Unit 2 Review for AP US History (APUSH)

Announcements

• Wes presents four announcements:
  1. Completed the Lego Notre-Dame de Paris set.
  2. A 28-question practice test for Unit 2 is available.
  3. Started a history-themed substack newsletter.
  4. Thanks to Connor Kramer for help with content and Jake Stretz for video editing.

Key Historical Events and Concepts

Roanoke Colony

• First permanent English colony in the Western Hemisphere.
• Mysteriously disappeared, possibly assimilated with local natives.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

• British defeated the Spanish Armada, securing naval routes to the New World.

Enclosure Movement and Surplus Population

• English landowners began enclosing land, leading to urban migration and social displacement.
• Many moved to America as indentured servants or wealthy second/third sons seeking new opportunities.

Goals of English Settlers

• Seeking new life, economic opportunities, and wealth.

Cultural and Demographic Changes

• European goods like horses, alcohol, and guns transformed Native American cultures.
• English settlers differed from French and Spanish; sent families, didn't mingle much with natives.

Economic Changes

• English traded goods with Natives, often seizing land post-military conquest.

Notable Locations and Events

Chesapeake Bay

• Swampy area, rich in tobacco; Jamestown established as the first settlement.
• Virginia Company of London backed Jamestown.

Joint Stock Companies

• Investors shared risks and rewards, leading to new expeditions.

Jamestown Colony

• Originally sought gold but shifted focus to tobacco cultivation.
• Introduction of Headright system to encourage colonization.

Virginia House of Burgesses

• First democratic governance body in America, limited to landowning men.

Powhatan and Jamestown Relations

• Powhatan traded with settlers; his brother led an attack after Powhatan's death.

Religious and Societal Developments

Puritanism and Pilgrims

• Puritans sought a perfect society, influenced by John Calvin.
• Pilgrims were separatists who established Plymouth Colony.

Mayflower Compact

• First written framework of government in America, agreed upon by Mayflower passengers.

Great Puritan Migration

• Brought thousands to Massachusetts, boosting New England population.

Puritan Family Structure

• Male authority dominant; women had limited rights, could participate in church.

Rhode Island and Roger Williams

• Roger Williams advocated for voting rights, founded Rhode Island with religious freedom.

Connecticut and Thomas Hooker

• Disagreed with Puritans, established Hartford; Fundamental Orders allowed voting without church membership.

Puritan Treatment of Quakers

• Harshly persecuted Quakers.

Maryland Colony

• Refuge for Catholics, governed in a feudal manner.

Halfway Covenant

• Allowed partial church membership based on ancestry to address stagnating church membership.

Maryland Toleration Act

• Allowed religious freedom for trinitarian Christians amid growing Protestant influence.

Economic and Political Developments

Mercantilism

• Economic policy to maximize profits from colonies.

Navigation Acts

• Laws to ensure colonial trade benefited England.

William Penn and Pennsylvania

• Established as a Quaker haven with religious freedom and good Native relations.

Growth of Slavery

• Driven by demand for labor on plantations; African slaves replaced native and indentured labor.

Rebellions and Political Changes

Bacon's Rebellion

• Virginia settlers rebelled against the governor, highlighting class tensions.

Glorious Revolution

• Encouraged colonists to challenge Royal authority; English Bill of Rights limited monarchy.

Salem Witch Trials

• Series of trials and executions for alleged witchcraft in Massachusetts, reflecting heightened religious tensions.

Economic and Social Changes in the 18th Century

Atlantic Slave Trade

• Forced transportation of Africans through the Middle Passage.

Colonial Assemblies

• Developed autonomy and regional government powers, fostering self-governing.

Great Awakening

• Religious revival emphasizing personal connection with God, led by preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

Enlightenment Influence

• Promoted ideas of reason and individual rights, heavily influencing American thought and values.

Geographic Areas of Empires

• Spanish Empire: South America, Mexico, Central America, parts of North America.
• French Empire: New France, Great Lakes, Mississippi down to New Orleans.

These notes summarize the key historical events, cultural shifts, economic developments, and political changes in the Unit 2 review for APUSH.