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How did Buddhism influence Chinese culture during the Song Dynasty?
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Buddhism, arriving from South Asia during the Han Dynasty, developed into branches like Chan Buddhism which became integrated into Chinese society and culture.
What were some key characteristics of Mahayana Buddhism?
Mahayana Buddhism was more accessible to all people, made Buddha a figure of devotion, and emphasized teachings that could be followed by laypeople.
How did the relationship between Korea and China influence Korean society?
Despite political independence, Korea maintained a tributary relationship, adopted Confucian principles, enforced a similar civil service examination, and marginalized women further.
Describe the societal role of women in Song China.
Women held a subordinate position under Confucian hierarchy, with restricted legal rights and property ownership, and practices such as foot binding among elite women served as a status symbol but restricted mobility.
What role did iron and steel production play in the Song economy?
Iron and steel production expanded significantly, supporting war efforts, trade, and the creation of agricultural tools, fueling economic growth.
Describe the economic commercialization in Song China.
Production of surplus goods for the global market was common, with innovations like paper money, credit, and promissory notes facilitating trade.
How did the Civil Service Examination system function in Song China?
It was based heavily on Confucian Classics, ensuring that bureaucracy was staffed by the most qualified individuals through a merit-based system.
What advancements improved transportation and trade in Song China?
The expansion of the Grand Canal, the use of the magnetic compass, and improved ship designs like junks with watertight bulkheads and stern-mounted rudders.
What primary methods did Song rulers use to maintain and justify power?
Revival of Confucianism and the Imperial Bureaucracy.
What was the significance of foot binding in Song China?
Foot binding was prevalent among elite women as a status symbol and it restricted their physical mobility.
How did Japan voluntarily adopt Chinese cultural traits?
Japan adopted Buddhism, the Chinese writing system, and other elements from Chinese culture, reflecting voluntary cultural assimilation.
Why was filial piety important in Song China?
Filial piety, the practice of honoring ancestors and parents, laid the groundwork for societal respect toward the emperor and maintained hierarchical societal structures.
What was the impact of Confucianism on Vietnamese society?
Vietnam adopted Confucianism through its tribute system with China, but maintained a higher status for women compared to China and did not practice foot binding.
Explain the significance of Champa Rice in Song China.
Champa Rice was drought-resistant and could be harvested twice a year, leading to significant population growth and economic prosperity.
What is Neo-Confucianism and how did it differ from traditional Confucianism?
Neo-Confucianism during the Song Dynasty included influences from Buddhism and Daoism, combining these philosophies with traditional Confucianism.
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