The French Revolution was significant in ending monarchy in France and led to the establishment of new governance systems based on liberty, freedom, and equality.
Declaration of the Rights of Man introduced the concept of individual rights and equality, influencing politics and revolutions worldwide.
The revolution inspired anti-colonial movements in India, China, Africa, and South America, promoting innovative ideas.
Rumors of the king's army firing on citizens led to the storming of Bastille on July 14, 1789, marking the revolution's beginning.
French Society in the Late 18th Century
French society was divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and common people (third estate).
The third estate was burdened with taxes, while the first two enjoyed privileges.
Economic distress and high bread prices led to widespread discontent.
The Rise of the Middle Class
The middle class emerged, gaining wealth from trade and manufacturing.
Philosophers like Locke and Rousseau inspired ideas of a society based on merit and equal laws.
The Outbreak of Revolution
Louis XVI attempted to impose new taxes leading to protests.
Formation of National Assembly by the third estate in June 1789 to draft a constitution, abolishing feudal privileges.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
The 1791 Constitution limited monarchical power by establishing a separation of powers.
Only wealthy men were given voting rights, leading to discontent among poorer citizens.
The Reign of Terror
Robespierre led the radical phase of the revolution, enforcing strict control and using the guillotine.
The Jacobins, led by Robespierre, abolished the monarchy and established a republic.
Women in the Revolution
Women were active participants, demanding equal rights.
The revolutionary government initially introduced laws favoring women but later repressed political activities by women.
Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women's rights and was executed for her views.
Abolition of Slavery
The Jacobin regime abolished slavery in the French colonies, though briefly reinstated by Napoleon.
Everyday Life Changes
Post-revolution, censorship was abolished, promoting freedom of speech and a vibrant press.
Conclusion
The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity from the French Revolution spread across Europe, influencing political changes and movements globally.
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power post-revolution, initially seen as a liberator but later as an invader.