Transcript for:
Digestive System Overview

Assalamu Alaikum dear Students, I invite you all. Introducing our biology today Biology Express Express Yours Today I am with you, Dr. Rezwan. It is very important that I am here today. Take a chapter, that chapter. Human physiology is the theory of digestion and absorption. This chapter is for any of you who are ahead of you. Very important for the exam and You know it's in the short syllabus. Included and within the full syllabus Okay, let's go to a chapter inside. I started studying. First of all, The part we need to know is What is digestion? Is that so? So we are Eating is actually a complicated thing. foodstuff This complex foodstuff is our What to do? Simple to break, absorbable and It has to be converted into usable food. So what kind of process is this? Process? It is an organic chemical. Process. So the biochemical complex Through the process we are complex We take in food and break it down into simple substances. Absorbable and usable What is it called when it is turned into food? Is it? That is called digestion. Okay? So this Complex food substances in the digestive process When I am in a simple, soluble, absorbable state Who will help me when I take it? Will you? Then the first thing that will help is It is an enzyme. And besides that What I need help with is Hormones. In addition, help will be needed. Hormonal. You will need an enzyme. Her Hormones also play a role here. Okay? So this is the digestive process, this digestion To complete the process, our body What do we call the one who participates in the part? Digestive system or alimentary system. Okay How many types of digestion can there be? So the digestive process is a destructive one. Process. The process in which there are two parts There is. We call one thing mechanical digestion. The other one we call chemical digestion. So what is mechanical digestion? What is chemical digestion? Mechanical The process by which digestion occurs We eat food items. I can break it. But what kind? There will be no chemical change. That is, structural There will be a breakdown. Only then mechanical digestion Structural breakdown occurs in the process. That is, I break it into small pieces. I threw away the food. Chemical digestion Chemical changes will occur here. Chemical changes will occur. So this is it. Mechanical digestion or chemical digestion Where will it happen? They are the same, that is, This is the stomach, small intestine, large intestine. All in all, we can say that in the stomach Will be. Like this then Even in the small intestine, he will be in the large intestine. What will happen, it will never happen to him. You have to remember that this will happen in the grand scheme of things. No but where can it happen then it is It will happen in the mouth. Okay, so it's similar to chemical digestion. We can say that it is what it is. Will occur in the stomach It will happen in the small intestine, It will happen in public, it will happen in all places. Can. So in all these places where Where our food is being Mechanical digestion occurs in the same place Chemical digestion occurs. In the case of a large stick No digestion takes place. So No? So let us remember this part. It may be that the large teeth are not being digested. Okay? This is the digestive process. So who completes the process? Complete. Whatever it is, it is human. Digestive system. Okay, the digestive system. So we can divide it into two parts. One is the alimentary canal, the other is Nutrient glands. So what is the alimentary canal? What is the thing and the digestive gland? Okay. Alimentary canal. Length of alimentary canal Look, it is said that it is eight to 10 times more abundant in our body. Meter. Eight to 10 meters tall. Okay. This That is a pipe eight to 10 meters long There will be. The canal starts from the mouth and Where does it end up that goes in the ass? What will be in the middle is a mouth hole. Will there be or is the oral cavity then? Pharynx or esophagus The stomach will remain, the intestines and the anus will remain. We call the pharynx the part of the mouth that is inside. Pharynx It's like 12.5 centimeters. That is, 12.5 Centimeter. Okay. The part of the other channel Esophagus This is what we call Rafli 25 Centimeter. 25 centimeters. Stomach We can say that the stomach is 25 to 30 Like centimeters. We are 30 centimeters. I can remember 30 centimeters. Okay? The last part is in two parts. Can be shared. You know something is happening. The small intestine is another large intestine. What is the length of the small intestine? Six to 7 Meter. Six to 7 meters. Okay? From six to six. Seven meters. And how much is the big stick? 1.5 meters. 1.5 Meter. Okay. Well, these are the parts we I saw so many parts, I saw the names of them. What are the parts of the small intestine? Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Many times How do we try to remember these? DJ Al. Isn't that right? So we think like this I can keep it. Duodenum What will happen to Jeju Nam and Ali? Being in Ali Ilium. Okay? We name the parts of the small intestine. I can remember this way. Similarly, the great gift The parts that are there are being Cecum colon. It must be said that we spend a lot of time together. Let me tell you what it is, Sicam. Sicum. Okay, so what's in the sicca? Yes, it is fast becoming a Sicam itself. There will be a colon. And according to Colon Okay, let's remember these names. Can I keep this cecum colon and rectum? What matters in the case of the sicca is that It's wider than it is long, okay? Look inside the colon. Upward transverse Then Descending and sigmoid, i.e. fast Ascending colon, transverse colon, Descending colon and sigmoid colon. Four o'clock We can divide it into parts. And nutritious Gland. Nutrient glands. Then the gland What is it called? Transformed textile art. This is it. It is called a gland. What is secreted from the gland? Is it? Hormones are secreted from the glands and Enzyme. Hormones and enzymes. Okay. Then Hormones and enzymes are obtained from glands. Will go. How many digestive glands are there? Saliva There are glands. We know that the salivary glands How many pairs are there? There are three pairs. So No? Then there will be three pairs of salivary glands. We will discuss these in detail. The liver is the largest gland in the human body. The most Large gland. The largest gland. Pancreas. The pancreas is said to be a mixed organ. Gland. What kind? It's a mix. Gland. Why mixed glands? We are a little I'll discuss it later. It is outside of this. Gastric glands and parotid glands. This is all what we are discussing today. Which is the digestive system. So let's go. Let's go a little further inside. Entering Now let's do the part that we are the first to do. We will discuss the alimentary canal. Nutritious The very beginning of the duct is the part that We first said mouth piercing. Mouth hole The part that comes after is the mouth. So what's inside the mouth? Mouth There are many important things in it. The structure remains. Isn't that right? One is happening. Tongue. What will be outside of that? Here There will be teeth. Teeth outside the tongue outside of it What else could there be? There will be salivary glands. Okay? Then the oral cavity or mouth cavity or Structures within the oral cavity There is. First we discuss them. I'll do it. So the first part is We will discuss the tongue. Then What type of tongue is it? It is a muscular Organ. Okay? Muscular organ. This What is the muscular organ of the tongue? What is left? Actually, it was seen on the tongue. There are numerous seven glands. What is on the tongue? Is there? There are seven glands. How many? Tongue There will be seven glands in Since 2000 10000. This is the seven from 2000 to 10000. The gland or testicle has seven lobes. What are these seven test birds? Continuously replacing OK five These are continuous from 10 days to Replacement becomes change. He's changed, now pay attention. Look at those seven glands, what are they really? These seven glands contain gustatory cells. There are called gustatory cells. Gastric cell that detects taste And helps to understand the taste of food. Then in our body There are countless taste buds on the tongue that Five are continuously replaced From 10 days onwards there is a gustatory cell and what kind of taste does it have We know that, right? In different parts What happens after the tip of the tongue? That is, On the tip of the tongue. Then on the tip of the tongue What kind? Sweet Food. So here we taste the sweetness I can accept it in advance. Then notice Look at both sides of the tip of the tongue. On both sides of the front we have salt or salty Taste. Okay? I will taste the saltiness. Then In the foreground What happens when salt is in the back? Sawar. Isn't that right? So what kind is it? On the two sides of the back, we What? I taste sour, so it's okay. The most posterior part is the one that is furthest back. What are we doing there? Bitterness or bitterness or bitter taste which Help me take the Bolly Beater test. This is an MCQ for us. Part 1: This place from MCQ I will keep an eye on it for a long time from here. MCQ comes in which place and what kind of taste Okay, the part that follows is accepted. That's another important thing for us. We will discuss that part. That is the tooth. Okay, then the dentist. In this case, we remember the first thing that What is it that needs to be kept? Human What is the nature of the tooth? Okay? Then the people What type of teeth are they? This is the first question. Yes. So in the case of human teeth Three words are pronounced. One is happening. Diphyoid. The other is thecodont, the other is heterodont. Says. Die Fyodor. [Music] Thecodont and Heterodont. Okay? What is meant by the word Diphyodon? Since we have two teeth, right? It grows twice. That's why it's called that. Diphyodon. That means what is in childhood We call that a milk tooth. How much? Two to six This is the time when the teeth are formed until the age of one year. We call those that remain baby teeth. Setter The signal remains the same. Then adult When you go on stage and grow up, we say that it's a slap. I will give you 32 teeth. Is that so? Her This means that after going to the adult stage, We think about the total number of teeth. How many will there be? 32 o'clock. So here are the teeth. It is called that because it grows twice. Diphyodont. Then it grows twice. Okay. Thecodont. Then It grows twice. That is why it is said Diphydon thecodon That means The hole in the tooth jaw What is very tightly bound in the hole? That's why it's called Thecodont OK. Then In the jaw What happens when he is confined here? The mandible is the jaw bone here. How many holes or sockets are there in it? It is very firmly connected between the sockets. There is. Okay, then it's heterodont. Why? Heterodon? The reason for this is four types: Teeth are found. The teeth that are one with the other Nature doesn't match. Uneven nature Yes. So what's coming from here? That is heterodont. That is, different Different types of teeth will be formed. Is that so? Then What types of teeth will be produced? We call it I said incisor canine premolars and Molar OK Incisor means cutting tooth. Then there will be on both sides what we call I'm talking about canines, so incisors, then... Incisors are cut and then premolar advancement is done. The last thing that will remain is the molar or If you give him a pension, then you will be able to get four benefits from this. When we said types of teeth, we What I want to say is, what are the names? Incisor Then Canine Premolars And finally, what is happening? Molar OK, this is the incisor becoming the incisor. If you translate this into Bengali, what comes up is Incisors We will call this Excision Advancement And what will remain in the end is passion. Teeth. Well, these are the four types of teeth. I saw what these four types of teeth are doing. My upper and lower jaws are very A specific formula or The signal is maintained. Upper jaw and In the lower jaw. So how much is in the upper jaw? Will there be? There will be 16 teeth. Also in the lower jaw There will be 16 teeth. In whose case? Adult In the situation. Two to six years old. No. So, in adult dentistry, How does the formula exist? There are incisors, canines, premolars and Molar is a specific formula. Maintains. What is that? That's how it is. So that Okay then. If we look at this picture, it is Your answer or upper jaw is this Lower jaw. This upper jaw and lower jaw If we look again, two halves Can be shared. That is, every half Different. As much as will be in this part It will be equal this half. Here is what It will remain the same. So this We call this a dental signal. Express by. So whose is this? In case? Adults or seniors In case. This is the dental signal in adulthood. There will be. So let's take a look above. What I was showing you is the two teeth, so this is the one below. How will the case be? It will remain the same. Two to three then ultimately what happens is Since the halves will be equal, then All we can say is this is a brick by brick total. Being 32 o'clock then up and upper and lower Job Okay, it's happening that we are getting In the case of adults, I saw that it was small. Are there exceptions in the children's field? Yes Exceptions occur in the case of young children. So what actually happens to young children? What will happen to the children is Similarly, incisors, canines, premolars, molars. Okay? This is the incisor canine premolar. Molar. Here is where the premolar will be. No. Okay? The premolar will not be there. Fast talk So in the case of children, incisor canines There are no premolars and molars. Okay. Then We left it out. Okay, next. So what exactly is a dental signal? That many numbers In this case, the formula that applies here is Hottot 212 So So when we formulate this, What ultimately shows is what Is it a type of ball? 5 Etf What it will ultimately be is 20. So Who is this for? How much for children or infants? Ages two to six years. During this time That there will be teething signs or children In this case, we call it milk teeth. Their In this case, there will be a warning sign like this. So which one won't be here? Premolars Will be absent. This is what you have to remember. Okay, that's all for your dental care. Important. Well then, we are teeth. And the dental signal reads with this thing We know that there is a hard spot outside the tooth. What do we call a cover? I'm not saying enamel, okay, let's go to the next one. Another important part of the oral cavity The part we will discuss is Salivary gland, a little earlier, gland I told you when I was teaching. Gland means we say transformed The epithelium is fine, so what about the glands? Can be secreted from glands Chemical elements are some of those chemicals What do we call elements? We name them. Which is called an enzyme or hormone. Okay? Then the gland The gland means that it is standing. Transformed textile art. From there two Types of elements are eliminated. One is happening. Enzyme Another is hormones. Okay? The site from which the enzyme is secreted What is that gland called? That is called Exocrine glands. So where does the enzyme come from? What do we call it that can be found? That I would say the enzyme will be released where it is. Exocrine glands. So you might think Why are the outcasts saying that again? Exocrine glands That means the gland that will be here A protein for transporting enzymes produced from There will be a specific channel. Then the enzyme After the gland for transport, one There will be specific channels. Then the outsiders Gland. What does that mean? There will be a duct. Okay? Okay. And in the case of hormones, if I In the case of hormones, the gland that produces the hormone What kind of gland will be produced from There will be no specific channel. So this is it. The chemical element from which it is made It is for traveling outside. Who needs help? Blood donation is needed. Blood donation is needed. Blood Help needed. If blood helps Only then can it go. So what kind of drain is there here? No. There is no drain. That's why the gland from which the hormone is produced What is left behind is called antakhara. Gland. This is called Antara. Gland. Okay? Or ductless gland You can do it. Then it is called anal. Gland. This is called the sebaceous gland. Okay? Then The salivary glands are exocrine glands. In whatever name Enzymes and enzymes are obtained from there. Hormones are obtained from the endocrine glands. Hormones are transported through the blood. And Enzymes are transported through a specific channel. By. He'll need this pipe. With this. Okay, so it's that. Gland The elements within that gland We tried to show. Okay. Now So when we say salivary glands. Then What type of gland is the salivary gland? Fast talk Which is the salivary gland exocrine glands? Gland. Salivary glands are exocrine glands. That means it must be produced from the salivary glands. For transporting saliva or any other What will be here to transport the material? There will be a specific channel here. This Ductal or sonal glands. Okay. Then The three pairs of salivary glands in the human body What kind of nature should we tell them? They are exocrine glands. Exocrine glands. These exocrine glands are called Pair? Three pairs. Let us know the names. Will be. Parotid Submandibular and sublingual Sublingual. Okay? Every gland How many will there be? Will be in pairs. That is, there will be a pair. Okay? Some things can be understood by their names. Parotid gland then we have this The space above the mandible Here, under the ear, in the part that The gland is located under the ear and is a little The gland in this place in front We call it the salivary gland. The parotid gland is located below the mandible. The name of the gland is The submandibular and submandibular We call it the part that remains. Sublingual parotid gland Submandibular and sublingual To each one Together, that is, in this pair When we put three pairs together, we get what we want. I say that's the salivary gland, okay? The type of gland we are discussing first They are exocrine glands, which means Of course, a specific channel is open. Either OK, where is the parotid gland? All oral cavities or mouths are exposed. The parotid gland is located in the sinuses. It is the upper second molar teeth, that is The second molar in the upper jaw What we call molars are molar teeth. OK on the contrary Upper jaw Second Molar We need to remember this in contrast to teeth. So it gives an MCQ line that any Open in place. Uppercase J or Parotid gland in the maxilla Will be open. Okay, then what's left? Submandibular and sublingual. Two The place where the gland opens is Next to the frenulum or frenulum. Remember this. Just keep it. The frenulum is exposed here. Yes. Where there is a frenulum here and there These glands will be exposed. Okay Another parotid gland if ever a virus What causes inflammation or infection? Maybe then it's called a mouse. Okay? Then In the case of the parotid gland, what we have Remember, that's the parotid. Viral inflammation of the glands. If the inflammation is caused by a virus, It's called Moms. It is a viral infection. Virus It is by. Viral disease. We will call this Moms. Okay? So remember this word. Will be. Occurs in the parotid gland. In the exam Many times, questions are asked in MCQs that mothers Which gland Or if any gland is affected, will it become swollen? The answer is parotid. Parotid. Okay? Parotid. Okay. If this part is ours If it is read, then the salivary glands We discussed the structure. We discussed the name of Lagranthi. Her There is a specific channel. With that drain We discussed. Every canal The canal has different names. The names Now you don't need to know so many details. Okay, so what is secreted from the salivary glands? Will it be? What will be secreted from the salivary glands What do we call that? Saliva. Okay. Saliva will be secreted from the salivary glands. So what is the amount of saliva? All day It is said that every day from 1200 1500 mL 1200 to 1500 mL Or milliliters or 1.2 we say it Can be 1.2 to 1.5 Liters of red juice are secreted every day. Okay What is its pH value? Its pH is What we call Rafli is from 6.2 It will maintain a pH of 7.4. 6.2 To maintain this pH from 7 to 4 Will try. Okay, now it's our turn. What is it that you need to know outside? What are the components of saliva? Then Fast talk is any kind of When the gland is secreted, The one that will have the most ingredients is the one that It is water. So without any talk Which is the element of lust which There will be water. The most In quantity. Well, what else is there on the red throne? What will remain? Beyond this, whatever will remain of the Red Throne That is here. There will be mucin. Okay? So what is the function of mucin? The function of mucin It is happening because there is water at first. So when I swallow food, I will try to soften it. Water. What mucin will do is Makes food slippery. This Makes food slippery. With him Another component of mucin has beneficial properties. What does that mean? This is a buffer. Works as. It acts as a buffer. It will work and act as a buffer on the teeth. In addition to doing this, it is the enamel that is outside the tooth. It will protect what it has. The hand of acid From what? To protect it Measures to protect tooth enamel Will do. Well, there are many more besides this. Contains ionic components. He is ionic. One of the important elements is that That is, it contains chloride ions. What is here? Is there? Contains chloride ions. Okay? Chloride There are ions. What does chloride ion do? What the chloride ion will do is a little I'll tell you later. Here is one of the important What? Enzymes are mixed. That enzyme's name It's Tylan. What is the name of that enzyme? Lasser It contains an important enzyme. Its name is Tyalin. Okay. Another name is Salivary Amylase. Okay. Another name for Tylenol is Salivary amylase. Okay, salivary. That means it is confirmed from red juice. For this reason The name is salivary and amylase. That is, it helps in the digestion of carbohydrates. Does. That's why it's called amylase. Okay? So another name for Tyalin is Salivary amylase. This salivary The enzyme amylase is activated. Will do. The chloride acts as a thiamine. Activates. Chloride will activate talin. Then It is important for Tylin to activate. A job. What else is there in red rice? Is there? In the red juice, outside of that The ingredients are in it. Contains lysozyme. Which is food To destroy any germs that may be inside Will help. Well, apart from that, saliva. What is inside is It contains immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulin This is it. This is lysozyme and What are these two immunoglobulins doing? Its Immunity: OK, that is, to destroy germs These two play a role together. Lysozyme and immunoglobulin A are good. So this is the red juice we have in red juice. I saw the name of the ingredient, what is it in red rice? Let's discuss a little about what's there. If we do, then take a look at what we I said that the various components of red arus work So what is water doing to soften food? Do what we said. Will soften. To swallow Will help Okay, mucin is food. Will grind. What else can he do? Tooth enamel Who will protect? Will it work outside of that? Beyond that We say it also acts as a buffer. Will do. It works a lot, doesn't it? Mucilage OK Chloride. Chloride, as we mentioned earlier. This will activate Tallinn. Will Tylenol work for him? Okay, what is Tyalin? Will it work? We'll separate the work of Taylin a little later. I will read it in the digestive tract. Here It also contains bicarbonate. So what is bicarbonate? Will you? Bicarbonate does the same thing. It is that Will act as a buffer. Bicarbonate will act as a buffer. Acid What will you do with what you have? To neutralize Will help. Lysozyme and Immunoglobulin. Which is immunoglobulin? Immunoglobulin A. Okay? These two are immunity or Immunity. Helps with immunity. That is, as part of the immune system It will work. Part of the immune system Will work as. Okay? So these tasks We know pretty well. We are for MCQ. This part is a bit confusing to read. I lost it. Okay. Then the part that goes What is coming is that we have been waiting for so long. I said those words, that's the important thing. Then the food in the mouth Digestion. Digestion of food in the oral cavity That said, we know that there are two types of digestion. One is mechanical digestion, the other is Chemical digestion. Okay? Then mechanical What happens to food when it is digested? This is it. We incisor canines are the food items. Premolar molars use these teeth That I broke and tore into pieces and turned red The process of mixing with water that What do we call this whole thing that happened? This is mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion of food occurs after I softened the food and then the palate And gently with the help of the tongue We try to swallow food. Then the food that is broken and crushed Use all of the tongue and palate. Everything here is mechanical digestion. Part. Then after mechanical digestion, What else will happen here? Chemical digestion. So chemical digestion How will it actually happen? What will happen here? Very easy Talk. When we say that, we are basically Chemical digestion of food in the mouth Let's go discuss. Three types of food I have to think. One is sugar. Digestive, non-vegetarian and affectionate. Sugars Does digestion happen here? What happens here is First of all, we said here that The enzyme that is secreted is called Tyalin. Okay, so what about Tylin? Is it? Chlorine Who does Tylenol work on? What is Tylenol? What types of food will it work on? This is it. Food that was consumed was Tyalin. Work only on boiled white manure. Will do. Okay? Boiled white manure. That is what we call Boiled starch. On top of this boiled starch Tailin can work. That is, rice. Then the potatoes are boiled. Tailin will work on this. Then Tailin What happens after work? Ready Setus Sarre will act on it to convert it into maltose and Limit can turn into destiny. This is it. On top of the maltose that I turned into maltose A small amount of maltose will work. Maltese work Will do. It turns it into glucose and glucose Will try to convert. Okay? Then The words we stand for are Who does Tylenol work on? Boiled Seth Sar. So first if we say Ready-made soap. This Siddha Satsara will be worked on. Tyalin. And Who activates Tyalin? You know that. It is a chloride ion. Activate Tylenol Will do. After doing the Tyalin Siddha Setus Sarer Works above. Here Maltose and limit will turn into dextrin. Who will work on this maltose? Maltese Enzyme. What will ultimately be produced here That is. Glucose. This is the process we saw. Is it? This is carbohydrate digestion. Which is happening It will happen in the mouth. Okay. This is another name we know. What is that called? Was? Salivary amylase Seeing two names in an exam can be confusing. No salivary amylase or Tallinn OK what? How will the above work? We discussed what other types of What is happening to the food that we are here Discussed in the digestive process In the mouth Non-vegetarian love is neither this nor that. Her The reason is that non-vegetarian food What kind of digestive enzyme is in red juice? Not in. Then digest non-vegetarian food in the mouth. It won't happen. Will the food like love be digested? No, it won't. So, how to digest non-vegetarian food? No. Lipid or fatty food digestion It won't happen. So in simple terms, if we want to say So what we're saying is The face is hollow. There will be two types of digestion here. One is happening. Another mechanical one is happening. Chemical. This is the chemical digestion we will look at. What are the chemical digestion processes? On the type of food we want to say sugars Non-vegetarian And fatty foods or lipids. Okay Then the sugar will be digested. The government is also digesting. Happens. Okay? Sugars will also be digested. Non-vegetarian It will not be digested. It will not be affectionate. Why? Won't it? The reason is that meat and oil are fat or Digestive enzymes like lactic acid No. But there will be sugar. Sugar is here. Who mainly plays the role? Tyalin. The name Just have to remember. Besides, Maltese There is a quantity. But the tape is always Will come to the exam. And we are mechanical digestion. We've already discussed it. foodstuff The process of crushing. Then look at a question on the exam. What brought you here to Tallinn? Digestive Define and what is Diphyodon? A But we discuss everything. I threw it away. Okay Then look at another question, what is it? That What is meant by dental signal? Then the tooth But we have discussed the signal. What do you mean by mechanical digestion? Mechanical We have discussed the preparation part. Okay. Then we see an MCQ. What is the function of the human salivary glands? Human What is the function of the salivary glands? Digestion of meat. No, the salivary glands never digest non-vegetarian food. Is that so? Because there are no enzymes that digest meat. To remove the tylenol. True. Food Assist in the translation. Of course, True. So number two and number three are The part that the two options cover together That is option C. So what we say Since these two were true, then This is the correct answer. Which of the following is the correct way to digest carbohydrates? Enzyme Another MCQ has come which one? Carbohydrate-digesting enzyme talin pepsin You know it by the name trypsin lipase. It's Tallinn, so it's Tallinn. Corrector Let's move on to the next part. Now let's see what else is there. Yes. The part we will read next is It is the stomach. Then we are the alimentary canal. I was reading the part. In the alimentary canal We complete the oral cavity The esophagus and pharynx are the parts that follow these That is the stomach. In the case of the stomach We said the length was 25 to 30. Can be centimeters long Stomach. With those stomach parts Discussed here. Look how many parts there are? You have to remember the names. One is happening. Cardiac, fundus, body or corpus, Antrum and pylorus. So what are we? What should I call the parts? Look. Isn't that the part? Here comes the esophagus. The place where it is exposed is called We will say Cardia. I'll call it Cardia. Okay? In this place There is a sphincter. What is the name of that sphinx? It is the cardiac sphincter. Then look at the fundus. This is it. The part that you see high is high. We will call this part this place. Fundus. I will call it fundus. Like a fundus dome Isn't that right? Okay, so the dome-like part We said fundus. This high place is what we call Fundus. I said. The part below it is called We will say the body of the stomach. That is, its Body. Body of the stomach. This part below. Well then, take a look at this. In the space If we call the part after the body the body We will tell you what will be here later. What? Antrum. So the part after the body We called that antrum. And finally, we call the remaining part I say pylorus. So what actually happens in the pylorus? Will there be? What is in the pylorus? There is another sphincter in this area called It's called pyloric sphincter. Then Cardia And we call it the part that everyone wants. I mean pylorus. Okay? Then the pylorus Between the pylorus and the cardiac end There are two sprinters in two places. Then There is a sprinter with the cardia. And a sprinter with pylorus There is. This is at the cardiac end and the pyloric There are two sprinters at the edge. That What is the job of sprinters? Foodstuff This is from the esophagus to the stomach. A sprinter will come here at that time. It will work. So that food can move here In fact, it cannot backflow. Regurgitation does not occur. Just like the stomach When the small intestine, i.e. the duodenum, Food will arrive. Before coming here, There will be a sprinter. That sprinter again. What will you do? To prevent food from being stored here Will try. That is, it should not go directly. Goes. Chyme will be produced in the stomach. Then it Will come here. It will be easy after you come back. Can't backflow. The whole thing Will try to maintain. Then There is a sprinter with the pylorus. And there is a sprinter with Cardia. Two sprinters. Outside of this, in the stomach What else is there? Look carefully at this place. But a tiger is visible. And here Another tiger is seen. Then in two places Two tigers are seen. Curvature. So this We will call the larger part a big bug or Greater curvature. And here is the part that we call I will tell you. Laser Curvature. That is, a small tiger. Okay? Then We will call this the little tiger. Little tiger. Okay? So big bugs, small bugs and It's the sphincter. The names of these parties. Then You can get fast questions in MCQs. Can you name the parts of the stomach? What? Question number two that can be given That is, how many sphincters are there here? There are two springs. One is cardiac. The Sprinter's RTA is pyloric. Sprinter. Two sphincters in two places There will be. Okay? Well, there will be two parts. Then So what we've seen so far is I said its length is 25 to 30 centimeters. Centimeter. The next question that goes This is what will come. Stomach Outside the external structure, inside it, that is, If I want to look under a microscope What can I see? Okay then. Stomach identifying features If seen under a microscope, What do we basically see when we look under a microscope? See? Move If we understand such a part in the stomach, Let's try, then the first part will be We saw the fundus and then this. I am the part inside the space. I want to look under a microscope. I will look at this area under a microscope. What do we see when we look under a microscope? A structure on the inside of the stomach There is. The innermost layer of the stomach The layer is called the mucosa. Stomach The inner layer is called the mucosa. That is, if I look under a microscope The layer inside the stomach is called Mucosa. How many levels like this can be found? Total like this There are a total of five levels available. Then If you look at the stomach under a microscope, you will see a If you look at the card section, there are five layers. Available. First is the mucosa. Some masses are found in the mucosa. For this reason Its name is Muscularis Mucosa. Okay. Then it will be under the mucosa. The layer below the mucosa is called Submucosa. Submucosa. Okay. Then whatever it is Being On the inside, that is the muscle layer. Here is the muscle layer. Many, many muscles Available. Muscular layer and all The one on the outside is called serosa. Everyone The outer layer is called the serosa. Then If the innermost layer is the innermost layer I say, hold the innermost part inside. I would call this mucosa. So I would call this the outermost layer Serosa. Inside this mucosa and serosa are more It is divided into different levels. Okay? Then The stomach is the structure you see. If you look at these structures, Something different in each one. Identifying points or structures There is something that can be seen under a microscope. Everyone First, let me say that the mucosa of the stomach The inner layer is the innermost layer. The name is mucosa. This mucosa What will be here? What will remain on the mucosa? What will remain in the mucosa is There will be gastric glands. Gastric There will be glands. Which is in the gastric mucosa That will be the gastric gland. Number one thing. Gastric gland Will there be or will there be gastric glands. Okay? The second thing is that it is Finger-like projections in the stomach We call what is found a patient. The stomach has finger-like projections. We call these projections The projection is called the patient. Which is only Where can I find it? Found in the stomach Will go. And what can be found in the mucosal layer That is called the gastric gland. Gastric gland. Now it's yours again. The question may arise that the brother is gastric What is a gland again? Okay. This is it. You see the part called mucosa. If this mucosa We specify more or magnify. I try to do it. Hold this piece of mucosa. We want to see the mucosa. Then we What we see is happening. Take some finger-like projections like this. Staying. There was a finger-like projection. What we called a patient. Apart from this, this Look down, suddenly a small It looks like a back or a hole. This is happening. Gastric gland. Then the mucosa What is in the layers? Gastric Gland is present. Then gastric What should we remember about the glands? Will it be? Well, look at this gland again. It has been added. It would seem This is part of it. Okay. So look at this. We said, "Throwing fingers." This We call projections patients. And this What I call gastric in this place Gland pit. Okay, where is this? It is in the mucosal layer, within the mucosa. If he gets it, then he has gastric cancer. What else can be seen in the gland? If we are the gastric gland If you look closely, you will see that Let's see what happens. Different types of cells in the gastric gland There is. There may be different types of cells. Everyone This is the one that Nek saw some cells here. Yes. These It is called mucous cell. Mucous neck cell. Then Mucous cells were found here. Mucous cells. Okay. Here after the mucous cells Some more cells may be seen. It turned out I'm trying to show them separately. I saw another cell in the gap. Its name is Dharo, we said its name. It's called the parietal cell. Okay, parietal cells. There will be some more cells here besides this. We told them this. Entero Chromaffin cells Enterochromaffin cells are correct There is Let's take a look at some more of these places. I gave the cells. I called these chief cells or zymogenic cells. Cells And here I gave some more cells. I named these cells. Gastric cells or G cells. We named these. G cells. G cells. Then take a look. The inner layer of the stomach is called Mucosa. When that mucosa is under the microscope Look, we are like fingers there. I can see the projection or the patient. Her Besides, what we get here is Gastric glands are visible. This When I touch the gastric gland Trying to see better under a microscope I did, then I saw different types of cells here. Mucous cells are separated Parietal cells are chief cells or zymogenic cells. Enterochromaffin cells are different from G cells. I saw different types of cells. How are each cell different? Different types of functions or works If there is a function or work of this type, then We will discuss this part in more detail a little later. If you do, then look at what we said here. I will tell you about the structures of the mucosa. Muscularis mucosa is what is this muscular layer? Types of muscles Muscular muscles Muscular muscles are some of the muscles here. Then what is between the submucosa and the submucosa? There will be different types of blood vessels here. Okay, he'll have nerves with him. This means that the nerves will be in the muscular layer of the stomach. The muscular layer of the stomach is where food is seen. What does it continue to do after arriving? Such contractions expand the food items. It makes a mixture, doesn't it? It's called Pakmond. Or if it creates chyme, what is there here? How many layers of muscle are there in some muscles? Remains prominent Available in three levels Available in three levels There are three types of muscles: Kind of okay. What are the three types of muscles found here? What External longitudinal There is. That is, longitudinal. What is outside of everyone is Longitudinal. Okay? There are longitudinal muscles. After the longitudinal, which is the next level The type of muscle that is present in Round. And what is inside everyone is invisible. Muscle. Okay? The circle is in the middle. Outside or outside longitudinally. And What is the ablika? Inwardly Everyone has oblique muscles inside their bodies. So there are three types of muscles found here. I'll remember that these circular muscles What is the function of circular muscles? In two places in the stomach We said sphincter, we are cardiac sphincter. And the pyloric sphincter is made up of this sphincter What do the circular muscles help with? Outside of him and everyone else, on the outermost side The outer part is called the serosa. What works to help provide protection? Will do. So this is the structure of the stomach. We read the structure but not the whole thing. I lost it. What are the parts inside the stomach? There will be. So, let's see what we have. I said the five stages of the stomach It is divided into layers. Discuss it. Done. Look at the mucosal layer, the small one called the patient. Are there small projections and what can be seen? The gastric glands can be seen here. That We talked a little bit about the gastric glands earlier. We have discussed it. Okay? Now pay attention. Look what I was telling you. The gland that contains the gastric gland I haven't mentioned the names of many cells. The name and function of each cell, but Very important to you then Look, I said oxyntic in Forward Fast. Or you have to remember the names of the parietal cells. One is the mucous cell argentaffin cell. Zymogenic or chief cells and G cells or Gastrin cells are another one that is outside of OK. That is the enterochromaffin cell. We must remember the names of all the cells. and remember their functions Will be. Okay, so with these functions we I can read a little. Let's read, shall we? Think of it as a gastric gland. Was. In this gastric gland we have such I saw different types of different cells. We separated you a little earlier in the cells. I tried to mark it with a different color. Each part is different. We were from here, the parts that were like this. Let's look at the names. Look. Parietal cells. Or another name for it is Axynic cells. Two very important elements are certain. Does. One is hydrochloric acid. The other is called the intriguing factor. IF. Intriguing factor. Okay? Intriguing Factor. Another thing that is an element is Chief cells. Another name for chief cells is zymogenic. Cells. Zymogenic cells. Okay. Zymogen It's in this name. That is, inactive The material will be removed from here. That's the name. It is pepsinogen. Pepsinogen. What does it mean whenever there is Jane? It must be What's up? Inactive ingredients. Isn't that right? Then We will call this pepsinogen. It is Inactive. This was inactive pepsinogen. This To activate inactive pepsinogen Plays the most important role Hydrochloric acid. Okay? Then Hydrochloric acid Inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin Turns into. Okay. Then we can work on this together. Gone. And will pepsin work? You know. What will pepsin do? Meat will aid digestion. That is, non-vegetarian It will help with digestion. On meat It will work. Turn it into peptone by doing this. Will do. It will turn into protease and peptone. Intriguing factor. Okay? Incrigic The factor that was there was its function. What? It's vitamin B12. Will help with absorption. Absorption in absorption The work of helping to do this is intriguing. Factor. Okay? IF means Intriguing. Factor. So if someone has an intrinsic factor in their body If it is not made properly, it will affect his body. Vitamin B12 deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency Why do we need RBCs or red blood cells? Helps with maturation and development So when the intrigue factor is lacking Then the RBC will not be able to mature properly. That's why megaloblastic anemia will happen. So we saw the parietal cells, the chief cells. I saw or I saw zymogenic cells. Okay There were no other cells outside of this. Among them One that is. Mucous cells. What is certain from here is that Mucin. So what is the function of mucin? Mucin The important role that the foot plays is Look at this, it's hydrochloric. There is acid, it is a very strong acid. Isn't that right? So this hydrochloric acid It helps neutralize. That is, Helps to soothe and at the same time It creates a barrier on the stomach. It does. Build a wall and cover it. Creates. Which hydrochloric acid easily What can't you do? Can penetrate No or help protect the stomach Will do. That is, the cells inside the stomach It is to protect what is there. Plays an important role. Okay Another thing we read is that G cells are G cells. What will the hormone released from the G cell do? Either that's gastrin, okay? What G cells secrete the hormone gastrin? What else is there besides this? What does enterochromaffin cells do? Histamine suppresses it and There are argentaffin cells that secrete serotonin. What is the function of serotonin? Is it peristalsis? The mucus will control the process. We are saying that the cells will produce mucus. Hydrochloric acid and intrigue Factors to consider and discuss The intriguing factor has been exploited bit by bit. Zymogenic cells help us first As I said, that is a pro enzyme. One of these is pepsinogen, the other is A little about what prorenin is. Later we will discuss OK gastrin. secreted and enterochromaffin cells are These parts are released by histamine. I have discussed. Now we come to the important parts. Let's start discussing. This is the stomach mucosa inside you. If you look at the gastric glands, this gastric What is confirmed from the gland? Gastric Juice. That is, from the gastric glands All the elements are combined together. What is everyone called? When called by a name Then that is gastric juice. Gastric juice. So like a little while ago You read red juice. Exactly the same. Pay attention to gastric juice. Look at a grown man every day. About 2 liters What is the volume of about 2 liters? Gastric juice secretes red juice In the case of 1200 to 1500 as you see ML here is about 2 liters. Okay, this is it. Gastric juice has a very low pH. What is the value of this if it is strong, i.e. acidic? It ranges from 0.9 to 5. This Maintains a certain pH. Okay? The main ingredients here are the main ingredients then What is produced from the gastric gland Something will be saved, everything will be fine. Components of gastric juice. Then of course. There will be water. What will remain outside the water? There will be hydrochloric acid. What will hydrochloric acid do? A germ Will destroy. Apart from that, Chief Kokosh or The inactive protein from zymogenic cells Digestive enzymes are secreted by them. What will he do to everyone? Help to activate Will do. Okay? So this is a Important work. Look beyond this here. Hydro-integrity factor is confirmed. What will this vitamin beat do? Help with absorption Will arrange to do it. Okay? So let's see. I said the amount of gastric juice here I said. It works on gastric juice. Does it exist? Hydrochloric acid. Okay? What will it do to the stomach? One Will create an acidic environment. This Will destroy and inactivate bacteria Will activate the enzyme. Okay. Apart from this, there are two other tasks. We discuss the tasks in a little more detail. Fely. So how to discuss the details? Goes? In simple words, it comes to the stomach. Later, we will discuss the digestive process. I'll do it. Come on, let's read it all at once. Will go. Then in the stomach Digestion. This is the purification you have undergone, this purification. Two things will happen, right? One is happening. Mechanical digestion. So what will happen mechanically? All the food that was coming in was What happens together in the stomach? A mixing Will be. The ingredient that will be mixed and made Its name is Pakmond or Kaim. Food here lasts for four to nine hours. will stay until and Pakmond or Kaim Will make. It is a mechanical digestion. So what's left? Chemical digestion. What will happen? We said chemical digestion Sugars What type of sugary food is in the stomach? Will it be digested? It won't happen. What is the reason for that? This Where in the material are we here? Name the enzyme that digests carbohydrates. I didn't mention it. So sugary food It will not be digested. Okay. Then if I say Lipids Will this type of food be digestible? Very little The amount of butterfat that butterfat contains It could be a small amount of gastric Due to lipase. Very little butter fat To work on the fat content of butter Can. This is according to your text book. Okay What is everyone's favorite thing to do? Non-vegetarian Digestion. So, the digestion of non-vegetarian food is the highest or the beginning. What is that? Where is it? In the stomach. What are the problems with meat digestion? What happened? The cell name we mentioned earlier I read about chief cells or zymogenic cells. Zymogenic cells. These chief cells or zymogenic Two enzymes that are inactive in the cell Released. One is happening. Pepsinogen. Another one is happening. Dairy protein which That is prorenin. This is prorenin, it works on milk mixture. Does. So, look carefully at this. Both pepsinogen and prorenin Remains inactive. Who is above these two? Will you? Hydrochloric acid. Above both of them Who will work? Hydrochloric acid. Then These two are due to hydrochloric acid. Will be active. From pepsinogen, activated After activation, it will become pepsin. And from prodenine it will become renin. These two enzymes are pepsin and Renin is involved in the digestion of protein. Will play a role. Role in protein digestion Will observe. So how do you digest non-vegetarian food? They? The simple thing is that we The non-vegetarian food I have consumed Who will work on that? Pepsin. Do it. Protozoa It will turn into peptone. Likewise Milk The part that contains casein On top of this casein, the protein in milk Renin will work. What does renin do? Will you turn it into a It will turn into paracasein. Okay? So let's take a look, but Pepsin and renin. Activate it first. I made arrangements. That is, inactive There was pepsinogen and prorenin. Active What did you do? Hydrochloric acid. This Where does hydrochloric acid come from again? Tell me? From the gastric glands. Right? The cells that were in the gastric gland Oxytocin cells. Isn't that right? Then that From oxyntic cells or parietal cells What does hydrochloric acid do to these? Did? Made arrangements to activate it. They become active after activation. Later, the meat helped with digestion. So if I tell you the tasks, see. Pepsin present in gastric juice Enzyme mixed with hydrochloric acid What does protein do? Converts it into peptone. This We saw. In gastric juice Existing rennin enzyme milk protein What turns casein into? In Paracasin Turns into. We have seen this. Of Outside we said gastric juice Protects the stomach wall and Some of the toxic heavy metals that are present are: What should I do to get it out of my body? If we help to expel Gastric juice does its job, but only partially. I read it and the work of gastric juice. As we read, we feel that in our stomachs The digestive process is mechanical and This chemical part is the whole thing. I covered it all at once. Now a word is coming. Gastric ulcer OK then gastric What does ulcer actually mean? Okay, here. The first important question is Either that is. Stomach Why yourself? Digestion Isn't it? Asks a question. Is that so? That is, This hydrochloric acid is so strong. Why does acid autodigest the stomach? Don't throw it away? I mean, why destroy it? Can't? So what is the explanation for this? The explanation is the first thing that That is in the stomach. Mucin secreted from mucous cells Okay then here. This contains a mucin-like substance, right? How does mucin act as a protector? What protection should be provided above the barrier? Will arrange number one, number two Number work which acts as a buffer Will do. That is, it acts as a buffer. This Neutralizes hydrochloric acid. Drop it. It is hydrochloric acid. Neutralizes it. It soothes. Number three thing is that What is released when enzymes are inactive? Yes. The enzyme that we see was pepsinogen Prodenine These are all inactive. In idle state are released and to activate them Hydrochloric acid is utilized for It is used to utilize hydrochloric acid. It's done, then take a look at this. The stomach lining that was this The inner layer here is the inner layer. The cells that were epithelial cells The epithelial cells were the ones that made up this membrane. The cells They are very compact or tightly bound. Will be That is, inside each of the tight junctions, There are tight junctions between cells, meaning There will be no gap here, not this gap. Because of being something else it It's easy to penetrate inside it if you want. Can't leave. Okay? Here is a tight one. There is a junction. Strongly Bound. This tightly bound we call it a tight junction. Say. Is that so? So there is a tight junction here. Then the last thing that is here is The cells are there. The cells are there after three to six days. What happens next? Continuously replaced Goes. What will happen to the cells after a short period of time? It gets replaced. Okay? That is, cells will divide and new cells will be formed. It will be restored very quickly by These are the events that occur over time. Stomach protected due to all the causes That is, when it exists, what does it not happen? Autodidization does not occur inside the stomach. Is it easy to get a hydrochloric acid burn? There aren't that many barriers or protective ones. Even though there is a mechanism, sometimes We say that there is an ulcer or sore in the stomach. So how can you get a stomach ulcer or sore? Can? Look for ulcers or sores. Sometimes it shows up in these places Where there is an ulcer or sore. So what is it? Could it be by? A bacterium is very Commonly role plays here. Which is called It is Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori. This is one of There are different types of painkillers out there. NSAIDS are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. You take inflammatory dark as you please. Take ketorolac, take diclofenac, this type The painkiller paracetamol is in it. These are not included, these are the types of pains. There are killers, what can they do? In the stomach This can cause wounds or ulcers when When the ulcer occurs, we will call it that. Gastric ulcer This gastric ulcer When it occurs in the duodenum, it is called Duodenal ulcer. Okay? If you have an upset stomach Its name is gastric ulcer. We can call the whole thing peptic ulcer. Disease. Okay? This is the name of the wound. So what? What can cause such ulcers? The ulcers We must know the name. Beyond this Various types of stress, alcohol Smoking can cause ulcers. But we must remember these two names. Will be. Helicobacter pylori, which we H. pylori and various types of anaesthetics Or what painkiller. And painkillers. Okay. Then the mechanical action of food in the stomach We have already said Pakmond or Kaim. Arrangements will be made to make it. Food Chemical digestion process We digest meat I have discussed the digestion part. Is that so? What do we have here in terms of meat digestion? Will it be? Contains gastric lipase. Then There is pepsinogen, there is renin. Another one What's going on? Contains gelatin. All these ingredients are here. Protein will play a role in digestion. Okay? Then lipid digestion. Here is no What types of lipids are digested? Yes, a little. It is in quantity. Which one is that? Butter fat. Okay. And what kind of carbohydrate digestion is there? Sugars are not digested. Okay. So what is here? We know what happened. Who will be the cause of whom? Pepsin. Renin Gelatinase Okay To summarize, what we remember I can keep it, it's a Pajero. You can remember it with Pajero, right? Now look, they gave a question on the exam. We definitely know what the gastric gland is. Where is the gastric gland found? Will go We have read the definition of gland. Stomach The names of the two Springers. Cardiac Sprinter and Pylock Sprinter. What is gastric juice? We are about it. We have discussed it. Isn't that right? Gastric The chemical elements that come from the gland That part is confirmed. Okay. Now A question is coming up. The image below Observe and answer the questions. So. Look at the picture and answer the questions. Answer. Look carefully. We are with it. Have we discussed? Look here. Various The part about structure is given in PQ. P is basically a place in the stomach. Or stomach P marked organ food digestion Even if you do, it won't digest itself. Why doesn't stomach autodidase happen? We are going to analyze this. We have discussed it little by little. Please write more details, it will be a great incentive. Describe the digestive system in this section. That is, digestion of food in the stomach He asked her to discuss the process. Again, the same stimulus is applied to the marked organ. So B means pay attention to the stomach here. What are protein, carbohydrates, and fat-like foods? Digestive enzymes are like honey. Food digestive enzymes gastric Lipase is involved in the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates. No, then notice one and three are one and Which place does the three or two options cover? Here then this is the correct answer. Which of the following is an enzyme secreted from the stomach? Which of the following is secreted from the stomach? Enzyme? Look carefully at the names. Trypsin, amylase, renin and lipase. Which of the four names did we read? Renin. Is that so? So Renin is correct. To come. Watch the next part. In light of the following stimuli Answer the next question. Casein and Water is an enzyme. What makes it? Converts to paracasein. Uddip Which enzyme is used? We are a little early. I said this. That is in the milk. What enzyme does casein contain? The enzyme renin converts it into paraxin. So what does renin do? Fast Pro Renin, right? Prorenin Hydrochloric Acid It is converted to renin in the presence of. That Renin What will work next? Role play here. Okay, so far. We are the most important part of the alimentary canal. One part that is the stomach I discussed the structure of the stomach. After discussing the takeover, we then The digestive process that takes place in the stomach We discussed that with the gastric We discussed the gastric gland. About gland cells and their functions Then we will discuss the part I am going to go to a very important one. The part that is the digestive gland is The largest of the digestive glands in the human body The large digestive gland is called the pancreas. Liver. With that liver But now we will discuss it with you. The first thing you need to know is the location of the liver. Ours. Where is the liver located? We I would normally think it's abdominal. In the cavity. Is that so? So where? Where does the liver reside? The liver is located Below the diaphragm or midsection. Then Diaphragm or Diaphragm That is, separating the abdominal cavity. With a diaphragm like this. This diaphragm In the lower part The liver is located. Okay? Then the diaphragm or the middle is located below If you see this picture in the case of liver Look carefully, there's a stain here. Part is visible. What is its name? Falciform ligament. Okay? So like this What to do with the liver with a ligament Done? First, from the outside in two parts. It looks like two parts. Actually real How many parts does it mean? Divide into four parts Done. So if we say this place Its name is Felsiform Ligaments. This ligament holds the liver First we divided it into right and left parts. Right And left. Which is visible from the outside. If we call it posture change or position If I change it, I'll see two more parts. Goes. So there are four livers in total. What are incomplete fragments? Right Left Cadet and The quadrate is divided into four parts, okay? Which of the four parts is the largest? Right Big, big, big, liver Weight: Almost 1.5 kg, about 1.5 kg. We roughly think its weight is around 1.5 kg. I can do that 1.5 kg and, if as a range If used, then in the case of men we I would say 1.4 to 1.8 kg. Okay? 1.4 From 1.8 kg this is a range we have. Can it be used by men? Okay? Okay, now this liver. Structure is what we see externally. I saw. Now imagine this is a very small part. You can see the area under a microscope. You want. What will you actually see? Then What you can see is the liver. Some identifying features. That What will be among the features? The first thing is that there are many Divided into small sections or lobules There will be. Look at these many small lobules. Or it will be divided into sections. These parts What you can see inside the liver is Liver cells. What is the name of that cell? The cells of the liver are called hepatic cells or Hepatocyte. We will see. Okay. Beyond this We call it the outer covering of the liver. What is the name of the cover? Gleason's Capsule. Then What we see on the outside It is Gleason's capsule. A coating is seen on the outside of Gleason's capsule. Will go. What happened? Numerous in each lobule Look at each part separately. Which are numerous in each lobule here? Will there be? Polygonal There will be hepatic cells. Polygonal hepatic There will be cells. And what is between the lobules? Will there be? There will be a space called a sinusoid. Look at this empty space that we I'm saying we'll call that a sinusoid. Then If you look closely, there will be a sinusoid here. And we will call the one that will be towards the center I would say the central vein will be towards the center. Central vein and what will be numerous here There will be hepatic cells, well, this sinusoid. Look, there it is. The liver is very large within the sinusoids. There is an important cell called If the cell of the kaffarah is the cell of the kaffarah, then the kaffarah What is the function of the cell? The gap between the sinusoids What does it mean for the liver to have cells? Phagocytosis If you participate in the process, then the infidel The function of the cell is phagocytosis. Destroying germs in the process. Destruction of microbes through the process of phagocytosis To do. So this is the liver identifier. Features. Now is the most important time for us. What is important is that Liver function. Very, very, very important. So what are the functions of the liver? How can I share? I can divide it into two parts. I will tell one. The other is metabolic. Functions. So what is actually in savings? What could happen? Liver What does it save? Can store food. That is, the excess glucose that we It is stored in the body as glycogen. Can be saved. Then he Stores glycogen. Can store glycogen. Glucose which He stores the food that is being prepared later. Will keep it. Okay? What it can do is It stores blood. Blood. Our In the body A large portion means about 1500 ml. How can the liver store blood like this? Savings Can keep it. That's why it's called what? Is it done? As a blood reservoir It is imagined. Well then, whatever. What can it do? It is different. The types of metals that exist, namely iron. Iron and copper are such metals. What can they do? To save Can. Okay? Then Iron Can save. Okay? What can you do then? That's vitamins. Can act as a repository. Various Can store various types of vitamins. Then what you will do is bile. Iron Will you save or Minerals Vitamin OK. You know, you know, you know. Where is bile produced? Steroids From. Okay? From steroids. Bile It is producing bile with the help of salt. But where is that bile produced? Where else in the liver is it stored? Gallbladder or In the gallbladder. Okay? Then take a look. There are many savings roles. Just the same It also has many metabolic roles. So No? Sugar will play a role in metabolism. Then the meat will play a role in the problem. Affection or Lipids play a role in metabolism. Of What can it do outside? This Can detoxify. Is that so? Various What kind of pollutants will it do? To detoxify to remove pollution Will try. Detoxify toxins Will try to do it. Apart from this, various types What are the hormones doing here? What is fast? May be inactive. Well, this kind of With the many functions that it has Let's discuss one by one. Fely. Then take a quick look. Glycogen in the storage role of the liver Savings. We Among the foods we eat, Glucose is glucose. Insulin It is due to the influence of hormones. Glycogen Saves as. So pay attention. To make glycogen from glucose What do we call this system? Glycogenesis. Glycogenesis in the liver What can he do through the process? Will provide glycogen storage. One Number of blood banks we said almost 1500 ML of blood may be deposited here. Almost Blood storage capacity of 1500 mL Will do. Okay? Different types of vitamins It contains some fat-soluble vitamins. Eddie Who is OK? Apart from this, vitamin B complex Which ones are there? Then vitamins C B or B? These are the vitamins that are in beets. How do you keep all these vitamins? The liver can store various Types of minerals that can be stored in minerals One of the important things in saving is Is that hemoglobin? Where is the breakdown of hemoglobin? Is it done? Hemoglobin breakdown complete Where is it? In the liver. Then Hemoglobin. This is the hemoglobin you see. When hemoglobin breaks down, its two The part is made. One is freezing, the other is freezing. Globin. Globin is used to make protein. It will be used up. The part that remains is frost. Okay? If you remove the iron from here, We call the remaining part biliverdin. This Biliverdin is the one that is later distributed. Turns into ruby. Well, bilirubin is what That is what is yellow and Biliverdin is green in color. Okay You know that when bilirubin levels increase What do we call that jaundice? Here is a part of it. It wasn't important to show that. That is, the iron. This iron will be used later. In our body Ferritin As transferrin and ferritin, it If it can be stored, then it is mainly This is what is stored as ferritin. As what? Within the mineral deposit part There will be. Also, is copper okay? Copper is also What can happen in the liver? In stored condition There may be. Okay? Okay. Then whatever it is It is the accumulation of bile. Then pay attention. Look, what we said is happening. From the terroid Later he It will produce bile. In that gall bladder An important element is that it is Bile salts. To make it Who plays an important role? Liver. To store fat and amino acids Can. Fat and amino acids are needed What can the liver do then? To save Can you arrange it? How? Let's hold on. The excess glucose will remain. Excess glucose. This is excess glucose. So how did it come about? I ate a lot of rice. Many After eating rice, what is in the rice? That was the carbohydrate part. Carbohydrates as much as your body needs The need was utilized. The rest Extra glucose or too much Eat sweets or eat a lot of potatoes. What happens after eating is excess. The glucose that will be there is the glucose. In your body as triglycerides Will be stored. Triglycerides. For this What will happen? What will happen to blood fat levels? It will increase. And if necessary What will he do with it later? This He then breaks down the glucose Can be utilized. So this is it. The parts are all the liver's stores. Introduction. Now let's move on to our most important The important part is that it is Metabolic role. Individually Ask each one separately. Gives. So, the liver is in a state of sugar deficiency. What is the role? The liver in carbohydrate metabolism What roles does it play? Very Important. Notice the three words. We have been given a few words. One Glycogenesis is. So what does glycogenesis mean? What is meant by glycogenesis? Being Glycogen is formed from glucose. Process. It will be completed by the liver. Glycogen from glucose. Then the opposite. What if glycogen needs to be broken down? What should I say to that? Glycogenolysis. Okay? So let's take care. Glucose From I want to make glycogen stores. As. Then I'll call it Glyco. Genesis. Okay? Glycogenesis. Okay? So glycogenesis is a process Where is glycogen from glucose Preparing. What does Genesis mean? Genesis means creation. So I did glycogenesis. Okay? Think in reverse. So it turns out that this Glycogen Now if there is a deficiency of glucose in my body Then glucose is made again from glycogen Will be. So what should I do if it's the other way around? I will break down glycogen. What do we make by breaking down glycogen? I will make glucose. Since the opposite is the opposite What should I call it if I'm working? Glycogenolysis. Glycogenolysis It means broken. Then break down the glycogen I lost it. That's why it's called Glycogenolysis. And the previous one is glycogenesis, that is, the production I made arrangements to make it. That's why Glycogenesis. Okay? If for some reason you suddenly catch If you get trapped in a cave Or if you are trapped like that and become a prisoner That there is no food delivery service near you I told you for two or three days that there was no chance. You are going to go and see who is around you. There is no food, there is a lot of water around. You have to go without eating for three days. How will your body adapt to this? The first thing you will try to adapt is Glycogen storage in all places What was he doing to store all the glycogen? Glucose will break you down. All glucose tried to supply Even after the supply was provided, it was still visible. Is your body meeting its glucose needs? It's not happening or all the glycogen has been broken down. Even though it's gone now, there's still glucose in the body. Your brain needs continuous exercise. To keep cells and neurons alive If you don't need glucose, where is this glucose? When will I come from? Glycogen reserves are depleted or some other Even in this situation, what can the body do if it doesn't want to? From carbohydrate sources to non-carbohydrates All the sugars you've seen so far are sugars. If the body ever makes glucose from sugars When you arrange to do it, it is called Gluconeogenesis Look, it's in the name, Gluco. Regulation Genesis then gluconeogenesis If you have a plan, you don't mean it. Neogenesis Genesis means creating glucose I'll make it, but it doesn't mean it's sugar-free. The process of making glucose from Either gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Okay, this concept is clear to you. Apart from this, what can our body do if it wants? Can perform lipogenesis, i.e., lipid production Can you arrange to do it a little earlier? I told you that extra Glucose Excess glucose Excess glucose What can the body do using this? Can produce triglycerides. That is, Can produce lipids. This is what lipids are made of. What do we call this? Lipogenesis. What happened to all these incidents I mentioned? Can? There may be a liver in my body. What is here? Plays an important role. So these are all liver metabolites. Introduction. Okay, now take a look. For glycogen to be formed from glucose The most important role here is to play Insulin. Glucose due to insulin Turning into glycogen. And when I convert glycogen into glucose. I will make arrangements. That is, I will do glycogenolysis. Whose there Role is the most important role. Observes. Glucagon. Due to glucagon Glycogenolysis will be greater. Okay? This place is outside here. You also need epinephrine, that's for now. No need to know. In the same way, here too Either that or glucagon plays a role here too. Observes. What does sugar-free actually mean? It is many The question is, what do brothers who are not working really mean? What does that mean? Non-sugar means non-vegetarian. Sugar-free means affection. From these The process by which glucose is produced is called It is called gluconeogenesis. Okay? What is happening here in this place? Insulin plays a role. Well then, let's see, let's pay attention. I read a few words. One is happening. Glycogenesis, one being Gluconeogenesis, one being Glycolysis is another one. Glycogenolysis. So glycolysis What do you mean? Glycolysis Tuku What else, brother? Easy. Glycolysis. This is how long it lasts. Glucose is created whenever this glucose is Whenever you break down this glucose, you break it down. What is the name of the process that goes on? This is where ATP is made. If glucose is broken down, then ATP is produced. The process of breaking down glucose That process is glycolysis. This is glycolysis. Then glucose The process of breaking down is all these things happening. Glycolysis. So when glucose is broken down I arranged for it to produce ATP. I would say glycolysis. Okay Protein section. So what about the protein section? What role does it play? Protein section What role will it play in the case? Protein The parts we know in terms of division One is deamination. One is urea. Done. What else is happening? Plasma protein Synthesis. Okay? Deamination and urea Done. So what happens to the liver? That is the amino acid that was If I take one of these amino acids Amino acid What arrangements should I make to remove the rips when I get here? I will subtract it from what will happen then. Deamination is taking place. So where does the deamination process take place? It is produced in the liver by amino acids. I put aside the deamination process and then What happens here is a cycle. The name of the cycle that is created is urea. Cycle OK Urea Cycle Urea cycle. This is another name. Ornithine cycle. Ornithine cycle. This urea cycle or What is produced by the liver through the ornithine cycle? Urea is produced. Okay? In the liver Urea will be produced. Plasma protein Synthesis You know all kinds of liver Can produce plasma proteins. Then What were the names of the plasma proteins? We are reading the blood chapter, aren't we? Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen first bin So these are all types of plasma proteins. Only one can create it, no other. Without a plasma protein Gamma globulin All others Plasma protein Where are all these things made? Where is the liver made from? If it is made from then we have seen I looked at the role of the liver in sugar metabolism. I saw the role in protein metabolism. Then Fatty acids. This is the case with fat. We have already discussed it. Look. Converts excess carbohydrates into fat Does. We said what it was. Will you turn it into a It will turn into triglycerides. Okay? Production and breakdown of red blood cells. You Did you know that in children, the liver is red? Blood cells are produced and later it It works by breaking. The result of the breakdown is We saw it a while ago. Isn't that right? This is it. RBC breakdown. We already did this a little while ago. We have discussed it. Look at hemoglobin. If broken, the life span of RBC is over 120 days. The liver breaks it down anywhere else. Will go. Okay? Hemoglobin The destruction will be in the liver. Two after that The parts will be made of heme and globin. Globinata Look, amino acids are involved. And There are two parts to the ice. Iron. This Transferrin and ferritin. Look at ferritin. You were told about it a little while ago. This What happens in the liver? It is deposited. Okay. And Transferrin is used in RBC production. Will be. And biliverdin is green at first. Later it becomes bilirubin. It is yellow. It's done. Okay? Beyond that, we said that It's bile juice or or or or or or or or or or Or orororororor ororororororor orbye Arrange to make. What does it use? See bile salts from steroids in liver cells Such as sodium glycolate and sodium There are two names to remember, Torokolet. Bile salt names in MCQ exam Gives. Okay? Help to synthesize them Does. Hormonal disruption. Different types Hormones break down. Two of them are very Testosterone is important and Aldosterone. Give this name. These are Breaks down quickly. Testosterone and Aldosterone. Okay? Toxins are various types of toxins or poisons. What is produced in the body is what is removed. We fulfill our responsibilities and Provides heat production in the body. So the liver has many functions. All Among the functions, we have a few important ones. I will try to remember the function. Atlist The part that is involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism This and the savings roles we do well. I will read it. Okay, then another one. The important part that we mentioned earlier I was saying that what is produced remains. That is bile or bile juice. Okay then. What is the function of bile or bile juice? It is like this. It is important for us to know. Just the same What are the names of the ingredients here? We need to know. Then look at the liver and gallbladder. Confirmed from the cells. We are already ready. Do you know and where is it stored? In the gallbladder. So what is its function? Okay, the job is ours. A little complicated. Then we will do whatever we think is fast. Pita juice is important for maintaining What we need when we go to study Emulsification is happening. We must remember this word. What work? Is it? Look at the parts we've covered so far. Where in this section did I read that? We discuss the digestion of fats and oils in great detail. I couldn't digest oil and fat. We are a mouthful and where is the stomach? I can't discuss the details like that. Because oil is essential for the digestion of fats. The important enzyme is called Lipase This lipase enzyme works easily on oil and fat. If you can't do it, then you're going to be a fat fat person. There is a grain, this is a huge grain. Proper penetration of lipase enzyme into the grain Can't do it because it's in the water. Insoluble then lipase enzyme inside Oil fat due to inability to penetrate It is not easily digested, which is what bile does. That is. This oil starts working on the fat particles. Will do Bile acts on these oil and fat particles. The first thing you will do when you start That is, breaking down the oil and fat granules. Cut into small pieces. This oil breaks the fat granules into small pieces. Who arranged for the cutting? Gallstones. When the bile breaks it down into small pieces If you do, then first take a look at it. Surface area Has it increased? Of course it did. Then the surface area is The area increased. Number one thing. The second thing is that every little thing The wing on which lipase has been working for so long I couldn't. Now each one is different. Lipase will be able to work very easily. Lipase enzymes are now everywhere. You can work very easily. In the small ones I couldn't penetrate the big one for so long. But now you can easily do it. The result is now The lipase enzyme will be able to work easily. Working for Lipase became easier. This That work is easy to do. Then the oil that is fat Will the digestive process be able to begin? So watch out until This emulsification in the presence of bile juice Until the process is done Oily and fatty foods will be digested properly. No, this emulsification is done by bile. What is in bile? Bile salts are present. If you want to know the names of bile salts, It should be said that sodium glycolate sodium Torocolette Okay, then we're the first one. I said it's very emulsified. Important OK bile salts fat digestion Activates the enzyme lipase, which is responsible for Look, this is the lipase I was talking about a while ago. He will arrange for the lipase to be activated. Well, what else can you do besides vitamins? ADE helps to absorb these four These are called fat-soluble vitamins. That is, To absorb these four vitamins You will need oil and fat. So if someone If the oil and fat are not absorbed properly, this Four vitamin deficiencies will occur. Okay? The hydrochloric acid that is present in it Soothes. Why? The reason for this is that it Alkaline. It is alkaline. Okay? This is it. Gallstones Gallstones What is the pH of the water? The pH It has an alkaline pH. Which is caused by alkaline pH That is, it is hydrochloric acid. Neutralizes. From this 8.6 like this A pH works and its amount Starting from about 400 mL to 800 mL It could be up to. 400 to 800 ml It has an amount like this. Okay? It could be in such an amount. Okay Apart from that, what else is that? Does? Insoluble fatty acids and Making cholesterol absorbable In the hydrotrophic process. About this In more detail, when we digest oil and fat Then we will study each function. We will discuss. So the amount of bile juice We saw that amount. Its pH value I saw. Since it is an alkaline and It has a bitter taste. Very bitter. Is that so? Okay. There are no enzymes in bile. You have to remember this. MCQs are given in the exam. Does bile contain enzymes? Enzymes No, you have to remember that there is no such thing here. It is very important that enzymes are not present. Okay, I have to remember that. Now let's go, then we are the previous ones. I solved some questions in the morning. Look at the question. First, a question. This part of the stimulant has given rise to sugar metabolism. Introduction Describe it, then what do these two pictures mean? Given A and B, this is the liver. So what is the role of the liver in sugar metabolism? We need to discuss. That is, glycolysis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis Everything is different. Well, ours. A very important gland in the body There is the largest gland in the body. This clue You have to keep that in mind. The largest gland in the body. It means liver. From this gland, one such The nature of the secretion of a type of juice Alkaline. So alkaline nature means Being A little while ago I told you about bile juice. Is that so? Gallstones. So what about this bile? It has been talked about. Now it says that Structure of the gland referred to in Uddipak Explain. Which gland is it? Liver. So the external structure and internal structure of the liver This whole thing is about your discussion. Must do. That is, the liver As we saw on the inside, it Each such meal will have a portion. Then the central vein inwards There will be. The spoke like pattern is like this That hepatocytes will remain. Is that so? This is it. The parts were about each part. Separate central vein. Then It's that hepatocytes are responsible for everything. We need to discuss. Each part of the sinusoid Kaffar cells We need to discuss it. It is that Internal structures. Is that so? Okay and Externally we are such an inner part that It was that each part was separate. We will discuss the right and left parts. I can. These are each individual. We will discuss it. Okay? What is gluconeogenesis? In the exam If we have given the food, then we can avoid sugar. When I make glucose, It's called gluconeogenesis. Human body organic What does chemist mean? This liver is so so so What reaction or event has been said to occur? 500 types. For all this, the liver is responsible for It is said to be an organic chemist. Organic Chemistry. Okay? Liver. Okay. What is gluconeogenesis? Understand? How the liver destroys RBCs We have discussed these. Is that so? Okay, then the digestive glands. The first thing we will discuss is I did that because the liver is the most important organ in the human body. The next big gland we will talk about is the gland Let's discuss that, okay, the pancreas. Where is the pancreas located? Fast talk is what it is. So much stomachache in this part of the stomach The part that is the small intestine, that is Duodenum This is the duodenum here of the duodenum The one that is creating this loop like a small loop In this place we have a pepper-shaped I can see the part. This pepper-shaped part That is the leaf-like part that is called What shall we say? This is a gland. That The name of the gland is the pancreas. Okay? So in this pancreas What will be there? There will be a part like a cat. That is, whatever is in the cat is also in here. There will be. Isn't that right? Then there will be a head, a neck. There will be a body, there will be a tail. Then The pancreas is a leaf-shaped gland. Like a leaf with a head, neck, body, and tail That means there will be a head. Okay then. There will be a body, a tail, and a small one. There will also be good things outside of this part. Inside it is such a beautiful call or If a duct is found in the pancreas, then this duct Is it made all at once? No, it's small. Numerous small canals from different places It is made. These small canals are joined together. After that, when it comes here, it is added. Then there is a pancreatic duct in this area. Creates. This pancreatic duct that The name is Widsang Nali. It is called the duct of withers. That is, the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic duct. Okay? The main one is the pancreas. This is the duct of the pancreas, not the pancreas. Duct. Okay? What structure was there here? The liver is the part of the liver that is located below the liver. Leaving you here to discuss. It is given that this is below the liver. What is there in this space? One After bile is produced by the liver, Where is bile stored later? In the gallbladder. Well here in the gallbladder After the liver juice has accumulated, a A duct is formed which is called cystic Doctor. Okay. Then take a look at this. Being Right and left hepatic ducts. These two livers When the duct is assembled, it The name is the common hepatic duct. From here The duct that opens from the gallbladder It's called the cystic duct. This cystic What will the ducts create after they are assembled? We call that the common bile duct. Common bile duct is the common bile duct The space is open. Okay, common. Bile ducts and Where is its duct opening? Look carefully at the duodenum. That of the duodenum It is called the space that is exposed. Ampulla of Vater. Ampoule Vater. Then Vater's It is called an ampulla. This is the ampulla of Vater. Where is it available? In the duodenum. How is it formed in the duodenum? We are those I saw the formation that was the conduit of Wisang and Identical bile duct. Its name is Identical Bile duct. This common bile duct and The Wirsang's duct. This is the Wisang canal. These two together What did you make? Ampoule of batter. This So what's going on in the ampule of batter? Look. Pancreatic juice from the pancreatic duct and Bile juice is coming out from here. In what place? In the duodenum. In what place? In the duodenum. So pay attention to this part. Let's see what we have read so far. We have pancreatitis. Learn a little about the gallbladder I did what I've been meaning to say for so long. Being This is the pancreas, so this pancreas What type of gland is a gland like a leaf? The pancreas is said to be a mixed organ. Gland It's a mixed gland Okay then Now your question will be that mixed glands What is it called? So a mixed gland is a gland that At the same time Intakhara and Will we act as outsiders? Shall I tell you? We will call it a mixed gland. Then Why is the pancreas called a mixed gland? Reason Antakhara. What is happening here because of him? From here Hormones will be produced from. Why the outcasts again? Because many enzymes are also created from here. Yes. These enzymes Plays a very important role in digestion Does. And what are the hormones that are present? Is there? Name two very important hormones. Of course we have to know. Insulin Glucagon. Apart from this, somatostatin and What? Pancreatic polypeptide. All of these Where does it originate from? From the liver. So you would think that these four hormones There was no discussion about it. A little We will discuss later. Then look at the same time. Hormones and enzymes are produced. What is that for? The pancreas has been called a mixed Gland. Are there any other things like this in our body? Are there mixed glands? Yes, more mixed. There are glands. These are the testicles and ovaries. It is a mixed gland. That is, those who are the same What will you do with it? Making hormones and enzymes Will do. Now then, take a look. We called the pancreas a mixed gland. That means there are two parts, the external and If we take the inner and outer parts Let's discuss what is inside the pancreas. Notice the pancreas is divided into numerous lobules. It is divided into small basins, also called It's about 90%, 90% of the time, it's sinus OK. Look carefully at these sinuses. One in the center of each lobule There are small ducts and it is circular. All of these are composed of arranged single rows of cells. When small ducts join together in the pancreas What they create when they are joined That is the main pancreatic duct or omentum. We read this a while ago, okay? Since enzymes are secreted in the small intestine What do we call this? I will say gland, that is, I will say external glands. We can call them exocrine glands. In the same way, the inner part of the pancreas It means that if I do this, Let's create a structure and see. Which is happening. There will be numerous lobules and small acini. There may be small holes in the sinuses. Somewhere like this island Places where structures can be found Not exactly like lobules or acini, but lobules or Something different, not like Esign's. We will see the structure of such an island. You can see different parts like this Different parts like islands that I I'm telling you, pay attention to those places. See lobule or acinus lobule or acinus The lobule or acinus suddenly turns inward. We call that place a small part. The islets of Langerhans are like islands. Lobule or acinus with a central cavity There will be and between the lobules are the isles of Will there be an archipelago called Langerans? The isles of Langerhans will be in this isle. Of Langeran's this is what happens in the end. Part Isles of Languedoc. This is the heart. Part. Does that mean what will be made from here? Hormones will be produced from here. So this is the Isles There are several types of Langerhans' disease. There will be cells. What are? Very important. Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and PP Cells. Very, very important. What is the function of alpha cells? Glucagon release. So what is the function of glucagon? Glucagon What is the job? Increases blood glucose levels. To give an increase. And the job of insulin is done by beta cells. What is certain is that it is insulin. Insulin works exactly the opposite. Blood glucose levels. Will give a discount. Okay? Blood glucose levels Will give a discount. Delta cells are from delta cells which I'm sure it's called Somatostatin. Okay? Then What is the function of somatostatin? The function of somatostatin is These are the two alpha cells and the beta cells. Their Discharge. This Control. Alpha and beta cells are two It will control its secretion. Pancreatic polypeptide is this What is the pancreas? Pancreatic secretion Reduces the level of secretion. That is, the pancreas The secretion of pancreatic secretions It is working to reduce the level. Pancreatic polypeptide. So these are the four types of cells The function of each cell is yours. Very important for. It's a triple star. A related reading. Any of your exams This is very important for. Each one Cells have different functions. Now you It may seem like how is this actually happening? Works. Look when we eat. When we eat food, In the blood The amount of glucose increases. Well, him. This means that when blood glucose levels rise, What am I actually going to do with that glucose? Will it be? To arrange for transport to the liver Will be. Well, this is the glucose in the blood. This glucose level has increased, making it the main target. Where? First of all, cells. This cell is inside the cell. I have to take it. So that blood The glucose was taken into the cells. You need a key to get in. That The key is called insulin. Where does that insulin come from? Pancreas Comes from beta cells. From beta cells that Insulin comes from this, it's the blood glucose. What will you ultimately do? It is blood. It will reduce glucose. How to reduce? Her The reason is, where will the glucose go now? It moved inside the cell. Glucose. This cell What does he do with this glucose after coming in? Will you? Will arrange for utilization. Glucose is utilized to produce ATP or It created energy. And whatever glucose remains There was an extra glucose that would be there. Where does glucose ultimately leave the cell? Will you leave? This We have a storage system in the liver. I will. How should I store my liver? The excess is stored as glycogen. I will. Then the rest is stored as glycogen. That was the excess glucose. It will be stored in the liver as glycogen. So this is the process by which glycogen Name of the creation process The entire process of glycogenesis Who played the most important role? Insulin. So the blood glucose level What did he ultimately do? In the blood It lowered glucose levels. Food What increased after the adoption Glucose enters the cells due to insulin. What is blood glucose when it enters? Done? It decreased. What is this? After eating. Exactly the opposite. Imagine you are fasting. Not all day. Have you eaten? So, if you don't eat all day, Is your body properly metabolizing glucose? Are you entering from? Couldn't do it. So when he couldn't enter, that is, Are you in a fasting condition? Fasting or fasting You left it. What if there is such a condition? Will it be? Glycogen Which was that this glycogen had to be broken down. This What is the name of the process? Glycogenolysis. Okay. This is glycogenolysis. It must be. This glycogenolysis occurs The hormone that works in this area is Its name is glucagon. Okay? What will glucagon do then? This It made it possible to break down glycogen. Broken down by the process of glycogenolysis Will make glucose. That glucose Where will it ultimately go? It runs in the blood. Will go. What happens after it goes into the blood? Blood glucose levels increased. Then Watch the insulin work. Reduces blood glucose levels. Reason What? That insulin is inside the cell. Helps glucose enter. Right. Similarly, in a fasting state or a non-devotee In the situation When blood glucose levels drop Glycogen is broken down by glycogenolysis. Process. Who plays a role here? Glucagon. Because of that glucagon from here Glucose is being produced. The glucose in the blood It goes away. Increases blood glucose levels Gave. This process is one of the best. Not opposite. Okay. So which cell produces insulin? Comes from? From beta cells. And what is glucagon? Where does it come from? From alpha cells. This is alpha. From cells and beta cells. What type of cells are these? Where is it available? Pancreas or Found in the pancreas. Another one besides this There are delta cells. Obtained from delta cells Somatostatin. Which is simultaneously alpha and Controls beta cell secretion. and Pancreatic polypeptide. Working The secretion from the pancreas To hinder. These tasks are very important to us. Important. What we must know Will be. Okay? So we are talking about the pancreas. I have read the works. Pancreas We have discussed cells. Now Let's solve a question. Look. A question has been raised in the digestive system. Gallbladder and leaf-like glands. Whenever The leaf-like glands will say, "You are already ready." Do you know what the answer to this is? Pancreas. The gland of the adrenocortical system in the human body Analyze the role. Okay? Then What could be the role of the pancreas? They are asking you to discuss it. So the pancreas has two types of roles. There will be. One is the outsiders, the other is Antakhara. The part that is still in the outer part We haven't discussed that yet. That is, we do not discuss enzymes. This When we read the small text, we I will discuss it once. Next asked another question about food. Depends on the RQ of the digestive tract Analyze and become the pancreas Okay, what's going on with the liver? Try the picture and Q of food digestion. Analyze it depending on who How on whom? Depends on it, it's asking to explain. With the liver and pancreas. Isle of What do you mean by langarès? So it is that The inner part of the pancreas is called the lobule or 90% from the sinuses, the remaining 10% is the part that Will it float like a beacon? It seems that place is called Isles of Langerans. On this Isle of Langerane What happens? There are four types of cells. Alpha cells, Beta cells, delta cells and pancreatic Polypeptide. From here various types Hormones are released. What are those foods? Plays an important role in digestion What is the blood glucose level? Helps to control. Okay These Isles of Langerhans are the pancreas. The inner part from which hormones are secreted. Why is the pancreas called a mixed gland? Is there? We have already discussed it. Okay, then let me ask you a question. Done. Somatostatin hormone secreted Either from which of the following? From which one? Is somatostatin secreted? Liver face It is very clear from looking at the gallbladder and pancreas. Simple pancreas, right? From the delta cells of the isles of Langerhans Is the function of certain hormones derived from delta cells? So let's see what happens to the delta cells. I know Alpha Beta Delta and Pi, so this PPK many times but many gamma cells Okay, I'll remember that, then see. Which of the delta cells will become somato? Statin or somatostatin What is the function of somatostatin? Glucagon secretion To do. No hydrochloric acid secretion No control. Gallbladder bile secretion Alpha and beta cells at the site of stimulation Leakage control definitely The function of somatostrain is alpha and beta. Controlling the secretion. We have some important nutritional glands. I discussed it. One is the liver. Another one is the pancreas. Well, liver and After the pancreas, we now move on to the alimentary canal. A little about the remaining parts. Let's go discuss. One is the small intestine. Another one is the large intestine. Okay then. When you read about the small intestine, look at Pay attention, little one, we said. This is the most What The longest is six to 7 meters. It could be. A six to 7 meter long Twisted duct. Okay? That means thinking. Look at how tall you are, that is, Almost four times your height. The part that is getting bigger is inside your stomach. There are three to four times as many twists Okay, so six to seven meters. What parts are there in the parts? What parts? What are the names of the three parts? Where does it come from? From the pyloric sphincter in place Seven to seven from ileocolic sprains One third of a meter is one The duodenum is one jejunum and the ileum is one. Okay, how many denars are we talking about? 25 Centimeter 25 centimeters is OK. 25 centimeters is the name About two and a half meters, like 2.5 And Ilium, which is the largest of all, is It's almost Three-fifths is a very large structure. Very big place, now pay attention. Look, it comes from the depths of your heart, to know you. What will happen if I talk too fast to see the details? So how did we learn the names of the parts? Duodenum, jejunum and ileum each I know the length, what happens next? Identifying features OK with stomach One of the identifying features of the small intestine The only difference is in the location. He/She Where is the difference? At the mucosa level. In what place? In the mucosa. Okay? The rest Everything will remain the same. So here is the same. What kind of things will you get? Pay attention. One It is the mucosa. Inside the most. Then Muscularis mucosa. Then the submucosa. The muscular layer and all Serosa is coming out. Even though it has five layers like the stomach, Where will the difference be? That is. At the mucosa level. You are in the stomach mucosa. You see the patient's condition. Small intestine What will be here is like a finger. There will be some projections. We will call this Bhilai. That is, if you look under a microscope, you To see some finger-like projections like this We will get it. These are the finger-like projections. You see, these are called Bhilai. There are countless such villains in the small intestine. It will be like fingers between these fingers. What could be more small things like this? We will call it above Bhilai. If there is anything more than microvilli above the villi That is called microvilli. Okay, now. Then your question will be, what is the purpose of staying in this villa? What are the benefits of staying in Bhilai? Either that, you know, in the small intestine. Absorption is completed after food is digested. Either only in the small intestine or in the small intestine Why does exploitation happen? Why doesn't it happen in the stomach? Her The reason is that these little bugs in the small intestine Yes. At what level? At the mucosa level. Presence of bile in the mucosa of the small intestine This makes it easier to absorb food. Her What is the reason? Due to staying in the villa, the surface The area increases. Okay? Area growth and nutrient absorption. This Two jobs Related to villa. Then In our mucosal layer in the small intestine What can be found? Can be found in the villa. Okay? What you are like in the mucosal layer of the stomach You can see the gastric gland here. What can you find in the place? Getting the right gland Will go. Okay? Next is another element. What we will find is sincere Gland. At this mucosal level. Sincere Gland. Okay? The secretory gland. Then The juice that will be secreted from the inner glands What will it be called? A juice. Okay? This is sincere. The name of the juice that is secreted from the gland is What will happen? Sincere juice. This sincere juice Another name is Saccharum entericum. Everything else except for Succulent Enteric OK Similar to muscularis mucosae, a muscularis mucosae What will be here, the muscular layer, the submucosa? Here, the blood vessels will be the nerves. There will be two muscle layers here in the muscle layer. What kind of muscles can you see on him? You see three types in the stomach. The internal oblique muscle was this oblique. The muscle will not be here longitudinal and Circular means longitudinal and circular There are two types of muscles. And the layer that stands out from all others is the serosa. Okay? Then we will all be in the small intestine I saw the party. Now look, it's five. There will be layers. Most in the mucosa Important. This villa must be remembered. Finger-like projection. What else is here? There will be goblet cells and absorptive cells. Okay? These two are important. Goblet cells and Absorption cells. We will remember these names. So in short we said The glands in the small intestine The name is the sincere gland, many times MCQs can get to know you sincerely. What are the names of the glands? Brunner's Gland is there, but there are no crevices of the liver. OK Paneth cells are argentaffin cells If there are cells in the goblet, then look at the cells. The name is given to the absorptive cells in the goblet cells. Paneth cells Argentaffin cells Liver cone If you count the glands, what are the glands of the gland? Can I remember the names for MCQs? What is confirmed from these glands I was telling you a while ago that these things are happening. We call it sincere juice or sincere juice. What can I say, Sakkas? Entericus Saccas entericus, then we are very beautiful. Here I saw that sincere juices are released. What is called what is called Sakkas? Enteric OK How much of this is that you According to the textbook, it's around one to two. It will be like a liter. Its pH is 6.5. It has a pH of 7.5 to 8. It is very Not an important one. Nice to know. Okay. Okay, now look at the small intestine. Digestive process. Okay. Then The digestive process in the small intestine is that Very, very, very important. Okay Everything you've been digesting so far Everything happens in the small intestine. Will it be? It will be complete. Okay then. What are the digestive processes of the small intestine? Will it be? One is mechanical digestion, the other is It is chemical digestion. Mechanical What will actually happen in Paripak? This is it. Transporting food items from one place to another Pushing system What do we call this? Peristalsis Say. So here The muscles of the small intestine contract and expand. Because the food items move forward Being and Mixing capacity is also being built. Then this What shall we say? Peristalsis. This is an important event happening here. Okay. Number two, a little earlier. I told you that bile is like oil and fat. What about the ingredients? Break it into small pieces. In size. What is this called? This It is called emulsification. Isn't that right? Emulsification occurs. Okay? This is it. Peristalsis and emulsification are two of these. The important part is that In the mechanical digestion of the small intestine Will read. Apart from that, there are others. Everything will be read. These two are very Important. These two wards are definitely You have to keep that in mind. Okay, come on now. Food chemicals in the small intestine Digestion. So what happens next? Let's see. Let's try to understand. Okay, then the thing that you I was trying to explain. Pay attention. We have already read that For the pictures, the pictures are your choice. Sorry if it doesn't work out, just take care. Look, the first thing that happens is the stomach. We digest food in the stomach. After I'm done, the next part That is the smallest of the smallest. The name of the place is Deoden. Okay, this was the duodenum of this duodenum. What happens in between? Let's take a look first. Right and left The liver has ducts. These two channels are right and When the left comes together, it becomes called Goes Identical Liver duct. We wrote that right and left. Then the common hepatic duct. Well, the same. What happens to the liver ducts then? Then What comes from here to the gallbladder We call it the cystic duct. Cystic duct. Cystic from gallbladder When the duct meets the common hepatic duct After that, it became its name. Identical Bile duct. Well, the same bile duct. That same From this side to another part along the bile duct Come and join. That is. Pancreatic duct. What was the name of the pancreatic duct? Duct. Where do these ducts open? Which These channels are opening up in the space. What is the name of that place? That place The name is this. Look at this place. This is what we call it. Ampulla of Vater Vater's Ampoule What is the ampule of this vater? It is located in the duodenum. It will be in the duodenum, so pay attention to this. All types of food that need to be digested There are so many types of enzymes for everything. Where will they be exposed? Through the ampulla into the duodenum, that is The battery will be exposed in the small intestine. Through the ampulla. So what's really going on here? Is it open? This is the best. Important. The part that you We have been trying to explain this part for so long. I saw the picture. So watch out from here. What's coming? Whatever comes from here It is bile. Number one, Pittaras will come. Number two Look at things carefully. From this place What's coming from here? Whatever comes from here That is pancreatic juice. Then from here What will come is Pancreatic juice. So what is in pancreatic juice? What will remain? Being in pancreatic juice There will be different types of enzymes that Will digest food. In this place, this After the enzymes work, then slowly We know that small at least six to 7 Like a meter long. Isn't that right? Then What happens after the duodenum? Hello. Okay? What happens after fasting? After fasting That is Ilium. Well then, think about it. If it is part of the jejunum. This is Jeju What will be in these places called? Sincere There will be no glands. These sincere glands Will you be sure? Sincere juice. Okay? Then watch out, it will come from here. Sincere juice. Will work in these places. Sincere juice. This is so much sincere juice. Then pancreatic juice and bile juice. Where is all this gathered together? Are you doing the action? In the small intestine. This is everything. Small intestine chemicals are being mixed Digestion. Everything is small. Chemical digestion OK, so if we It's happening, I think about it. What is chemical digestion in the small intestine? What happens is that the chemicals in the small intestine Who is involved in digestion? One thing you will do is be angry. Or bile salts, whatever we call them. Okay, bile salt, then whatever that is. Pancreatic juice And finally, what happens in the end is Sincere juice. Different from each party Different types of materials will come separately. Different types from each party Different elements will come. Okay What is the function of bile salts? We If I say sugar one by one Meat and Lipids. If we look at sugar Does it have any role? No. Not in Abish's case. Lipids Will it work in this case? This is happening. Will emulsify. Which we did a little while ago. I have read it. Then take a look at this oil and fat. We eat national food. Show it. That The oil from this Sprinter is greasy. The food has arrived. This is the oil and fat. This is the national dish after it arrived, the bile juice. Coming here The bile juice came on top of the oil and fat. After arriving Will the first one that works work? Will emulsify. Then emulsification What happens if you do? Oil and fat granules It turned into small pieces. It was small. This big one is smaller than this one. It fell to pieces. The result is and at the same time How does he activate lipase? Activates lipase It helps to digest oily and fatty foods. Which is most important for lipase? Okay, fine, so we saw this part. Start digesting foods into fats and oils Okay, then think about it. From the pancreas, we say pancreas two. Part One: Inside Out Outside Out What part does the job of releasing enzymes? So the outer part of it was What will the outsiders do? All enzymes Will confirm. All enzymes pass through this pathway. It will start coming. Where will it come from? In the duodenum. Through the ampoule vater It came to the duodenum. Well, after arriving in Didenum What's going on? Pay attention. The enzymes are all moving into the duodenum. Here How many types of enzymes will there be? So many kinds Contains enzymes. Is that so? Amylase is for digesting carbohydrates. Maltese. Okay for sugar. Okay What is there to digest meat? Trypsinogen. Okay. Try Pep Tie Days Then Collagenase Kaimo Trypsinogen There are also dipeptidases, let's not remember all of them. It's okay to keep it. Elastase Everything is provided for the digestion of meat and What is there to digest oil and fat? Being a phospholipase Lipase, then take a look at these. There is an enzyme in the middle that digests sugars. The part that digests protein and the bottom Enzymes that digest oil and fat are on the way If so, whenever the food is in this place Then all these enzymes came along, but The pancreas will be discharged. What happens next to amylase maltase on sugar? The ones in the middle will work just the same. There is something they will work on, on meat. What will phospholipase and lipase do? Will the above work? The oil will work on the fat. Because it has already been emasculated. Gone. What will they do? Individually on each meal What is the breakdown of these by working? Will you? Will try to simplify it. Broken Will arrange to break it into small pieces. Okay, now there's an important point here. There is a part in this pancreatic juice. Pancreas The enzymes that come from the juice are proteins. Which of the following is a digestive Trypsinogen Well this trypsinogen is inactive. You can tell by looking at the name. Jane, well, it needs to be activated. Here is an element that works to make Which is called enterokinesis. What is this enterokinase trypsinogen called? Turns it into? Converts into active trypsin. This is an active state. This active trypsin was later used by us for the first time When is the digestion of meat in the stomach? What did I make of it when I was doing it? Protease and peptone. This protease and Who will work on Peptone? Trypsin work Will do. Then break it down into polypeptides or Method for converting dye into tripeptide Will do. Besides that, this is the tipsin This tipsin is activating Chymotrypsinogen It will turn into chymotrypsin. That is, chymotrypsinogen was inactive. This chymotrypsin is called chymotrypsinogen. From there, it was converted into chymotrypsin. So what happened to this too? To activate this too Made arrangements. It was inactive. It is inactive. So it's a bit like a chain reaction. Enterokinase activates trypsinogen Doing. Tipsin starts working on the protein Will do. Will work on meat. Besides, he Chymotrypsinogen Made arrangements to activate it. This What will chymotrypsin do next? Also that Will work on meat. Will work on meat. This way one Phenomena like autocatalytic chain reaction It keeps happening. So this incident in pancreatic juice also Very important. Which is the digestion of meat It can be seen in the case. Then this place We must keep in mind that Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Then They give questions in the exam. Trypsinogen Who activates? The answer is In enterokines. Which is called an activator or Active. Activates chymotrypsinogen Who? The answer is trypsin. Okay. What did we do with the food after that? Look carefully, we are from this part. Finally, the last part of the small intestine I'm leaving with you. Passing through the duodenum I took it towards Jenam. Now from here Sincere juice will be released from it. In this place The last part remains. So sincere Different types of enzymes in juice There is. How can it be? Also lives in this place Which is amylase. Sucrase: These are sugar digesters. Maltese Okay then. Lipase Lecithins Many more such different elements It can be found here. Okay? Then Deoxyribonuclease, RNA AS, DNS. Okay? They all live here. Will there be so many different ones here? The sap will contain various types of enzymes. Which were later broken down into all What will you do as a product? Carbohydrates From glucose to amino acids Protein to amino acids and oils Fatty acids and glycerol from fat Will arrange to convert. This whole Where is the part about this whole thing? Happening? This is happening in the small intestine. Everyone has a different role to play here. Will do. Okay? So if we say so What are both pancreatic juice and gastric juice? What kind of food will be digested? Simply Think. There will be sugar. Non-vegetarian There will be affection here too, just like sugar. Food must be digestible, it must be non-vegetarian. There will be affection. Every type of food will be digested. But what about the bile ducts? Will the lipids play a role in the rest? Don't do this, each part is different. Separate food items will be digested. What happens next? These N products are now ready to be absorbed. Arrangements must be made. Which digests everything I throw it away, passing through the small intestine and then What will happen to us? It is the absorption of nutrients. Will participate in the process. Then Where will you go? It will go away in a big way. Okay, so this part is in the small intestine. The digestion of food is very important. We have read a part of it. So let's see. Let's solve a little previous question. Sugars and the final digestion of non-vegetarian food The main role of the B part of the stimulus Analyze. So what is part B? Try it. Part B is this: The love of the small heart, that is, the sincere one I mean, the role is the main thing, it's the analysis. He says to do it, then look at Uddeep. We can see different X mentioned. The structure here is that liver X is Pay attention to what's happening at the party. Sincerely, this is from the Ampoule of Batter. Part X is coming to the lipid part. Explain the national food system. In the small intestine Oil or fat, i.e. lipid digestion Asked to explain. So look at what we've read so far. It has a summary. We are in the digestive process. Easy to absorb and use through I made the ingredients. So what happens here? Look at all the mechanical digestion, Chemical digestion and primary digestion Enzyme. Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth. Chewing and swallowing. The main role here Who observes? Maltose on top of starch. The main enzyme is tyalin. Stomach In this case, peristalsis occurs. This It is a mechanical process. Here basically That is, the meat is digested. And here it is. Sugar is. The main enzyme here is that It is pepsin. We come to the small intestine I saw three types of food in the small intestine. Digestion is normal. So pay attention here. What happens? Segmentation contraction and Peristalsis. These movements occur Here. What happens beyond this? Emulsification occurs. We discussed. Fatty acids and Turns into glycerol. Polypeptide is In amino acids. And disaccharides or Malts are converted into glucose. Beyond this What will happen? Bile salts are present in bile. Apart from this, look at trypsin, lipase, Amylase is the main enzyme. We discussed these functions. And What is a large donation? Big deal basically. And digestion can occur. There is something indigestible here. There is food. They are fatty acids. It turns out. And bacteria are the main ones here Plays a role. Okay then. Next, take a look and see if we have a question. If I say that in the light of the following stimulus, the next Answer the question. Lubricant lipase What causes what? Well, look. One is that we know that the lubricant lipase Due to fatty acids and glycerol Will be. It's true. Apart from that, there is another thing that Being a monoglyceride with fatty acids It could be. This is also true. That means one and The option that covers three or two together is That's correct. We must remember this. Affection takes part in the digestion of food. Which one? Lecithinase, lipase, collagenase. Okay? Both lecithinase and lipase are Affection participates in the digestion of food. Does not collagenize. Collagen is a protein. Does. On top of collagen fibers. Then one and two That is the correct answer. One and two i.e. lecithinase and lipase Which is the enzyme that digests fat? Look at the name. Note that renin and trypsin are pepsin and Collagenase Lipase Phospholipase Lipase Nucleotides. Lipase and phospholipase Which is that it is a fat digester Enzyme. We saw it here. Phospholipase and lipase. Okay? Then there's the question of sucrose. What does the enzyme break down sucrose into? Okay, so the three elements are one. Maltase acts on maltose. What does maltose actually do? Glucose Plus glucose. To make two molecules of glucose Arrange. Sucrose Sucrase also works on sucrose. What makes it? Glucose Plus Fructose And Lactase acts on lactose. What will it turn into glucose? Plus Galactose. So, pay attention to these three. We have to keep in mind that What will sucrose turn into? Glucose Plus it will turn into fructose. Okay? The last part is the large intestine. So the large intestine is our nutrient The last part of the drain. We said it. The length is around 1.5 meters. One and a half meters Like this. Okay. What were the parts? First Cecum Colon Rectum Okay then the parts We have already discussed it, Sicam. I told you to pay attention to the cecum part. The cecum is the length of the intestine. What happens in the colon? In the case of the colon, notice that this is Parts Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon OK Then the last thing is the rectum. Colon. Okay? Well then, the elder brother In the case, notice that it is behind Iliam. Extends from the anus. The meter Like we discuss each part. I threw it away. We just need to know the names. Bacterial action. So what is the job of the elders? What? In fact, there are many different types of donations. Acts as a reservoir for bacteria. A repository of various types of bacteria Works as. So here are about 500 Type There are bacteria. There are many of them for us. Helpful. We call them the ghats. Microbe. Okay? It is called gut microbes. So this is it. Gut microbes are basically Our food In the case of food, the roughage portion is present. Making feces from the impure parts And it turns out that our health is It helps maintain it by its side. There are many times when it is very beneficial If the gut acts as a floor, then 500 This is a type of bacteria Known as a reservoir of bacteria There is a storehouse of bacteria and it is mine. An environment of the village Trying to maintain it, okay? Well then what happens is this What kind of water helps in absorption? The part we mostly eat in the small intestine The remaining amount after the water is absorbed Up to 70 to 80% of it remains. In the small intestine Exploitation After 70 to 80% of the remaining water It absorbs it until. Plus what is it? Does? Some vitamins These types help in absorption. There is. Okay? Vitamin B can be, who Maybe they help with absorption. Vitamin B helps in the absorption of this type of vitamin. Helps. Well this is it. What else can work? Fecal production is about 350 350 ML Sorry Producing 350 grams of daily stool That is an important function of it. As it is, well, this little bit of leakage remains. What is happening here? What is happening here? It can secrete mucus here goblet. Goblet cells are the cells that secrete mucus. It can help him secrete mucus. Can you do that? The parts we have read so far Everything is part of who we are. I read the part about digestion in the small intestine. The different parts of the Great Dane are very close from here. There aren't many questions, then we just take a little bit. We have seen the part we are looking at now. That's another important topic. That is the absorption of food, then How does the absorption of food occur? Now we are discussing what happens in the place. I will do it. That you have been digesting until now. It prepares the food by digesting it, that is, Glucose is converted into amino acid Fatty acid glycerol is so much ready What to do with bitter gourd after it has been cooked? Its main function is to absorb The cell in which it is to be used. Arrange to reach If not, then digest. The whole process is in vain, okay? The process of absorption occurs after the digestion of food. The exploitation that takes place is of no consequence. What percentage of the small intestine is 90? Percent. The rest of the parts are large and It is digested. So the first question is That is why absorption occurs in the small intestine. Will it be? Why not exploit it somewhere else? We discussed this a little while ago. What is in the small intestine? It's in the villa. Surface area increases due to erosion. and all food is absorbed in the small intestine Happens. Okay. So what percentage is it? Almost 90%. Okay. Now if we do it one by one Let's try to understand what's really happening. Okay This is what is happening in the small intestine now that we feel Make sure the digestion process is complete. Gone. The digestive process is complete. Gone. Okay? Digestion completed We are here after it's over. Each part of the pancreas was separate. Does. We won't go into details now. So, look at this small intestine. All types of food items individually There will be. Is that so? Then We thought of these as sugars. We are remembering the parts that followed. That it is that meat and everyone's favorite Which is oil and fat. Well, these are the foods. Each individual small intestine Where will you come from? Where will you go? The absorption process is the most important. The ileum or the part of the ileum that is The absorption process in space is the most important thing we I assume that the diode is more likely to pass. Where is all the food going now? Now he is coming to Iliam. He is coming to Iliam. Think about what will happen next. In Iliam, we are in this place, food. Everything is coming together, we know that in the picture. It's happening everywhere here. Such finger-like projections into the small intestine Yes. He is all about projection. Whatever food was in the small intestine Everything is coming. All this food is coming. Now If we magnify it, it looks like this. The food items are here. Now this After arriving at the place, what kind of How will food be absorbed? Carbohydrates, proteins, Affection. Too much trouble with sugar Nothing to do. So carbohydrates and proteins The first thing they do is Either inactive or active Chooses a specific process. Any Through this process, the food items Will enter the cell. Inside this cell Will enter. Is it active? Inactive? Well, active means Go ahead and remember, you'll need ATP. And in the passive process, there is no ATP If he doesn't need it, he'll waste his energy. The absorption of nutrients is called active digestion. And if direct absorption without energy consumption If it happens, I would say it is inactive. Think about the food in the small intestine. This is coming to an end now. If nutrients need to be absorbed, Look at this place in the small intestine. The cells will have such villas within the cells. It will enter that villa. Carbohydrates and proteins without any hassle It will be absorbed from the small intestine very nicely. These cells will remain in the small intestine. In this cell Then they will all enter inside. We will help you understand a little. Let's change the color. Take each food individually. Here it is. They are entering inside. This is inside. Entered. What happens from here after that? The blood vessels inside this area Veins are blood vessels. Is that so? That here The veins are there. Here we are inside this small intestine Blood vessel, i.e. vein. These veins Coming through this road. I am of this vein. I gave the name. What vein? We will call this the portal vein. Think of it as this portal vein. These are all. Where did it all go? Where does food ultimately return here? It will come back, it will come back to the liver then. Sugar in this place And after the digestion of non-vegetarian food And after the digestion process of meat, they are easy What will you do? Inside the cells of the small intestine Will enter. After entering the cell From here they travel through all the veins in the veins. What will you do? Where did they get all the food? Will you come? It will be brought to the liver. In the liver What will happen to the sugars after they are brought? This will be stored as glycogen. The meat that comes here is meat that comes here. What will happen? There will be demotion. We are not reading. There will be demotion. Then The urea cycle will occur. All this happening here. Will start. So carbohydrates and proteins are very What are you doing, beautiful girl? Absorbed in the liver It may come. Who stops the gossip? The one who creates the problem It is oil and fat. So oil is fat? It's so easy to leave that the boss won't agree. These oils and fats are This oil is absorbed by fatty foods. The process is not exactly the same. No What is the reason for this? We know what it is. Oils and fats are insoluble in water. So first The problem is that this oil is so fatty. You can easily travel on this road. No. Because it is insoluble in water. Then The first thing he has to do in the water is is to make oil and fat soluble in water It is necessary. So after sugar Amish I If I say oily and fatty foods, What will happen in the case? Look at this place. We said we were coming here. After arriving Okay I'm assuming that this area is oily. All the national dishes are there. Now they Need to travel. To travel I couldn't do it fast. Then oil fat Since he cannot travel, he is You need to find a vehicle that He can easily fly through the water. You can do it. So it is soluble in water. Someone has to choose which oil to use. Can be connected. So this oil is fat The first thing it does is Bile salts. This bile salt, you think about it in your mind. Do it. We are showing off that such bile Salt. Oils and fats enter these bile salts. Goes. So the first thing you will do is oil and fat. That is the entry of bile salts. Will do. Now the name bile salt contains salt. Look carefully. Then it is in the water. Soluble or insoluble? Then bile salt Which was Bile salts. This Soluble in water. This soluble bile salt Oil and fats have penetrated inside. Ultimately, it is what is creating it. This structure is called a mycelium. Its What is the name? Myslee. So the first thing you did Oil fats are those that are micelles. Made it. They are very easy to make with Mycelium. From one place to another, that is The road to where exploitation will take place continues. You can go. Then consider this the absorption surface. After arriving at the place, come here and see these. Arrangements must be made for absorption. Then oil What will all the fat do? All along this road Coming here Oil fat in this place through micelles It will arrive. All oils and fats are micellar. The entrance came through. What will happen after arrival? Would you say? After coming here Who is this for? It is that big. Which are fatty acids. I am the youngest. I'm not talking about the case. The little ones are very easy. It goes through the process of spreading. The big ones What actually happens is up to you. Explaining. So this oil The fats will do what they do next, very nicely. From here, it jams inside these cells. Will enter. The oil and fats are on this road. Will enter. Then enter the absorbent cell Did it. Where are you from? In the small intestine. In the small intestine The oils and fats entered the absorbent cells. Who is it coming through? Through Miley. If Miceli hadn't come, she wouldn't have come. The micelles bring the oil and fat down here. After giving, they return again. To bring someone. Then take it from here. Going. Dropping here. Back again Coming. This is called ferrying. Like a ferry Crossing from one place to another Taking it. It's coming. Oil The fats were transferred to this place. Now this What happens to the oils and fats after they are in place? What you saw a moment ago is sugar and What are they like in the case of meat? Blood vessel It travels to the liver through the veins. Where does it go through the veins? In the liver It comes. Enter the portal circulation. That is, to enter the portal circulation The liver is coming through. But In the case of these oils and fats, they are not like this. Does not travel through veins. What they That is something in the small intestine. There are lymphatic vessels. Lymph in the small intestine Duct. Okay, let's show it in another color. Lymphatic vessels of the small intestine. This is it. The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine were The name of the lymphatic duct is lacteals. Then This oil is absorbed through the lymphatic ducts of the small intestine. Where do the fats go directly? They It does not go to the liver. The fats and oils do not go to the liver, which is what they are What it will do is go straight to the heart. Where does it go directly without going to the liver? They are entering the heart. How in the heart Enter? The lymph women are here with us. The jugular vein is the subclavian vein. Enters between two veins Then where will you go directly from here? If they enter the heart, then all these Where will you go from here? Where will it enter the heart? If you enter his heart, then we What I can say is that the oils and fats This was a very beautiful lymphatic vessel. This is the path through the lymphatic duct. Will go back again. What is being absorbed with? Lymphatic duct. Lymph What is the name of the canal? Lactis. Oils and fats are very important through this lymphatic system. Where does it go beautifully? Straight to the heart It will go away. After going to the heart, from the heart Then they will spread throughout the body. Okay? So, look at the oil and fat. It doesn't go to the liver, it goes to the heart first, then From the heart to the whole body Arrange. Okay, now here's another funny one. Things happen. Look inside these cells. After entering the oil and grease, after coming here What fats do again is There are no fatty acids or glycerol. Fatty The acid glycerols are all inert together again. It's done. They gathered again and said, It is made of cholesterol starch. Okay? Everything comes together. After they It takes on a new name. Fatty acids, Glycerin, cholesterol, whatever. Everything takes on a new name. These The name is chylomicron. What are these called? Their name is chylomicron. Then Through the lymphatic ducts or lacteals The road that travels through which oil and fat But its name is actually Kylo Micron. Its name is Kylo Micron. So take a look at this Kylo Micron. Where are they going straight to next? And Ultimately, these will come to the heart. This oil and fat all look so beautiful. Where are you going? In the heart. From the heart Then it will reach the whole body. Okay? Then look at the digestion of oil and fat. Its digestive process is different. If there is no emulsification, it will not work properly. Of The absorption process is different. Here Lacteals or lymphatic ducts are involved. Lymph Oil and fat are transported in the ducts. The rest The other elements are so complex in the case There is no process. Okay, then what are we going to do? I learned that if I simplify it, If you try, you will understand now. Look at the sugars, what is glucose in sugar? Fructose galactose that we consume It is active absorption or diffusion of any Where does it go through the process? After passing through the small intestine, the From here through the portal circulation system Where does the portal circulation go? What is the definition of Tantra Portal Circulation? You must have learned two things here the hard way. One of the hormones that acts as insulin is Another one is gluco leucocorticoid. We will keep the names of the two. Non-vegetarian Process. Pay attention to meat too. Look what happens with meat? From meat It is an amino acid. What process is this? Through? This is due to digestion. What are you doing with your digestion? Amino acids You have arranged to make it. Same here. Was. This is through digestion of simple sugars. Then it will be active absorption or diffusion. Now A hormone will play a role here. Setter The name is thyroxine. There was insulin and Glucocorticoid. Here is thyroxine. After this What will happen? The duodenum and Jejunum. Where will it go from there? In the portal circulation system. Portal circulation Tantra means that simple things become the same. It is going to the liver. Okay When it comes to fats and oils, pay attention to this. Very different. So the first thing is oil. The small ones in the fat were small fatty ones. Acid glycerol star diffusion process The portal can be accessed through. Those little ones, that is, sugars, are like proteins. But the big thing is that What happens first during digestion? Monofatty acids and monoglycerides. This Through the process of spreading things Where are you going first? In the process of spreading Mycelia formation with the addition of bile salts and The absorbent will enter the cell. Here a little while ago I'm showing you guys my love, right? This is it. Micelle is forming. Here is the mycelial bile. Making Miley with salt. What will they do after adding mycelium? The absorbent entered the cell. In the absorptive cell The first thing you will create after logging in That is chylomicron. Isn't that right? Chylomicron. We are reading a little earlier. Chyloamine. What? So Kylo Mamicron How is it made? Look at triglycerides, Cholesterol, phospholipids, everything together The name of what is formed by joining is Chylomicron. What is Kylon doing now? Will you go? Look at the lymphatic ducts. Lactational. Through the fallopian tubes or lacteals Kylon will travel. So here is one. The process is called exocytosis. What is exocytosis? Look at the outside of this cell. It's coming towards. Absorbent cells are This one. This is an absorptive cell. In this place What you see is this. Absorbent cells. When this happens inside the absorbing cell, it Fast entered here. Then from here Out into the lacteals or lasican ducts Entered. So from here to here It's coming out, not out of the cell. That's why This is called exocytosis. So look at the process of exocytosis. What are they doing after coming through the Ultimate will enter the lacteals and from here It will go to the heart. Water absorption in water Mainly in the small intestine in the process Most of it is absorbed, then the rest is left over. Some of it is exploited through conflict. It is actively absorbed by minerals and salts. Where is the small intestine then it is in the head? It has to be kept active, that means it's an absorption. Here ATP Or it takes energy, keep that in mind. In the case of vitamins, we are talking about Some are fat soluble, meaning they are oils and fats. Absorption with the help of bile salts is definitely needed. Look, ADE is very important. Very important for MCQs and Vitamins B and C are water soluble. They are in the process of diffusion and active absorption. Ultimately small intestine or small intestine He was exploited by going to Iliam. Then we are important. Foods that are in the absorption process Discusses their absorption process I lost it. Then, with the part that follows, We will discuss that it is something in the kitchen. Hormones play an important role. That We're here a little bit about the roles of hormones. We will discuss. What are? Gastrin, Secretin, cholecystokinin, Somatostatin, pancreatic, Polypeptides are important. Others include somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide we I have already discussed the pancreas. So which one is the remaining three? Gastin, Secretin, cholecystokinin. Secretin It is the first hormone discovered. Well these are Calling them all by a common name. Tell them It is a local hormone. Why local hormones? Because the place where it originates Either works around it. Well how? Does it work? Let's understand this a little. When we are studying the structure of the stomach, we The layer inside the stomach that we mentioned Stomach mucosa. In this mucosa we said There are gastric glands. The gastric glands contain G cells. A hormone is confirmed from the G cells. Which one The name is Gastrin What is confirmed from V cells? Gastrin. This is important. So what is the function of gastrin? Gastrin The work is done by the gastric glands. Gastric juice from the gastric glands Increases the amount of secretion. This is happening. His greatest work. So gastrin The work is done by the gastric glands. Gastric Juice Increase secretion. This is the most Important function of gastrin. So this Gastrin is a hormone. This Gastrin is a hormone. Where is it? Can it be obtained from? In the G cells of the stomach. The gastrin hormone from the stomach cells It acts on the gastric glands. Does. And what happens because of that? Gastric Juice secretion increases. That Gastric juice contains many things. You know that hydrochloric acid exists, It contains pepsinogen and prodenine. More There are many, many things. Everything will grow. The amount of gastric juice increased. Okay? Then When the food item is non-vegetarian in this place When the food arrives or any type of food Actually because of the G cells G cells It will increase the amount of gastrin. It will increase the amount of gastrin. Then The more gastrin there is, the more gastric Too much juice or hydrochloric acid There will be leakage. Pepsinogen is secreted more and more. Will be. These help in later digestion of meat. Will do. Okay, now the food is non-vegetarian or any Types of digestion that end in the stomach When it finishes in the stomach, Will enter the small intestine. In the small intestine What will happen when it arrives? After reaching the small intestine, look carefully at this The cells from which the gastrin hormone or This is due to the mixing of gastric juices. The amount of hydrochloric acid in it This hydrochloric acid is not too much. Since it is high, the environment in this place How would it be? It must be acidic. The environment will be this environment in this place. Whenever it comes to the small intestine after coming Is it that the environment in the small intestine is no longer sterile? The type of environment here will be alkaline. Will the creation be acidic or not? Then when food The object is moving to this place. My two There is important work to do. One is this. To block gastrin. That is, gastrin should no longer be secreted. Another thing to do is Here We have been reading this place for a while. There is a gland like a leaf. Which is called What? Pancreas. From this pancreas that The secretion that is there is pancreatic secretion. What to do? You have to pay more. Pancreas The amount of enzymes that are present What to do from here? You have to pay more. Okay? Then What work needs to be done? Then This place is too much so that the pancreas To avoid leakage, it is necessary to NCO it. The hormone that works on us is called Secretin. Its name is secretin. So what is the function of secretin? You see. There is a secret in the name. Secretion means To increase secretion. Then from the pancreas From the pancreas due to secretin Increased bicarbonate ion secretion Will go. So here is more and more Bicarbonate ions will be secreted. Pancreas From. Bicarbonate will come. Then Look what happens when bicarbonate comes in. It's happening. This is from here. Hydrochloric acid was coming. It neutralizes hydrochloric acid. I won't give it. So what is bicarbonate doing? Deactivating hydrochloric acid. It is soothing. So here is one. They arranged to create an alkaline environment. What else will do is the pancreas. What is the amount of pancreatic juice secreted from it? Will you? Will give an increase. Then from the pancreas This is where the pancreatic juice will come in. Because of whom? Because of secretin. Secretin's function I saw. I saw the work of Gastrin. Okay Now you've just read about the digestion of fats and oils. An important element to make What is that called? Its name is Pittaras. Okay. So where was the bile stored? Eagle Not in the bladder, but in the gallbladder. The bile was in the cystic duct and upward. What was it? Sorry, just a little more. It should be arranged to draw well. Otherwise, it will seem that the liver and the spleen are separate parts. Coming apart I got a part from here. After this I made the place common. Now look carefully from this place. Gallbladder That means arrangements must be made to bring bile. So whose role is it to bring bile? Need it? What you need to bring bile That's called cholecystokinin. In the lap Cysto canine. So what is cholecystokinin? Does? Cholecystokinin is secreted Gallbladder Shrinks. When cholecystokinin It will contract the gallbladder from here. Very beautiful, like the pittaras, very beautiful across this road. It will come out beautifully. Then the bile will come. What will happen because of this? Bile salts will come. As a result of coming Oily and fatty foods are very easy to Emulsification will become easier. Then The function of cholecystokinin is to secrete bile. Increases secretion. And at the same time, he has more There is a name for it. Pancreatin. That is, what it will do. That is the enzyme from the pancreas. It will also increase secretion. Look at the work of secretin. Bicarbonate from the pancreas Increases secretion. And cholecystokinin The job is to bring bile juice from here. and Simultaneous secretion of enzymes from the pancreas It increases. So when from the pancreas The enzymes will come and the bile will come then Oily and fatty foods and carbohydrates Everything will be digested. And because of secretin Bicarbonate is coming. That bicarbonate What will hydrochloric acid do? It will neutralize. Then it is important. We looked at the functions of three hormones. Gastrin. Due to gastrin Gastric juice secretion will increase. Okay? Secretin. Secretin has a job. Increases bicarbonate secretion. Another one Secretin is what gastrin is. What makes it so beautiful? Will stop. Secretin will inhibit gastrin. That's not Can't work anymore. Stop it. So Gastric juice secretion will decrease. Plus this Secretin is the bicarbonate that is present. Hydrochloric acid is secreted It will neutralize. Cholecystokinin The action is cholecystokinin. The meaning of the lap is that with the gallbladder Relationship. Then it will shrink. Results It is going to be a very beautiful secretion of bile. Plus pancreozymin at the same time. To bring enzymes from the pancreas Arrangements were made. So there are three of us. I am looking at the work of local hormones. What else is there? Is there? Somatostatin is found in the pancreas. We were reading about the functions of the polypeptides. Okay, so let's see if we can find the gastrin hormone. I saw the name. Its function is gastric. It increases the secretion of juice. Juice hydrochloric acid is secreted by these Will give an increase. Secretin is doing its job. It will increase the secretion of bicarbonate. Right. Is there? From where? From the pancreas. Okay? What does pancreatin do? Plus it will help in the secretion of bile. Enzymes from the pancreas This enzyme will release somatostatin. Alpha and beta cells that secrete it Control What do we do with pancreatic polypeptide? I know it's pancreatic secretions that are there. Reduces the secretion. It reduces theft and provides for it. Of What else is out there? See how many more there are. Note enterokinin, peptide YY, enterogastry, Enterocrine, deocrine, vilikainin, Vesti Intestinal Peptide. All of these There are different types of local hormones that Works in various places. Among these Remember one thing. Ghrelin. This makes us hungry. Hunger. Relationship with Grillin' Hungry. Okay? Ghrelin causes R peptide Y Y This is the peptide. Y Y or pancreatic polypeptide What is there is sati, that is, My stomach is full of this feeling. Pancreatic polypeptide is responsible Or peptide Y works both ways. Now look, a question is coming to us. The indigestible part of the food enters the colon. This structure is within a structure with a cylindrical shell. Although part of the alimentary canal, it is similar to the digestive tract. Important circular role of The role is secondary to OK, which means participating in the preparation. Do not do the mentioned shalil in the vidhansha uddipak. Role of hormones in the cyclic process Give your opinion about it and then see. Which one is the process of the cycle of life? The role of hormones in digestion Discussing gastrin Secretin, cholecystokinin, and other types The role of hormones needs to be discussed. The last part we will discuss That is grounding. A long time from here MCQs are coming. In our present day, very A common problem is that of landlessness. So what actually happens in obesity? Look carefully. If 20% or more of body weight We call fat accumulation obesity. Treatment The part of science that discusses this That's called bariatrics. The word You have to keep an eye on it. What is the standard? How do we Measure? It is measured by BMI. Body mass Index weight in kg What do we call this? Weight in kg divided Bye Height in meters squared. Is that so? Square meter. Is that so? As long as it is square. We use this to measure BMI. So what is the normal value? These values We must remember. This is MCQ. Very important for. When are we obese? I will tell you. Is that so? Normal weight is up to 24.9 25 to 29.9 What is being overweight? And if it goes above 30, it's obesity. I will tell you. My death is a tragedy. Okay? And give me more. If it is 40, it is the third dimension or Morbis. Okay Then there are many causes of obesity. We can take a look at the reasons. One It could be genetics. Gender pregnancy It can be caused by various diseases, from medicines Can. These are the most important. Apart from this, our sedentary lifestyle, Emotion, Sleep deprivation is what makes it difficult to function. Can. Okay? There are some diseases such as hormonal Illness. Polycystic ovarian syndrome, What happens if you have hypothyroidism? Can? There can be different types of obesity. Some medications are anti-depressant drugs. What happens when you play these a lot? Weight gain Can go. So this obesity thing Complications can develop. What are? The most common is coronary heart disease. That means it could be a heart attack. Different types The chance of cancer increases. Cologne Cancer, breast cancer, these are The chance of stroke increases. Sleep apnea The nose that snores a lot while sleeping It's called obstructive sleep apnea. Apnea. It could be too much weight. Due to pressure on the bone, sometimes Will the weight gainer develop osteoarthritis? The more common cause is type 2. Diabetes, high blood pressure, etc. Infertility and being Gallbladder stones are caused by this. If it is due to obesity, then many We discussed the party. So how can we prevent it? First, The work that is done is that a few headlines We will remember that it is dietary. We will change our eating habits. Two The number one thing is alcohol. I will avoid it. Then try medication. I can do it if it's not because of my lifestyle. Some of the medicines are named in it. These are Orlistat, Phentermine, Lorcaserin. Then the last 16 treatments, that is Surgery can be performed. Remember the names. I will keep it. Gastric bypass, Gastric sleeve Laparoscopic Adjustable Just look at the names of gastric banding. I will keep it. Then some hormones also sometimes Can act as a magic bullet. Gives What is that magic bullet? It's GI. There are some hormones, these are magic bullets. Can work as. Okay. So this was it. Digestion in our today's Biology Express And from the absorption chapter. In this part we Important for your exam The topics We discussed it one by one and with it Related questions from previous years We tried to correlate them. I hope that after today's lecture, you In the upcoming exams Your concept will be clear and Based on this, you can ask questions. You can give the answers. In front of you Best wishes for the journey. Thank you. Everyone.