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Name: KEY
# Fetal Pig Dissection Group Questions
Day 1:
1. Record the group roles in the chart below. To make sure you understand your roles, there are
some trickier questions included!
2. Label anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial on the fetal pigs below. You only
need to label each term once. Feel free to use lines and arrows to demonstrate each location.
Group Role Student Name
Dissector Answers vary
Recorder Answers vary
Manager Answers vary
Assistant Answers vary
Which group member should ensure that the dissector
and recorder complete the necessary tasks? Answers vary (manager)
Which group member should be wearing gloves? Answers vary (dissector)
Which group member will clean up once the dissection
is over? Answers vary (assistant)
Which group member should audibly read the
information on the Slides to the rest of the team? Answers vary (manager)
Which group member will record group answers on
this page? Answers vary (recorder)
Think: Which group members should be involved in
developing the answers to the questions on this page? All members!
# dorsal
# ventral
# anterior
# posterior
# lateral
> medial
Name: KEY
# Fetal Pig Dissection Group Questions
Day 1:
1. Record the group roles in the chart below. To make sure you understand your roles, there are
some trickier questions included!
2. Label anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial on the fetal pigs below. You only
need to label each term once. Feel free to use lines and arrows to demonstrate each location.
Group Role Student Name
Dissector Answers vary
Recorder Answers vary
Manager Answers vary
Assistant Answers vary
Which group member should ensure that the dissector
and recorder complete the necessary tasks? Answers vary (manager)
Which group member should be wearing gloves? Answers vary (dissector)
Which group member will clean up once the dissection
is over? Answers vary (assistant)
Which group member should audibly read the
information on the Slides to the rest of the team? Answers vary (manager)
Which group member will record group answers on
this page? Answers vary (recorder)
Think: Which group members should be involved in
developing the answers to the questions on this page? All members!
# dorsal
# ventral
# anterior
# posterior
# lateral
> medial
# oooh 3. Label the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities in the pig diagram below.
4. Based upon your background of the human body, match each body cavity to the organs that it
will contain. Your choices are cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and
spinal cavity .
____________ thoracic __________ heart, lungs, thymus gland, and thyroid gland
____________ pelvic ____________ reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum
____________ cranial ___________ brain
____________ spinal ____________ spinal cord
____________ abdominal ________ stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
5. In the pictures of the fetal pig below, you are going to use highlighters to draw lines showing
the different body planes. Your lines should run the full length of the pig. Use pink highlighter to
show how you would cut the pig in half along a sagittal plane, green highlighter to show how
you would cut the pig in half along a transverse plane, and blue highlighter to show how you
would cut the pig in half along a frontal plane.
# Cranial
# Thoracic
# Abdominal
# Pelvic
3. Label the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities in the pig diagram below.
4. Based upon your background of the human body, match each body cavity to the organs that it
will contain. Your choices are cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and
spinal cavity .
____________ thoracic __________ heart, lungs, thymus gland, and thyroid gland
____________ pelvic ____________ reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum
____________ cranial ___________ brain
____________ spinal ____________ spinal cord
____________ abdominal ________ stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
5. In the pictures of the fetal pig below, you are going to use highlighters to draw lines showing
the different body planes. Your lines should run the full length of the pig. Use pink highlighter to
show how you would cut the pig in half along a sagittal plane, green highlighter to show how
you would cut the pig in half along a transverse plane, and blue highlighter to show how you
would cut the pig in half along a frontal plane.
# Cranial
# Thoracic
# Abdominal
# Pelvic
# Joe 6. Based on the length of your specimen, how many days post fertilization was your fetal pig
harvested?
Answers will vary
7. Label the snout and pinnae on this fetal pig. Draw the teats, urogenital opening (male pig),
urogenital opening (female pig), and umbilical cord on this pig. Label them as well. When you
are finished, you should have 6 structures labeled.
8. Is your pig a male or a female? How do you know?
Answers vary can be determined by looking at the location of the urogenital opening
(closer to umbilical cord in males; closer to anus in females)
9. How is a pigs integument similar to ours? How is a pigs integument different than ours?
Like us, pigs have sweat glands and their hair structure is like ours (root, follicle, shaft).
Unlike our integument, pigs dont have enough sweat glands to do evaporative cooling.
10. Where do you see the highest concentration of hair on the integument of the pig?
Answers vary my pig had the highest concentration on the top of its head, rump, and
around its eyes.
11. Label the diagram of the integument. Include hair follicle, hair root, hair shaft, and sudoriferous
gland.
# Sudoriferous gland
# Hair shaft
# Hair root
# Hair follicle
snout
pinna
teats
umbilical
cord
urogenital
opening (male)
urogenital
opening
(female)
6. Based on the length of your specimen, how many days post fertilization was your fetal pig
harvested?
Answers will vary
7. Label the snout and pinnae on this fetal pig. Draw the teats, urogenital opening (male pig),
urogenital opening (female pig), and umbilical cord on this pig. Label them as well. When you
are finished, you should have 6 structures labeled.
8. Is your pig a male or a female? How do you know?
Answers vary can be determined by looking at the location of the urogenital opening
(closer to umbilical cord in males; closer to anus in females)
9. How is a pigs integument similar to ours? How is a pigs integument different than ours?
Like us, pigs have sweat glands and their hair structure is like ours (root, follicle, shaft).
Unlike our integument, pigs dont have enough sweat glands to do evaporative cooling.
10. Where do you see the highest concentration of hair on the integument of the pig?
Answers vary my pig had the highest concentration on the top of its head, rump, and
around its eyes.
11. Label the diagram of the integument. Include hair follicle, hair root, hair shaft, and sudoriferous
gland.
# Sudoriferous gland
# Hair shaft
# Hair root
# Hair follicle
snout
pinna
teats
umbilical
cord
urogenital
opening (male)
urogenital
opening
(female)
# seem 12. In the following diagram, label the muscle, bone, and tendon.
13. A fetus does not breathe or eat, yet still requires oxygen and nutrients and still creates waste
products such as CO 2. How do the umbilical artery and vein solve the fetuss need for oxygen,
nutrients, and waste removal?
The umbilical cord delivers oxygen and nutrients to the fetal pig from the mothers oxygen
and nutrient supply. The umbilical cord also removes waste, such as carbon dioxide, from
the fetal pig.
14. What is the peritoneum? What is its function?
The peritoneum is an epithelial tissue membrane that lines the abdominal (and thoracic)
cavity. It pads and insulates organs, holds the organs in place, and secretes a lubricating
fluid on the organs so that they can move around without experiencing friction.
15. Pigs are omnivores, meaning they eat both plant and animal matter. Which tooth type would
help them to nibble on grass, leaves, or other plant matter?
Incisors are best designed to nibble or bite into food, especially since they are at the front
of the mouth.
16. Which tooth type would help a pig to break grass and straw down to a pulp that is easy to
swallow?
Molars are good at grinding food.
17. What is the difference between the hard and soft palate?
The hard palate has ridges and has bone behind it. The soft palate is smooth, further back
in the mouth, and has only muscle and soft tissue behind it.
# bone
# muscle
# tendon
12. In the following diagram, label the muscle, bone, and tendon.
13. A fetus does not breathe or eat, yet still requires oxygen and nutrients and still creates waste
products such as CO 2. How do the umbilical artery and vein solve the fetuss need for oxygen,
nutrients, and waste removal?
The umbilical cord delivers oxygen and nutrients to the fetal pig from the mothers oxygen
and nutrient supply. The umbilical cord also removes waste, such as carbon dioxide, from
the fetal pig.
14. What is the peritoneum? What is its function?
The peritoneum is an epithelial tissue membrane that lines the abdominal (and thoracic)
cavity. It pads and insulates organs, holds the organs in place, and secretes a lubricating
fluid on the organs so that they can move around without experiencing friction.
15. Pigs are omnivores, meaning they eat both plant and animal matter. Which tooth type would
help them to nibble on grass, leaves, or other plant matter?
Incisors are best designed to nibble or bite into food, especially since they are at the front
of the mouth.
16. Which tooth type would help a pig to break grass and straw down to a pulp that is easy to
swallow?
Molars are good at grinding food.
17. What is the difference between the hard and soft palate?
The hard palate has ridges and has bone behind it. The soft palate is smooth, further back
in the mouth, and has only muscle and soft tissue behind it.
# bone
# muscle
# tendon
# oleg 18. How many lobes did the liver of your pig have? Is this more or less lobes than a human liver
has?
The liver should have 5 lobes, although many students struggle to find all 5 (and thats
okay!). 5 is more than a human liver.
19. Accessory organs within our digestive system are the organs that are not part of the digestive
tract (food does not pass through them) but play an important role in digestion. Is the liver an
accessory organ of the digestive system? Why or why not?
The liver is an accessory organ of the digestive system. Food does not enter the liver AND
it plays a major role in digestion b producing bile, which helps us to break down fats.
20. The stomach is made of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes involuntarily. How does this
detail of its anatomy fit its physiology? In other words, how does this layout help it to perform
its job?
The stomach mechanically digests food by churning. In order to churn, the stomach needs
to be made of muscle!
21. What consequence would there be if a persons pyloric sphincter was too tight and rigid,
unable to relax and open?
If the pyloric sphincter was tight and rigid, it would be very difficult for food to pass from
the stomach to the small intestine. The individual would likely vomit a lot and be unable to
obtain nutrients.
22. Look at the picture of villi provided in the Slides. Why does it make sense that there are veins
and arteries (blood vessels) close to the surface in each villi?
The villi increase surface area so that nutrients in the small intestine can be absorbed into
the bloodstream . These blood vessels are a direct pathway into the bloodstream.
23. Think about what you observed in the intestines. Why is the large intestine referred to as
large , and the small intestine referred to as small .
The large intestine is wider than the small intestine. The small intestine is very narrow.
24. Put the following organs of the gastrointestinal tract in order. Included within this list are a few
accessory organs (not part of the gastrointestinal tract because food does not enter them).
Write the 3 accessory organs in the box. Organs to choose from: gallbladder, esophagus,
rectum, small intestine, pancreas, stomach, mouth, large intestine, liver, anus, pyloric
sphincter
Accessory organs:
Gallbladder,
pancreas, liver
Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine pyloric
sphincter large intestine rectum anus
18. How many lobes did the liver of your pig have? Is this more or less lobes than a human liver
has?
The liver should have 5 lobes, although many students struggle to find all 5 (and thats
okay!). 5 is more than a human liver.
19. Accessory organs within our digestive system are the organs that are not part of the digestive
tract (food does not pass through them) but play an important role in digestion. Is the liver an
accessory organ of the digestive system? Why or why not?
The liver is an accessory organ of the digestive system. Food does not enter the liver AND
it plays a major role in digestion b producing bile, which helps us to break down fats.
20. The stomach is made of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes involuntarily. How does this
detail of its anatomy fit its physiology? In other words, how does this layout help it to perform
its job?
The stomach mechanically digests food by churning. In order to churn, the stomach needs
to be made of muscle!
21. What consequence would there be if a persons pyloric sphincter was too tight and rigid,
unable to relax and open?
If the pyloric sphincter was tight and rigid, it would be very difficult for food to pass from
the stomach to the small intestine. The individual would likely vomit a lot and be unable to
obtain nutrients.
22. Look at the picture of villi provided in the Slides. Why does it make sense that there are veins
and arteries (blood vessels) close to the surface in each villi?
The villi increase surface area so that nutrients in the small intestine can be absorbed into
the bloodstream . These blood vessels are a direct pathway into the bloodstream.
23. Think about what you observed in the intestines. Why is the large intestine referred to as
large , and the small intestine referred to as small .
The large intestine is wider than the small intestine. The small intestine is very narrow.
24. Put the following organs of the gastrointestinal tract in order. Included within this list are a few
accessory organs (not part of the gastrointestinal tract because food does not enter them).
Write the 3 accessory organs in the box. Organs to choose from: gallbladder, esophagus,
rectum, small intestine, pancreas, stomach, mouth, large intestine, liver, anus, pyloric
sphincter
Accessory organs:
Gallbladder,
pancreas, liver
Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine pyloric
sphincter large intestine rectum anus
# oooo 25. The pancreas is located near the small intestine. Why is this important to the function of the
pancreas?
The pancreas creates enzymes that it dumps into the small intestine to help with the
process of digestion.
26. In the chart below, fill in the digestive organ or structure that each statement is describing.
Some structures will be used more than once: liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, rugae,
small intestine, pyloric sphincter, villi, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, pancreas,
mesentery
Description Digestive Organ
Anchors the organs of the abdomen to the abdominal
wall (so they dont fall out) Mesentery
Mechanically digests food by churning Stomach
Full of healthy bacteria that aid digestion Large intestine
Stores feces until defecation can occur; absorbs water
from feces Rectum
Passes food from the mouth to the stomach Esophagus
Produces insulin as part of the endocrine system Pancreas
Folds inside the stomach that increase its surface area Rugae
Increase the surface area of the small intestine Villi
Also known as the colon Large intestine
Creates enzymes that aid digestion and puts them into
the small intestine Pancreas (or liver)
Stores bile produced by the liver and passes it to the
small intestine Gallbladder
Round muscle that controls when food passes from
the stomach to small intestine Pyloric sphincter
Absorbs water from digested food Large intestine
Creates bile; breaks down toxins in our blood Liver
Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the
bloodstream Small intestine
Finger -like projections inside the small intestine Villi
Chemically digests food with gastric fluid Stomach
25. The pancreas is located near the small intestine. Why is this important to the function of the
pancreas?
The pancreas creates enzymes that it dumps into the small intestine to help with the
process of digestion.
26. In the chart below, fill in the digestive organ or structure that each statement is describing.
Some structures will be used more than once: liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, rugae,
small intestine, pyloric sphincter, villi, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, pancreas,
mesentery
Description Digestive Organ
Anchors the organs of the abdomen to the abdominal
wall (so they dont fall out) Mesentery
Mechanically digests food by churning Stomach
Full of healthy bacteria that aid digestion Large intestine
Stores feces until defecation can occur; absorbs water
from feces Rectum
Passes food from the mouth to the stomach Esophagus
Produces insulin as part of the endocrine system Pancreas
Folds inside the stomach that increase its surface area Rugae
Increase the surface area of the small intestine Villi
Also known as the colon Large intestine
Creates enzymes that aid digestion and puts them into
the small intestine Pancreas (or liver)
Stores bile produced by the liver and passes it to the
small intestine Gallbladder
Round muscle that controls when food passes from
the stomach to small intestine Pyloric sphincter
Absorbs water from digested food Large intestine
Creates bile; breaks down toxins in our blood Liver
Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the
bloodstream Small intestine
Finger -like projections inside the small intestine Villi
Chemically digests food with gastric fluid Stomach
# open 27. Using the information provided by the slides, label each organ of the urinary system.
Structures to include in your diagram: ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, kidneys, and renal
arteries/veins
28. How do the renal artery, kidney, and renal vein work together to convert unclean blood to
filtered blood?
The renal arteries deliver blood to the kidneys that needs to be cleaned. The kidneys filter
that blood (creating urine). The renal veins return the newly cleaned blood to the
bloodstream.
29. Explain how the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to remove urine
from the body.
The kidneys filter blood, but create urine as a waste product. Urine trickles down the
ureters to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder contracts and urine is forced down the
urethra and out of the body.
30. Using the information provided by the slides, label the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis,
and ureter of the kidney below.
# kidneys
# ureter
# urinary bladder
# urethra
# renal arteries &
# veins
# renal cortex
# renal medulla
# renal pelvis
# ureter
27. Using the information provided by the slides, label each organ of the urinary system.
Structures to include in your diagram: ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, kidneys, and renal
arteries/veins
28. How do the renal artery, kidney, and renal vein work together to convert unclean blood to
filtered blood?
The renal arteries deliver blood to the kidneys that needs to be cleaned. The kidneys filter
that blood (creating urine). The renal veins return the newly cleaned blood to the
bloodstream.
29. Explain how the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to remove urine
from the body.
The kidneys filter blood, but create urine as a waste product. Urine trickles down the
ureters to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder contracts and urine is forced down the
urethra and out of the body.
30. Using the information provided by the slides, label the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis,
and ureter of the kidney below.
# kidneys
# ureter
# urinary bladder
# urethra
# renal arteries &
# veins
# renal cortex
# renal medulla
# renal pelvis
# ureter
# ooooh 31. The word hypo means below. The word hyper means above. The hormones produced by
the thyroid gland stimulate metabolism and burning of calories. What do you expect would
happen if someone had hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism ?
Hypothyroidism: This person would have an extremely slow metabolism. They
would likely have a low appetite or be overweight.
Hyperthyroidism: This person would have an extremely fast metabolism. They
would likely be hungry frequently and I would not expect them to be overweight
32. Based upon the fast facts about the thymus gland, what is one reason that people are more
susceptible to getting sick as they get older?
The thymus gland shrinks as a person ages! As this gland shrinks, it is likely that less T
cells are produced and matured.
33. In the chart below and on the next page, fill in the organ or structure that each statement is
describing. Some structures will be used more than once: renal arteries, renal veins, kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, adrenal glands,
spleen, thymus gland, thyroid gland
Description Organ/Structure
Narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder Ureter
Creates hormones that regulate metabolism Thyroid gland
Outer layer of the kidney Renal cortex
Deliver unclean blood to the kidneys Renal vein
Removes old, damaged red blood cells from the
bloodstream Spleen
Muscular sac that stores urine until urination can occur Urinary bladder
Where T cells are trained and matured Thymus gland
Filter blood by removing waste and excess water to
create urine Kidneys
Produces white blood cells during an infection Spleen (or thymus gland)
Inner layer of the kidney Renal medulla
Shrinks as you age Thymus
31. The word hypo means below. The word hyper means above. The hormones produced by
the thyroid gland stimulate metabolism and burning of calories. What do you expect would
happen if someone had hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism ?
Hypothyroidism: This person would have an extremely slow metabolism. They
would likely have a low appetite or be overweight.
Hyperthyroidism: This person would have an extremely fast metabolism. They
would likely be hungry frequently and I would not expect them to be overweight
32. Based upon the fast facts about the thymus gland, what is one reason that people are more
susceptible to getting sick as they get older?
The thymus gland shrinks as a person ages! As this gland shrinks, it is likely that less T
cells are produced and matured.
33. In the chart below and on the next page, fill in the organ or structure that each statement is
describing. Some structures will be used more than once: renal arteries, renal veins, kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, adrenal glands,
spleen, thymus gland, thyroid gland
Description Organ/Structure
Narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder Ureter
Creates hormones that regulate metabolism Thyroid gland
Outer layer of the kidney Renal cortex
Deliver unclean blood to the kidneys Renal vein
Removes old, damaged red blood cells from the
bloodstream Spleen
Muscular sac that stores urine until urination can occur Urinary bladder
Where T cells are trained and matured Thymus gland
Filter blood by removing waste and excess water to
create urine Kidneys
Produces white blood cells during an infection Spleen (or thymus gland)
Inner layer of the kidney Renal medulla
Shrinks as you age Thymus
# oooo 34. Which 3 organs from the dissection today are part of the endocrine system? What job do they
all have in common? What does this tell us about the endocrine system?
Organs of the endocrine system include the adrenal glands, thymus gland, and thyroid
gland. These glands all create hormones. The endocrine system is responsible for the
production of hormones.
35. Within the digestive system, there was another endocrine gland! Look back at the organs in
the digestive system. Which organ was also an endocrine gland? Based on its function, how
do you know its an endocrine gland?
The pancreas is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems. It produces insulin and
glucagon, which are both hormones (and the endocrines system produces hormones).
36. How does the pericardium maintain the health of our heart?
The pericardium is filled with pericardial fluid that lubricates the heart as it beats,
preventing damage due to friction.
37. Using red arrows for oxygenated and blue arrows for deoxygenated, draw two red arrows and
two blue arrows to show how blood passes from each chamber of the heart to/from the lungs
and to/from the body.
Description Organ/Structure
Remove cleaned blood from the kidneys and return it
to the bloodstream and rest of body Renal vein
Where each kidney dumps collects urine and passes it
into the ureters Renal pelvis
Produce adrenaline, cortisol, and other hormones Adrenal glands
Creates hormones that fuel the production and
maturation of T cells Thymus gland
# body
aorta
pulmonary artery
34. Which 3 organs from the dissection today are part of the endocrine system? What job do they
all have in common? What does this tell us about the endocrine system?
Organs of the endocrine system include the adrenal glands, thymus gland, and thyroid
gland. These glands all create hormones. The endocrine system is responsible for the
production of hormones.
35. Within the digestive system, there was another endocrine gland! Look back at the organs in
the digestive system. Which organ was also an endocrine gland? Based on its function, how
do you know its an endocrine gland?
The pancreas is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems. It produces insulin and
glucagon, which are both hormones (and the endocrines system produces hormones).
36. How does the pericardium maintain the health of our heart?
The pericardium is filled with pericardial fluid that lubricates the heart as it beats,
preventing damage due to friction.
37. Using red arrows for oxygenated and blue arrows for deoxygenated, draw two red arrows and
two blue arrows to show how blood passes from each chamber of the heart to/from the lungs
and to/from the body.
Description Organ/Structure
Remove cleaned blood from the kidneys and return it
to the bloodstream and rest of body Renal vein
Where each kidney dumps collects urine and passes it
into the ureters Renal pelvis
Produce adrenaline, cortisol, and other hormones Adrenal glands
Creates hormones that fuel the production and
maturation of T cells Thymus gland
# body
aorta
pulmonary artery
# sooooo 38. Several sources cite that the right atrium and right auricle are the same thing. Is this true or
false? Why?
This is false. The right auricle is a projection of the right atrium, but the right atrium is
much more than just the right auricle!
39. Go back to the diagram you drew on the previous page. Label the arrow that goes from the
right ventricle to the lungs as either pulmonary artery or aorta (only one is correct). Label the
arrow that goes from the left ventricle to the body as either pulmonary artery or aorta (only one
is correct).
40. What two openings are at the back of the pigs mouth? Where do these two openings each
lead?
The glottis and esophagus are at the back of the mouth. The glottis leads to the respiratory
tract (lungs). The esophagus leads to the digestive tract (stomach).
41. How does the epiglottis prevent choking?
The epiglottis covers the airway when you are drinking or eating. It uncovers the airway
when you are breathing.
42. Describe the texture, feeling, and appearance of each part of the respiratory tract.
Larynx: Answers vary, but most students will say hard and/or smooth
Trachea: Answers vary, but students will likely comment on the ringed
appearance (looks like an earthworm)
Lungs: Answers vary, but they are gray and squishy
43. Label the following respiratory system diagram. Use these terms: alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles,
larynx, trachea, right lung, left lung
# larynx
# trachea
# bronchi
# bronchioles
# right lung
# left lung
# alveoli
38. Several sources cite that the right atrium and right auricle are the same thing. Is this true or
false? Why?
This is false. The right auricle is a projection of the right atrium, but the right atrium is
much more than just the right auricle!
39. Go back to the diagram you drew on the previous page. Label the arrow that goes from the
right ventricle to the lungs as either pulmonary artery or aorta (only one is correct). Label the
arrow that goes from the left ventricle to the body as either pulmonary artery or aorta (only one
is correct).
40. What two openings are at the back of the pigs mouth? Where do these two openings each
lead?
The glottis and esophagus are at the back of the mouth. The glottis leads to the respiratory
tract (lungs). The esophagus leads to the digestive tract (stomach).
41. How does the epiglottis prevent choking?
The epiglottis covers the airway when you are drinking or eating. It uncovers the airway
when you are breathing.
42. Describe the texture, feeling, and appearance of each part of the respiratory tract.
Larynx: Answers vary, but most students will say hard and/or smooth
Trachea: Answers vary, but students will likely comment on the ringed
appearance (looks like an earthworm)
Lungs: Answers vary, but they are gray and squishy
43. Label the following respiratory system diagram. Use these terms: alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles,
larynx, trachea, right lung, left lung
# larynx
# trachea
# bronchi
# bronchioles
# right lung
# left lung
# alveoli 44. Make a prediction. If you cut the lung open, will it be hollow like a balloon? Why do you believe
this?
Answers will vary. I predict that it will be solid (and not hollow) since the lungs arent just a
wide open space, but are filled with branches.
45. Was your prediction in the previous question correct?
Answers vary
46. How does the diaphragm control inhalation and exhalation?
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, causing it to pull down and remove pressure
from the lungs. To cause exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, causing it to push up and put
pressure on the lungs, forcing air to exhale.
47. Based upon what you know about bone development, why was the skull of the pig so easy to
cut?
Fetal pigs are not fully ossified and many of the bones are still made of cartilage.
48. Starting with the body, put the following structures in the order that blood flows through them.
Structures: left ventricle, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, right atrium, pulmonary artery, aorta
Body __________ right atrium _______ ____________ right ventricle _________
___________ pulmonary artery _________ ____________ lungs _________________
___________ left atrium _______________ ___________ left ventricle _____________
____________ aorta __________________ Body
44. Make a prediction. If you cut the lung open, will it be hollow like a balloon? Why do you believe
this?
Answers will vary. I predict that it will be solid (and not hollow) since the lungs arent just a
wide open space, but are filled with branches.
45. Was your prediction in the previous question correct?
Answers vary
46. How does the diaphragm control inhalation and exhalation?
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, causing it to pull down and remove pressure
from the lungs. To cause exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, causing it to push up and put
pressure on the lungs, forcing air to exhale.
47. Based upon what you know about bone development, why was the skull of the pig so easy to
cut?
Fetal pigs are not fully ossified and many of the bones are still made of cartilage.
48. Starting with the body, put the following structures in the order that blood flows through them.
Structures: left ventricle, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, right atrium, pulmonary artery, aorta
Body __________ right atrium _______ ____________ right ventricle _________
___________ pulmonary artery _________ ____________ lungs _________________
___________ left atrium _______________ ___________ left ventricle _____________
____________ aorta __________________ Body
# sooooo 49. In the chart below and on the next page, fill in the organ or structure that each statement is
describing. Some structures will be used more than once: glottis, epiglottis, larynx, lungs,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, heart, pericardium, coronary artery, right
atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, auricles, aorta, pulmonary artery
Description Organ/Structure
Contains the vocal cords Larynx
Chamber of the heart that receives freshly oxygenated
blood from the lungs Left atrium
Millions of air sacs inside each lung Alveoli
Opening to the pigs respiratory tract; protected by the
epiglottis Glottis
What the trachea splits into; one leads to the left lung
while the other leads to the right lung Bronchi
Contracts and relaxes to cause the lungs to inhale and
exhale Diaphragm
Muscular pump that propels blood through the veins
and arteries Heart
The voice box Larynx
Artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the heart
itself Coronary artery
Divided into lobes; filled with bronchioles and alveoli Lungs
Chamber of the heart that pumps freshly oxygenated
blood to the body Left ventricle
What the bronchi split into; smaller branches inside
each lung Bronchioles
Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the
left ventricle to the body Aorta
Chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated
blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle Right atrium
Flap of cartilage that closes to cover the airway when
an animal is eating or drinking Epiglottis
Strong cartilage tube that passes air to and from the
lungs Trachea
Membrane around the heart that is filled with a
lubricating fluid Pericardium
Where gases pass between the lungs and the
bloodstream Alveoli
49. In the chart below and on the next page, fill in the organ or structure that each statement is
describing. Some structures will be used more than once: glottis, epiglottis, larynx, lungs,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, heart, pericardium, coronary artery, right
atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, auricles, aorta, pulmonary artery
Description Organ/Structure
Contains the vocal cords Larynx
Chamber of the heart that receives freshly oxygenated
blood from the lungs Left atrium
Millions of air sacs inside each lung Alveoli
Opening to the pigs respiratory tract; protected by the
epiglottis Glottis
What the trachea splits into; one leads to the left lung
while the other leads to the right lung Bronchi
Contracts and relaxes to cause the lungs to inhale and
exhale Diaphragm
Muscular pump that propels blood through the veins
and arteries Heart
The voice box Larynx
Artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the heart
itself Coronary artery
Divided into lobes; filled with bronchioles and alveoli Lungs
Chamber of the heart that pumps freshly oxygenated
blood to the body Left ventricle
What the bronchi split into; smaller branches inside
each lung Bronchioles
Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the
left ventricle to the body Aorta
Chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated
blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle Right atrium
Flap of cartilage that closes to cover the airway when
an animal is eating or drinking Epiglottis
Strong cartilage tube that passes air to and from the
lungs Trachea
Membrane around the heart that is filled with a
lubricating fluid Pericardium
Where gases pass between the lungs and the
bloodstream Alveoli
# tool Description Organ/Structure
Flap -like structures above each atrium that increase
the volume of blood each atrium can hold Auricles
Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs Pulmonary artery
Separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities Diaphragm
Chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs Right ventricle
Conclusion Questions
Terminology
1. Match each terminology term to its meaning.
__ J__ Dorsal
__ C__ Ventral
__ K__ Anterior
__ G__ Posterior
__ D__ Lateral
__ H__ Medial
__ L__ Frontal plane
__ E__ Sagittal plane
__ B__ Transverse plane
__ I__ Cranial cavity
__ F__ Thoracic cavity
__ A__ Abdominal cavity
External Anatomy
2. How could you tell the difference between a male pig and female pig?
The urogenital opening is located closer to the umbilical cord in a male pig. The urogenital
opening is located closer to the anus in a female pig.
Integumentary System
3. Why are pigs more susceptible to heat stroke than humans are?
Pigs do have sweat glands, but they do not have enough to effectively cool their body via
evaporative cooling.
A. Space in the body that includes the intestines,
stomach, liver, spleen, and urinary system
B. An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
C. Towards the belly
D. To the side
E. An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into left
and right sides
F. Space in the body that includes the heart, lungs,
trachea, esophagus, thymus, and thyroid gland
G. Behind
H. Towards the midline
I. Space in the body that includes the brain
J. Towards the back
K. In front
L. An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
Description Organ/Structure
Flap -like structures above each atrium that increase
the volume of blood each atrium can hold Auricles
Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs Pulmonary artery
Separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities Diaphragm
Chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs Right ventricle
Conclusion Questions
Terminology
1. Match each terminology term to its meaning.
__ J__ Dorsal
__ C__ Ventral
__ K__ Anterior
__ G__ Posterior
__ D__ Lateral
__ H__ Medial
__ L__ Frontal plane
__ E__ Sagittal plane
__ B__ Transverse plane
__ I__ Cranial cavity
__ F__ Thoracic cavity
__ A__ Abdominal cavity
External Anatomy
2. How could you tell the difference between a male pig and female pig?
The urogenital opening is located closer to the umbilical cord in a male pig. The urogenital
opening is located closer to the anus in a female pig.
Integumentary System
3. Why are pigs more susceptible to heat stroke than humans are?
Pigs do have sweat glands, but they do not have enough to effectively cool their body via
evaporative cooling.
A. Space in the body that includes the intestines,
stomach, liver, spleen, and urinary system
B. An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
C. Towards the belly
D. To the side
E. An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into left
and right sides
F. Space in the body that includes the heart, lungs,
trachea, esophagus, thymus, and thyroid gland
G. Behind
H. Towards the midline
I. Space in the body that includes the brain
J. Towards the back
K. In front
L. An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
# ooo 4. How is the hair structure of a pig like that of a human? Feel free to draw a diagram to explain.
Just like in humans, pigs have a hair shaft that grows out of the skin (the visible hair).
Embedded within the skin they have a hair root. The hair itself grows from a tunnel in the
skin called the hair follicle.
Muscular & Skeletal System
5. Explain how muscles, tendons, and bones work together to cause movement.
Muscles are attached to bones via tendon. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon
which then pulls on the bone, causing the bone to move in the desired way.
Digestive System
6. What structures are present in the mouth that help to begin digesting food? How specifically do
they help? Think about how these structures work when you eat!
The teeth help to grab, bite, and grind up the food. The tongue helps to move and
manipulate the food in the mouth. The hard palate serves as a place for the tongue to
mash the food against while chewing.
7. What is the difference between accessory organs of the digestive system and organs that
belong to the gastrointestinal tract ?
The gastrointestinal tract is the tube of organs that the food travels through as it digests.
The accessory organs do not physically have food enter them, but they help with the
process of digestion (ex. By producing enzymes).
8. Choose one organ of the gastrointestinal tract. Explain how its anatomy (structure) matches its
physiology (job).
The small intestine absorbs nutrients from food and passes those nutrients into the
bloodstream. In order to allow this process, the small intestine is lined with villi, finger -like
projections that are filled with blood vessels and increase the surface area of the small
intestine. The small intestine is also very long which allows for significant absorption of
nutrients.
9. Why dont the digestive organs fall out of the abdomen when you put the pig belly down?
The abdominal organs are held in place by the mesentery.
Urinary System
10. When a person experiences kidney failure, they must begin a weekly or daily treatment called
dialysis . At the dialysis clinic, the patients is hooked up to a machine that gradually removes,
cleans, and then returns only the purified and cleaned blood. Would you expect a patient on
dialysis to pee more or less? Why?
I would expect that the patient would pee less. The dialysis machine is performing the job
of the kidneys, which is to remove excess water and waste, creating urine. Instead of the
kidneys creating urine and sending it to the urethra, the dialysis machine creates urine
and likely collects it.
4. How is the hair structure of a pig like that of a human? Feel free to draw a diagram to explain.
Just like in humans, pigs have a hair shaft that grows out of the skin (the visible hair).
Embedded within the skin they have a hair root. The hair itself grows from a tunnel in the
skin called the hair follicle.
Muscular & Skeletal System
5. Explain how muscles, tendons, and bones work together to cause movement.
Muscles are attached to bones via tendon. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon
which then pulls on the bone, causing the bone to move in the desired way.
Digestive System
6. What structures are present in the mouth that help to begin digesting food? How specifically do
they help? Think about how these structures work when you eat!
The teeth help to grab, bite, and grind up the food. The tongue helps to move and
manipulate the food in the mouth. The hard palate serves as a place for the tongue to
mash the food against while chewing.
7. What is the difference between accessory organs of the digestive system and organs that
belong to the gastrointestinal tract ?
The gastrointestinal tract is the tube of organs that the food travels through as it digests.
The accessory organs do not physically have food enter them, but they help with the
process of digestion (ex. By producing enzymes).
8. Choose one organ of the gastrointestinal tract. Explain how its anatomy (structure) matches its
physiology (job).
The small intestine absorbs nutrients from food and passes those nutrients into the
bloodstream. In order to allow this process, the small intestine is lined with villi, finger -like
projections that are filled with blood vessels and increase the surface area of the small
intestine. The small intestine is also very long which allows for significant absorption of
nutrients.
9. Why dont the digestive organs fall out of the abdomen when you put the pig belly down?
The abdominal organs are held in place by the mesentery.
Urinary System
10. When a person experiences kidney failure, they must begin a weekly or daily treatment called
dialysis . At the dialysis clinic, the patients is hooked up to a machine that gradually removes,
cleans, and then returns only the purified and cleaned blood. Would you expect a patient on
dialysis to pee more or less? Why?
I would expect that the patient would pee less. The dialysis machine is performing the job
of the kidneys, which is to remove excess water and waste, creating urine. Instead of the
kidneys creating urine and sending it to the urethra, the dialysis machine creates urine
and likely collects it.
## e11. Kidney stones are mineral deposits that form in your kidneys. To leave the body, kidney stones
must travel through the entire urinary system. From the kidneys, what structures must the
stone pass through to leave the body? List the structures in order.
Kidney stones would start in the kidneys, pass through the ureters, enter the urinary
bladder, and then pass out the urethra.
Endocrine System
12. Match each endocrine gland to its function or the hormones it produces.
___ D____ Pancreas
___ B____ Adrenal gland
___ C____ Thymus gland
___ E____ Thyroid gland
___ A____ Spleen
Respiratory System
13. Put the following structures of the respiratory system in order starting with where oxygenated
air enters the body and ending with where oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream: trachea,
larynx, alveoli, bronchioles, mouth/nose, bronchi
Air travels into the mouth/nose, through the larynx, down the trachea, through the bronchi,
into the bronchioles, and to the alveoli where oxygen is passed into the bloodstream.
14. If a person was born without a diaphragm, what consequence would this have? Why would
survival be so difficult for this person?
The lungs do not inhale and exhale on their own; rather, inhalation and exhalation occurs
thanks to the diaphragm, a skeletal muscle beneath the lungs. When the diaphragm
contracts, the lungs inhale. When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs exhale.
Cardiovascular System
15. Explain how the cardiovascular system and respiratory system work together to deliver
oxygen -rich blood to our body cells.
The respiratory system is responsible for passes oxygen from the environment into the
bloodstream at the alveoli. Once in the blood, the cardiovascular system (heart and blood
vessels) is responsible for delivering that oxygen -rich blood to the body cells.
A. Not an endocrine gland (part of the immune system);
removes old, damaged red blood cells from the
bloodstream and produces white blood cells during an
infection
B. Produces cortisol and adrenaline
C. Creates hormones that fuel the production and
maturation of T cells (a type of white blood cell)
D. Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
E. Creates hormones that regulate metabolism
11. Kidney stones are mineral deposits that form in your kidneys. To leave the body, kidney stones
must travel through the entire urinary system. From the kidneys, what structures must the
stone pass through to leave the body? List the structures in order.
Kidney stones would start in the kidneys, pass through the ureters, enter the urinary
bladder, and then pass out the urethra.
Endocrine System
12. Match each endocrine gland to its function or the hormones it produces.
___ D____ Pancreas
___ B____ Adrenal gland
___ C____ Thymus gland
___ E____ Thyroid gland
___ A____ Spleen
Respiratory System
13. Put the following structures of the respiratory system in order starting with where oxygenated
air enters the body and ending with where oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream: trachea,
larynx, alveoli, bronchioles, mouth/nose, bronchi
Air travels into the mouth/nose, through the larynx, down the trachea, through the bronchi,
into the bronchioles, and to the alveoli where oxygen is passed into the bloodstream.
14. If a person was born without a diaphragm, what consequence would this have? Why would
survival be so difficult for this person?
The lungs do not inhale and exhale on their own; rather, inhalation and exhalation occurs
thanks to the diaphragm, a skeletal muscle beneath the lungs. When the diaphragm
contracts, the lungs inhale. When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs exhale.
Cardiovascular System
15. Explain how the cardiovascular system and respiratory system work together to deliver
oxygen -rich blood to our body cells.
The respiratory system is responsible for passes oxygen from the environment into the
bloodstream at the alveoli. Once in the blood, the cardiovascular system (heart and blood
vessels) is responsible for delivering that oxygen -rich blood to the body cells.
A. Not an endocrine gland (part of the immune system);
removes old, damaged red blood cells from the
bloodstream and produces white blood cells during an
infection
B. Produces cortisol and adrenaline
C. Creates hormones that fuel the production and
maturation of T cells (a type of white blood cell)
D. Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
E. Creates hormones that regulate metabolism
# scores General Questions
16. Which system performs which function?
___ C___ Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
___ F___ Allows oxygen to enter the bloodstream and CO 2 to exit the bloodstream
___ B___ Contracts and relaxes to cause movements
___ G___ Delivers blood to and from the body cells
___ A___ Provides a framework for the body and protects internal organs
___ E___ Produces hormones to regulate other processes within the body
___ D___ Filters the blood to remove excess water and toxins
A. Skeletal system
B. Muscular system
C. Digestive system
D. Urinary system
E. Endocrine system
F. Respiratory system
G. Cardiovascular system
# Congrats on
# finishing
# your fetal pig
# dissection!
General Questions
16. Which system performs which function?
___ C___ Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
___ F___ Allows oxygen to enter the bloodstream and CO 2 to exit the bloodstream
___ B___ Contracts and relaxes to cause movements
___ G___ Delivers blood to and from the body cells
___ A___ Provides a framework for the body and protects internal organs
___ E___ Produces hormones to regulate other processes within the body
___ D___ Filters the blood to remove excess water and toxins
A. Skeletal system
B. Muscular system
C. Digestive system
D. Urinary system
E. Endocrine system
F. Respiratory system
G. Cardiovascular system
# Congrats on
# finishing
# your fetal pig
# dissection!
# Goods