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Explain the role of tRNA and rRNA in protein synthesis.
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tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome (rRNA) based on the codon sequence of mRNA, facilitating the assembly of polypeptides.
Define and give examples of non-Mendelian genetics.
Non-Mendelian genetics include incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, and multiple alleles. For example, blood type exhibits multiple alleles and codominance.
Explain the hierarchical levels of biological organization from cells to the biosphere.
Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biome -> Biosphere.
What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is the significance of ecological succession in ecosystems?
Ecological succession is the process of community development over time, starting with pioneer species in primary succession and following a disturbance in secondary succession, leading to a stable climax community.
What are the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in virus reproduction?
The lytic cycle involves the direct takeover of the host cell's machinery to produce new viruses, leading to cell lysis, while the lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome, which replicates along with the host cell without immediate lysis.
Describe the phases of the cell cycle.
G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (prep for division), M (mitosis and cytokinesis). Checkpoints regulate progress, involving proteins like Cdk, cyclin, and p53.
Explain the structure of a cell membrane.
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer containing polar heads and nonpolar tails, proteins, and cholesterol. It controls the entry and exit of substances to maintain homeostasis.
What are the key characteristics of life?
Characteristics of life include being made of cells, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.
Describe the process of enzyme denaturation and what causes it.
Enzyme denaturation occurs when an enzyme loses its functional shape due to being outside its optimal temperature or pH range.
What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces identical diploid body cells through stages (PMAT), while meiosis produces haploid gametes, involves two rounds of division, and includes crossing over during prophase I.
List the steps and enzymes involved in DNA replication.
Steps: Unwinding by helicase, primer setting by primase, strand building by DNA polymerase (5' to 3'), connecting Okazaki fragments by ligase.
Explain the importance of crossing over during meiosis.
Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
What are the four major macromolecules and their building blocks?
Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), lipids (fatty acids & glycerol), proteins (amino acids), nucleic acids (nucleotides).
Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into glucose, which is then broken down during cellular respiration to produce ATP. These processes are interdependent.
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