have got Asterix asterisks and the reason these are is that these have not previously appeared on my on past paper questions so what I'm saying especially to teachers is we're prepared to add to these lists when these do these are James's ones so Playing Fields let me go over if the servers aren't even or slippery or has debris so poor surface if there's a lack of flood lights or poor lighting we've all been there aren't we uh if there's a long distance from emergency support and available available to First Aid if there's the wrong Footwear specifically for winter sports no no football boots for example if the pitch is frozen or waterlogged if there's poor weather extreme creases in case extreme cases threat of a lightning strike I was one in fact twice on a sports field I've been way too close to a lightning strike it is terrifying and um you know when everyone goes in when it's like that there's actually a good reason for it anyway I'm not going to go down that road what about an artificial outdoor service so we're talking about a 4G and Astro here incorrect Footwear is probably the biggest example Grays and burns you must have had that right where it's supposedly it you know I've played rugby on Astros I'm sure many of you have as well and um I've had a still get a couple of burns that way debris on the surface again surface has been underwater under sanded that's actually important treatment for those surfaces if there's a lack of runoff area before the fence I reckon some of you'll be familiar with this incorrect lifting and carrying technique for goal potion and moving because often you're sharing that space with others and you've got to move things on and off an external higher might mean that equipment becomes damaged so this gets used by a lot of different people as a result of that damage can okay so folks I think we are there hope that that's useful for you I think it's fair to say that you need to recover what we've gone over there there's a lot of detail a lot of words a lot of memorization do it I mean do it and it will serve you well um really appreciate your attention folks thanks and folks we are there fantastic I think my sound's going in nicely Marta there we go what do you think of that yeah good good any um any comments or questions or thoughts or anything really uh yes well first of all I'd like to give a little shout out to Ernest Bevin Academy they've sent an amazing lovely picture of their u11 boys attending in their life revision so really well done massive thumbs up to Ernest I think I've been to Ernest I think I've been there I'm trying to think this through I'm sure I used to be a moderator for us I think he should be called learn Spanish I might have that wrong forgive me if I'm getting it wrong I don't mean any offense but I I think I've been there anyway so I just said anyway hello Ernest Benham folk thank you very much for taking by we really appreciate it anything else I just wanted to basically make a comment and check something with you James I noticed that throughout the session you talked a lot about skills why is that yeah I mean there's a couple of reasons first of all I think we're all as students as teachers I think sometimes sometimes we focus so much on content that we forget that there's a mechanism by which we'll go back so what we did there in terms of like um yeah I mean numerous aspects of that where we talk about justifying or evaluating or whatever it's really important that we address those points because my personal view is that P teaching therefore P learning in these contexts is about um developing a skill through uh through certain pieces of content so I that's the way I see it and I mean take a look at the infographics that we published there on the Hub page I mean they they will give you a really really good insight into which skills you're going to be required to do you know that identifying that describing and explaining and the different proportions of that and that's something we should be prepping and that's what I'm trying to do I suppose and with that in mind folks one of the things I would say as well is especially if you're on the Hub page just next to you over there is all the stuff for paper too right so you might even want to start getting that ready and having that ready for when we do session two for paper two after paper one exams done we're not anticipating many people well OCR is a funny one right because technically you do have to prepare a paper to material for paper one because of the six Mark um question that covers both papers have been it's you know that's something you've got to obviously consider but um maybe start to be having a little glimpse of that paper two stuff as well there's a lot of material a lot of resources then think it would be worthwhile uh do so so yeah I think that would be would be positive okay fantastic and I've got a question from a student I just just want to make sure that my voice is heard properly the question is can you explain how the intercostal muscles and diaphragm work during inhaling and exhale exhaling please yes okay so I'm going to tell you at rest so the diaphragm first of all diaphragm when the diaphragm is um relaxes in this kind of shape okay and it sort of sits up and pushes as the base of our sort of chest cavity and when it contracts it goes like that and sort of forces the ribs out and that's when we breathe in so a really sort of important point to make here just sort of anecdote is think of your chest there's almost like Bellows that's what's happening under human if you ever use Bellows not I suppose it's not that common anymore um but it's just like a Bellow so it's opening up like that now it simultaneously the intercostal muscles they literally if I had two ribs like well the ribs like that they literally are muscles in between those ribs and they pull up they pull up so as when we're breathing in inhalation as the diaphragm does that goes into costal muscles pull up so of course the air inside the chest cavity gets bigger the lungs expanded just did it just sucks it then make more space and because then there's a pressure great I mean we don't need to get into physics service too much but because there's a pressure gradient from that from the external outside environment to the internal environment of the lungs um then I written now at rest when we breathe out when we exhale all that happens is that diaphragm goes relaxes back to its shape and the intercostals go bloop relax back into their relaxed state so of course the lungs get compressed and back in and it breaks out and that's it now the thing to consider about when we exercise is the diaphragm will contract with more Force the intercostals will contract with more force and other muscles start to contribute as well and that's how that happens and I'm going to throw a little philosophical question for you uh which is do you I've just realized the cats on the outside of the roof of our house uh anyway uh just a philosophical thought for you here um of the are the inside of your lungs you know like the the bronchi the bronchioles uh the alveoli are they the inside or the outside of the body and I'm going to sort of that let you think about it for a few seconds and I'm going to say to you that technically speaking the inner lining the inside of your alveoli is the external surface of your body we don't think about that too much you know there's actually an interesting philosophical question and if you think about human beings we sort of think of ourselves almost like a cylinder shape with arms and legs attached and header on top right we're not we're shaped like a donut we've got lots of all that you know breathing Network all of that Transportation Network for food that's all the external part of our body food passes through and yes we absorb it into the bloodstream in this in the small intestine all those amino acids and glucose and um and and uh glycerol and fatty acids you guys do this in biology of course but it's still the outside until it gets into the bloodstream so I just thought I'd leave that as a philosophical point if it helps as well as the LGC but it's just of intrigue really and I like talking about this stuff so what the hell any questions any thoughts any observations matter no no I'm I'm very happy with your answers thank you brilliant well I just want to re-stress we we do actually have to go because we've got wjc session in literally 15 minutes so we're gonna have to get out make a cup of tea and get on with that okay we really appreciate you being here paper twos can I wish you all the best for people and your other exams I know people are doing art exams at the moment they're doing uh language speaking exams all this stuff um Buenas um I can't remember the German was it Gluck foreign um but anyway good luck for all of those things um and uh yeah we're here for paper two when you're ready and we'll come back after your exam mock exam use it model answers please learn them folks um mark schemes are there as well of this session there's the camera there cheers guys have a good one okay take it easy I mean workout is what I mean thank you