don't know you're Latin from your Latium never heard of a mammer team before you're not this is Rome's entire history start to finish archaeologists have found that continual habitation of the Palatine Hill one of the Seven Hills that formed the city of Rome began close to the year 1000 BC this means that the so-called Eternal City has actually only been a site of human habitation for about 3,20 years which In fairness is quite a decent run according to Legend the Palatine Hill was the place where Romulus founded the city of Rome after slaying his brother Remis according to another Legend This is where the Trojan hero Ania settled after fleeing the destruction of his home in truth the Palatine Hill was settled by groups of farmers and Shepherds looking for a more defensible place to raise crops and livestock while also allowing for trade with the wealthy at truskin to the north these settlers were the Latins named for Latium the region from which they migrated they were the forbearers of Roman civilization the ancient Romans held that their civilization was founded in 753 BC in fact they even pinpointed a spefic Pacific day which correlates to our modern Calendar's date of April 21st The Story Goes that Rome was founded by ramulus who chose to settle on the site of the future city after killing his brother Remis many Romans also believe that these quarrelsome brothers were the ancestors of the anas and that Rome was named for a woman called Roma with whom anas and his fellow Trojan Exiles traveled the veracity of these accounts is easily doubted by the modern scholar but for Romans 753 BC was seen in much the same way as the year 1776 is for Americans before the year there was simply no true Rome in the minds of the Ancients as it happens though Rome's actual founding can be traced to a date that lies more than 125 years later the actual founding of ancient Rome took place sometime between the years 625 BC and 600 BC it was around these years that several groups of Latium villagers came together to form a larger more permanent settlement people had lived on the Palatine Hill for some four Centuries by then but now a truly permanent Town took shape one that archaeologists have confirmed was fully established by around 600 BC however it's not certain whether this larger city was founded to ward off at truscan aggression or whether it arose in the wake of an at truscan victory over the Latium the histories of these two groups would be closely intertwined for hundreds of years right up until at truscan Power began to wne following the ascendants of the Roman Republic It's therefore possible that a group of at truskin took over a Latium settlement built it up and in so doing sowed the seeds of their own fate that's because we do know that over the course of the centuries that led up to the so-called Common Era Rome gradually wiped the at truscan civilization off the map long live the king the Regal period also known as the period of Kings is where you'll find the Divide between mythology and history the Romans held that their first king was none other than ramulus himself who is thought to have ruled from 753 to 715 BC next came the Kings Numa pompilus and tulus hus who ruled from 715 to 673 BC and from 673 to 642 2 BC respectively then came the Roman King anus marcius who ruled from 642 to 616 BC the next king was of a truscan descent he was named tarquinius priscus and he ruled from 616 to 579 BC tarquinius was followed by servus tus who was King from 579 to 535 BC until he was murdered by his successor twiin the proud Turin ruled from 534 to 509 BC which you might recognize as a date to the founding of the Roman Republic after tarwin's tyrannical rule was cut short the Roman people decided they were quite done with Kings and the period of kings came to an end the year 509 BC saw the founding of the Roman Republic historians believe that in 509 BC a group of atrans led by the at truscan King forena defeated Turin in a battle and took his throne pora tried to take over as the new king of Rome but he was frustrated by the efforts of the Senate political body that existed to advise the king the people of Rome subsequently took power appointing cils as rulers who led without absolute power in the early days of the Roman Republic most actual power resided in the hands of men from a few powerful families they were known as the patricians over the ensuing centuries however a new system of government emerged after years of conflict between the patricians and the less powerful but more numerous pans several other political bodies were formed to represent other demographics notably the pan Council gained the power to create new laws while Roman citizens acquired a higher degree of self-rule this method of government would persist in some form or another for nearly 500 years the 12 tables of law were created in either the year 451 or 450 BC they represent some of the earliest known codified laws and have served as the basis for law throughout history even influencing some Modern legal documents some not now let's say you and I go toe totoe on bird law and see who comes out the victory you know I don't think I'm going to do anything um close to that scholars believe that in the year 451 BC the Roman senate formed a committee called the desiri and sent them to Athens to study the work of Solen a celebrated Greek politician who had lived some hundred years before Guided by the advice of this committee a group of patricians then created the legibus scribus or written laws which came to be known as the 12 tables these laws limited the power of the wealthy and Elites and enrin equal protections for all full citizens women and slaves accept it of course in the year 390 BC foreign soldiers sacked the city of Rome a feat nobody else would manage for the next 800 years this particular fall of the Roman Capital followed a Roma defeat at a battle that took place a short distance north of the city the conflict followed Roman intervention on behalf of an at truscan City the year before in 391 BC though defeated in that particular battle a gulic army under the chief brenis regrouped and rounded a Roman army before marching on Rome itself which was largely undefended at the time 2 days after the battle the GS invaded and looted Rome burning much of the city and killing scores of Roman citizens a number of Romans held out on the Fortified capitaline Hill and a months longer long Siege commenced eventually leaving both the encircled Romans and Gaul starving sicken and weak the Romans sued for peace and agreed to hand over 1,000 lb of gold but during a squabble over the weighing of The Ransom a Roman army led by the general Camis arrived and that's why you never get greedy King King prior to the Punic Wars Rome had been the major power on the Italian Peninsula afterwards the Republic became dominant across the Mediterranean in the 280s BC a group of Italian Mercenaries known as the mamertines invaded the town of messana in Northern Sicily in 265 BC the people of the Sicilian Greek city state Syracuse attempted to as the mamertines who appealed to the carthaginians for help Carthage was a major Naval power at the time and their forces quickly drove the syracusan troops back out of masan worried by an ongoing carthaginian occupation the mamertines then appealed to Rome for help Rome uncomfortable with a major regional power sitting so close by agreed the ensuing War began with a number of battles f all around the island of Sicily by 256 BC Roman built up a powerful navy and brought the war to North Africa the carthaginian Homeland after a handful of early Roman victories the carthaginians dealt the Romans a number of dramatic defeats helped Along by ravaging storms that ruined entire fleets Carthage put Rome on the defensive the tide finally turned again in the late 240s BC when the Roman senate pushed for a major offensive against the carthaginians after 23 years of war Carthage capitulated and evacuated Sicily in the end Rome's overwhelming Manpower and resources secured the Republic's Victory the Second Punic War began with the occupation of a city that lay only marginally under the opes of Rome santam was an independent city allied with Rome yet surrounded by carthaginian lands in 219 BC carthage's leader Hannibal took sagam not that guy this guy love your suit some of the people of sagam went to Rome for help negotiations for a peaceful settlement failed War loomed once more and Hannibal decided to take the fight right to Rome knowing Rome's Navy outmatched his and hoping to head off an attack on the carthaginian Homeland Hannibal LED his armies over the Alps to attack Rome from North these armies consisted of 38,000 foot soldiers 8,000 mounted troops and famously 37 war elephants though some 30% of his troops and almost all of his elephants died in the Mountain Crossing when Hannibal arrived in Northern Italy his horses were able to wage a successful war against the Romans hundreds of towns fell to the carthaginians over the next few years nevertheless by the time Hannibal finally reached the outskirts of Rome his armies were too depleted to properly besiege the city and the tides of War turned Rome subsequently regained all the territory it had lost and then began to capture land in hispania and North Africa largely thanks to the leadership of the Roma General cpio africanas by 2011 BC Carthage had sued for peace and surrendered all of its lands outside of Africa Rome had become the greatest power in the Mediterranean in the decades that followed the Punic Wars Rome Consolidated its power by defeating a number of Barbarian tribes to the North many of the troubles faced by the Roman Republic in those years were internal these included uprisings among the resisted populace and a slave revolt led by an escaped Gladiator named Spartacus you probably know how that one turned out I'm Spartacus I'm Sparticus I'm Sparticus Rome also struggled with the threat of Civil War at the time armies tended to be loyal primarily to their leaders not the state in 60 BC three generals gas Julius Caesar Marcus linius crus annias pompus Magnus banded together to form an alliance that would come to be known as the first trium after seizing control of the Senate the members of the first triumverate shared an uneasy Alliance for 7 years until crus was killed following a defeat in battle against the parthians to the east with Crassus dead the Rivalry that had long simmered between Pompei and Caesar finally flared and the alliance fell apart in 48 BC Pompei and Caesar met in battle Caesar won and Pompei fled to Egypt where he was promtly murdered Julius Caesar then took on the title of dictator effectively becoming the first emperor of Rome following the defeat and death of Pompei the great Julius Caesar took power as the unchallenged ruler of Rome serving a role not known in the civilization since the end of the period of Kings unlike previous dictators who had held unchecked rule for only the duration of a significant threat to Rome Caesar's power was to be total in early 44 BC he was declared dictator for Life Caesar began ignoring the Senate and passing his own law he had coins minted with his image on them and he personally accepted or rejected the results of low-level elections thereby negating their legitimacy but what most concerned members of the formerly ruling parties was the fact that despite his autocratic ways Caesar was gaining popularity with the people largely by promising to give his own land and money to retiring soldiers determined to stop the dictator once and for all a group of senators calling themselves liberators conspired to assassinate Caesar the murder was carried out in the chambers of the Senate on March 15th the eyeses of March and in 44 BC a group of senators stabbed Caesar 23 times they hoped that in doing so they might restore the Roman Republic result was the exact opposite outraged at the killing of a popular ruler many Romans rose up in revolts and most of the conspirators were killed a civil war then broke out between Mark Anthony Caesar's one-time deputy and Octavian Caesar's great nephew and prescribed Heir with the death of Julius Caesar the fate of the Republic was sealed 16 years after the murder of Julius Caesar Rome's first true took power this was Caesar's air Octavian who became known as Caesar Augustus on his Ascension power who will speak against the motion augustus's appointment came straight from the Senate but thereafter Augustus and all subsequent Roman emperors would be considered the undeniable heads of the Roman State Caesar Augustus commanded Rome until his death in the year 14 ad during his Reign the tomal that had blighted Roman society for decades was calmed peace was restored and Rome became a powerful and influential civilization once more Augustus proved himself a capable military commander overseas and a skilled politician in Rome shortly before his death he even took on the title ptox Maximus making him the head of the Roman religion as well on August 24th 79 ad Mount vvus erupted for the first time in hundreds of years the eruption destroyed the city of Pompei and the town of herculanum both prosperous Roman settlements many thousands of people were killed their bodies were buried in volcanic ash and rock until the rediscovery by archaeologists some 1700 years later the eruption of Mount vus was a tragedy that was well noted across much of ancient Rome and it was famously written about by the famed oror in historian Linny the younger who witnessed the event firsthand despite the tragedy that followed the eruption of Bia later became the source of great learning for modern Scholars because Pompei and herculanum were so well preserved under many feet of rock and Ash their excavations have offered a treasure Trove of artifacts and information from Rome during the days of the Empire The Battle of Milan Bridge marked a significant milestone in Roman history as it saw emperor Constantine assert his rule over the Western Roman Empire after defeating his rival and ending the Civil War but what made the battle so important to the history of humanity is the fact that shortly before the fight Constantine converted to Christianity long story shorts it's kind of a big deal for mankind get on with it after securing his victory Constantine lifted the ban on Christianity in the Roman Empire and soon made it the primary religion in the land he also moved to c power from Rome to Byzantium which would later become Constantinople and eventually Istanbul in 330 however Constantine again officially divided the empire into East and West and in doing so badly weakened the western region on August 27th 410 AD the city of Rome was sacked by Foreign invaders for the first time in 800 years not since a Galls had entered the city in 390 BC had Rome been invaded and this 3-day Rampage through the city marked the beginning of the end of the Roman Empire ironically the visago who took the city that August had quite a lot in common with the Romans like the Romans of the day they were Christians and their leader alleri had even sought to Ally with Roman the past but was appeals have been firmly rejected during the sacking of Rome the Visigoths laid waste to much of the city but dutifully protected the Christian relics and treasures that were housed in the city's churches notably at the time of the attack Rome wasn't even considered the official Roman Capital the seed of power had previously been moved to Rena 200 Mi to the north 476 is the year generally accepted as the end of the Roman civilization having already been sacked again in 455 by the vandals it was in 476 that Rome officially fell following the deposition of The Last Emperor ramulus Augustus by the ostrogoth leader odoacer never again would the Western Empire have a true ruler and never again would it have an emperor or take lands from other peoples persisting from about 625 BC until 476 ad from period of Kings through the Roman Republic and until the end of the Roman empire ancient Rome stood for approximately 11 00 years the fall of Rome is commonly regarded as the end of antiquity and the beginning of the early medieval period in the East however Rome persisted in many ways though the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 ad the Eastern Roman Empire evolved into the Byzantine Empire which held on strong for another thousand years or so during the reign of Justinian the which lasted from 527 to 656 ad the Church of haa Sophia was built which remains one of the world's most impressive and celebrated structures but the good times didn't last forever in the 15th century the larger and more powerful ottoman sultanate threatened Byzantium finally following a brutal 2-month Siege Constantin nol fell to the forces of Sultan Meed II in that sense May 29th 1453 could be considered the final end of Rome that said Roman architecture lives on and ruins around Europe while its style is mimicked in countless buildings and monuments erected in the subsequent centuries Roman law and the Republican approach the government is still very much alive today too meanwhile Latin greatly influenced many modern tongues and of course Roman Christianity played a pivotal role in the history of mankind in the sense that so much of this ancient civilization's influence can still be felt could say that the age of Rome persists to this [Music] day