Overview
This lecture introduces the foundations of biblical law, examining key categories, purposes, and historical context within the ancient Near East.
Introduction to Biblical Law
- Biblical law refers to legal material found in the Hebrew Bible, mainly in the Torah (Pentateuch).
- It is often presented as commands or instructions from God to the Israelites.
- Biblical law shaped ancient Israelite society, religion, and governance.
- Major collections include the Covenant Code, Deuteronomic Code, and Priestly Code.
Key Categories of Biblical Law
- Apodictic laws are absolute commands or prohibitions, often using "You shall" or "You shall not" (e.g., Ten Commandments).
- Casuistic laws use an "if... then..." format and address specific legal cases.
- Ritual laws regulate worship, purity, and sacrificial practices.
- Civil laws govern property, contracts, crimes, and social interactions.
- Moral laws address ethical duties like honesty, justice, and compassion.
Purposes and Functions of Biblical Law
- Biblical laws aimed to create social order and reflect divine justice.
- They served to distinguish Israel from surrounding nations.
- Many laws promoted social welfare, protecting the vulnerable (widows, orphans, foreigners).
- Laws often reinforced covenantal identity and community obligations.
Context and Comparison
- Biblical law developed alongside other ancient Near Eastern legal codes (e.g., Code of Hammurabi).
- Some similarities exist in format and subject matter, but biblical laws often emphasize morality and equality before God.
- Biblical law is intertwined with narrative and theological reflection, not just legal regulation.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Torah — The first five books of the Hebrew Bible containing laws and teachings.
- Apodictic Law — Direct, unconditional command or prohibition.
- Casuistic Law — Conditional legal statement detailing what happens if a specific situation occurs.
- Covenant — A binding agreement, often between God and Israel, central to biblical law.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the main types and purposes of biblical laws discussed in class.
- Read assigned selections from the Covenant Code and Deuteronomic Code for examples.