hello guys so welcome to chapter 7 transport implants now this is unlike any chapter you have studied before previously we have looked at microorganisms we looked at cells we look at dna and all really precise biomolecular stuff right but now we are looking at big systems which means we're talking about organisms so um before we talk about transport though we do need to talk about plant and atomic so we need to know how it looks like what tissues they are before we actually even discuss transport so let's get to it now this is part 1a plant anatomy okay so there are three organs of the plant um they are not lungs liver and things like that but hey they have leaves they have a stem and they have roots now each part of the plant looks very different as you can see in the picture the most important part is the xylem and phloem and we'll learn about these the positions and details in a lot more detail but just before we start i just wanted to say that everything we learned about plants here is about dicots only dichotomy genius plant anatomy only one of continuities plants have a similar supports this transport system but the asylum and phloem are placed slightly differently so they will look different from this diagram okay so let's talk about each um organ in detail now to look at the organ we can't just look on the outside we have to be able to cut and see it in a microscope as well so we can um you know connect two ways transverse section and a longitudinal section so transverse section is across and longitudinal section is usually a language rex now of course carrots are also roots so i like to use a carrot as an example and this is me magically breaking it so this here is a transverse section you can see it's round let's take a closer look about what is going on in this little round carrot area we have two circles uh mainly we have this light bubble one outside called the epidermis the root hairs are actually not as not a cell it is a part of the epidermal cells you can see this one cell here it has a cytoplasmic extension it extends out to become root hairs now there are some root hairs in my character but you probably can't see it through the camera i can though when you get eyes you can ask one from your mom i guess okay anyways after epidermis with the endoderm is in between that there is something called the cortex okay between the epidermis and the endodermis there is a cortex and within the endodermis that is the xylem and phloem the xylem is in the middle here so if you see the middle part of the carrot there's area in the middle this is not the anonymous this is the xylem metadamas on the carrot is not that obvious okay i can tell you for sure that the endodermis is a layer of cells on the outside inside xylem phloem on the outside of the xylem and then surrounding that is what we call the pericycle okay so this is the transverse section of the root now if you look at a long detainer section the root it will look slightly different on latino sectional roots um well you actually can you know see the details inside and be able to label them based on what you know in the transverse section but besides those things okay like florence island parasite and there is right there is also this area called the root cap the root hairs are not shown here but if they do have it they have very different properties with the root cap and that we will also explore later this chapter but you need to know where it is first the layers inside here you can also distinguish against the epidermis outside here inside this layer is the endodermis this thicker darker stained ones and inside there it's not very clear you see what is what here but this is definitely the pass through the bundle now let's take a little zoom in on the root this is a transverse section so back to our round round thing again this is a zoom in real life diagram a micrograph of what is going on and you can see this xylem is has a thicker wall it's quite stained quite red and it is in the middle of the root um the outside layer here is the endodermis so there's a zoom in picture as i said and the ones labeled s is the flow one i'm gonna leave um the rest of the setting to you now let's look at quickly the stem the stem again we have two ways to cut it we can cut it transverse section or longitudinal section and it will look like if it transverse it look like something round like this and only tuna is basically the same thing but you have to imagine it longitudinally instead so let's dive into that so stem what is going on there now it doesn't look like the root at all besides the fact it is round the outside yeah so that's the epidermis but it doesn't have the endoderms it doesn't have the circle inside a circle in instead it has this many many um muscular bundles lined up in the circle forming a circle here the xylem is always on the inner layer you can see where it's labeling here in the front is on the uh more outer layer the ones in red are different types of cells that you don't need to know of now right outside there it's the is the cortex again and then the epiphanies now in the middle here which is this white area you can see is the piff and the paper just divides and stores and the cells they're just stored stuff and things like that so that's the stem and if you zoom in and you look at different species of plants they will look slightly different but mostly the same you can see that there is definitely an epidermis that's around the outside you can see the different muscle bundles and see a huge space in the middle which is the book this is a zoom in visual image and i'll leave you to label each one of this as practice you can show me and take a picture and show me if you want to double check now you take that and you would slice it longitudinally and you can get this kind of structure okay so outside the moles outside on both sides is the epidermis and then right after that is the cortex and right after that it's quite hard to see here but there's a vascular bundle now i'm pretty sure this red color state ones are xylem it's usually red like steam like pinkish red like this and right outside that is the flow one okay the xylem is always on the inner layer and of course on the most inner layer there is the path on the other side it is the same as this so this is like a mirror image of what's going on now if we take that section there though and we zoom in closer and we'll see this kind of structure now again we zoom in right here so this is actually the pif on the right hand side we can see the xylem has this crazy bands that are really pretty isn't it there are rings once there are spirals and this is called a reticulated pattern like a reticulated giraffe sort of spotty appearance looks like neck right and this bandsaw actually form by lignin a substance found in xylem we will talk more about that later but out there is not very clear um here and honestly i cannot tell but i'm pretty sure somewhere on the left there there will be phloem um and probably further down not in the diagram would be the cortex and the epithelium so that's the longitudinal section of the stem sometimes they can show you pictures like this and ask you to identify but then xylem is now just look for the darkened stained ones especially in a non-colored black and white diagram and the areas where this crazy bending pattern or sporty pattern like this is probably asylum if it's not obvious they won't ask you so okay now we're going to our last organ leaf so the leaf has this mid-rib that goes down to the middle and we don't need to know that only to your section because it's ridiculous now um let's just do a transfer section and i know you know this pretty well because we drew it and left a few times so here are all the words the policy the spongy the upper lower epidermis xylems on top there's a cambium that's in between phloem and this is also found in the the stem actually and then there's the flower um this is part of cells here called colon chymour cells which we'll talk about a little while just a little while more just no pun intended okay so if you look at the leaf of different species you will realize that they will have different slightly different sort of patterns and this is obviously just a leaf rotated a lot wrongly um on the wrong yeah it has to be rotated 180 degrees and you know that because you drew this in the labs and then i made you erase it and draw it again into this correct positioning you can see here clearly of the palestine muscle fill and the spongy muscle going on here and right here you can see in red actually it's the stomata gap in between them and the two gut cells lining them so the stomata is made of two guard cells we'll also go into further detail of each of the structures later on you just need to know where it is and how it looks like now as i said again um the best i think i said it was before but the best way to practice looking at stuff is to look at more of it so practice labeling these diagrams with different labels and if you need me to check just message me and i will let you know so that is the three different organs and the tissues in it now the tissues um are made up of different cells obviously um and these tissues also have different categories so this tissue plant tissue has three types a dermal vascular ground tissue dermal is like epidermal endodermal tissue a vascular tissue basically inside and phloem everything other than xylem phloem epidermis endodermis is considered as ground tissue now ground tissue has three types that's parenchyma calling climax neuron karma you don't need to know a lot of detail about this other than to recognize and know how to describe its structure so parenchyma here has a thinner cell wall column chemist thicker and higher acidic cell wall now um that's because the functions are slightly different right the functions of parenchyma cell is the normal functions you know of the photosynthesis storage cell division but carbon square and chroma have structural support as its function that's why it needs a bigger cell wall now where are these cells found parenchyma cells are basically all mesophyll cells so paralysis mesophyll and spongy mesophyll are types of parenchyma cell cells apparent kind of cells as well as some cortical cells now different parts of the cortex which is cortical cells different part of the cortex would have different um sort of types of cells as well because again tissue is a collection of different cells right so column chyma here could be the outer cortical cell so the outer layers have structural support you know the ones that your mom make you like peel off the outside of a broccoli or peel off outside of a stem to make it softer those are actually colon chymour cells and fibers that you are shaving off um those are harder cells inside is usually quite tender and then of hardened stems and tree branches so the really really old trees are really really big trees they actually have a lot of iron crammer cells which are not even leaving but has a very good support excess a very good supply so that's ground issue for you again you just need to know them roughly don't you need to know a lot of details now the star here is really the side line and flower and where they are placed now i'm going to go back a few slides and show you um where that placed in the leaf the stem and the root asylum i always think xylem is king he's always on top or inside you know the king is always like hey i'm on top of everyone or please protect me i'm on the inside right so i think don't write an exam but xylem is always on the top on the inside so in the leaf it's on the top near the upper that epidermis um for xylem in the salmon root they are on the inside facing the inward layer in the layers so that is like the most important thing now let's go through um the structure of xylem and phloem now again tissues i mean of many cells and xylem tissue and phloem tissue as well so there are different types of cell enzyme tissue which you don't really need to know about but it's for your textbook uh xylem actually has sodium cells actually look very different like now the most a major one are the xylem elements on xylem vessels which look like this thick tubes they look like pvc pipes to me with like a sinkhole on the top but anyways uh tracheates and fibers and parenchyma cells these are not that important but the most important is the vessel elements which were done in detail soon now again phloem is also a tissue and they are different types but there are sieve tube elements joint enzymes to form safe cubes so there are many elements so one element is one cell and they form a tube together and there's also another type of cell called companion cell so let's look at xylem now xylem tissue in general functions to heat number one act as a structural support and also transport water so they are structural they are needed for structural support and they transport water okay so this is the more detailed version of the appearance under microscope in words star wars has lignin bands as i said in addition to cellulose so they still have cellulose which is permeable to water uh and a lot of substances actually but in addition that they have lignin lignin different from cells is that it's waterproof it's strong it's hard it makes the xylem a pipe okay and but this bands can have different patterns so as we said just now if you saw just now as well there are some there are spiral there's something like rings there's one i'm ridiculous this one's spotty you can't have many many designs you can see here that this is clearly a ring structure right here pretty cool right now um obviously as we talked about just now silent has a thicker cell wall and they usually are stained red usually but this dye costs a front end okay so this is just to help you recognize it when you see it in the exams okay so out of all the all the cells in this tissue we're gonna talk about xylem vessels which are also known as vessel elements now xylem again think of us use of tubes they are elongated cells drawing end to ends like collection of a tube to make a very long tube and um they have a few structural features now um cambridge tracks will ask how is this structure related to its function so here is the unpacking of it now zion vessels are non-living and i know you know this already but just a reminder has no cytoplasm no organelles and a very hollow lumen why do they need to do this because they transport water right so they need more space for greater volume of transport and of course if there are less things in it as long living it's an empty tube okay if it's living there'll be stuff inside if it's not living it's an empty tube so less resistance to flow of water so xylem dead material man they have tick cell walls it's made of cellulose okay lignin later let's talk about cellulose first they have extra a lot of cellulose also it is structural support and allows the adhesion of water remember we said that water in chapter two has cohesion and adhesion properties adhesion is it sticking to someone else something else right cohesion means it sticks to itself so adhesion of water is mainly in cellulose two cellulose implants okay remember remember adhesion of water two cellulose like that they have lignin which is usually skin red um and this actually is a very hard substance that prevents inlet collapse so when water is being transported through the saturn vessels is actually going through a lot of pressure and pooling because they adhere to the wall right so it's pulling the wall so uh inwards towards itself okay so the lignin prevents it from collapsing and of course it's also waterproof what is a pipe without waterproofing right there is waterproof to prevent loss of water of course in addition to no cytoplasm there are also no end walls okay the animals here but they're they're those animals actually break down and that creates less resistance to a flow of water and this creates a contains tube that is strong so far we've learned strong waterproof drawing end to end but of course water has to come in and out and stuff like that so other than you know having large lumen and large forming water they would have pits from form from plasma smarter so usually a living cell has plasma that's mata already but when the xylem is being formed this plasma directless mata would be converted into pits there are little holes in the xylem that has no lignin so they allow water to go in and out so you must have a inlet and outlet right so these pits perform that function what is lateral movement of water it means sideways movement of water instead of horizontal as you know the xylem is uh horizontal moving upwards okay transporting water from the roots to the leaves of the plant um the pits would allow the water to move to different parts of the plant instead of just upwards now plates also allow um sorry please also allow water to move out into another xylem vessel and bypass l when there's an air bubble blocking a vessel so sometimes when the xylem is exposed to air okay usually it's contained within the plant right but when it's exposed to air that can introduce air bubbles inside them and because it's very small if there's an air bubble introduced it's going to be blocking the entire tube and pleats allow it to grow up okay let's say there's one here that players allow it to go sideways and go back upwards so it wouldn't stop the transport of water for the plant so that's xylem vessels for you that's a lot of information i know i'm trying to get this video like shorter so that you know you're not bored that's not phloem okay so flown again overall function is to transport assimilates now what assimilates there are substances that are produced by photosynthesis for example sucrose or amino acids can be formed through photosynthesis converted from glucose obviously and this is transported in we don't use transport of nutrients anymore we are fans here now and we're in a levels okay and when does it transport stuff to these hybrids or from right from source to sync source uh in very simple words is where it is produced sucrose amino acids are produced and sync is where it's needed where it's stored or where it's used and this process of transporting estimates is called translocation which we will learn in more detail in part two now again there are two forms of tissue and they have two types of cells here we have c tube elements and companion cells c2 elements are elongated elements elongated um cells also are joined end to end you realize that n to n is a common word here is bone and red so it's probably important in both sides and phloem so they are both along the cells joining end to end to form a continuous column which is also important which is called a cpu now unlike um xylem safe elements are living cells but it has like particular structural features as well they have many plasma that's master that's one there are many holes in them and they're not copies because it's still living an allowance loading of sucrose loading means transfer of supers basically from companion cells okay allows sucrose to come in from component cells we'll see why later allows water entry as well they have pretty strong cellular cell walls uh which gives it um some structural integrity against excessive cell bulging especially under pressure right now when there is a lot of sucrose amino acids going into the form it's very likely to bulge um because there is just too much fluid going on unlike a xylem which tends to collapse in safety element tends to bulge out now it has a few organelles um not a lot though okay and it has cell wall it has plasma membrane it has a few mitochondrion er as you can see the diagram but it has no nucleus has no ribosomes has no vacuoles has no tonal plus there's no in inside area they're just like these peripherals that are plasma so this puzzle is sticking to the walls right here you can see a very big gray line so why is this well because there's just less resistance so it's easier to transport things like that and of course it's easy to transport even more things containing those estimates now um they have safe place so unlike uh xylem xylem who doesn't have an n wall but safety elements have a c plate uh which is a cell wall basically holds many c pores so that cytoplasms of cells are connected so again to reduce barrier or resistance to flow and it also acts as a structural feature okay so it is there um push like supporting both sides of the wall and preventing cell from bulging under the pressure now in addition to that that's very interesting um c chords also become plucked with a substance called callose to prevent loss of throne step after damage now this is like black clothing you know blood clothing is you can't get a wound and it you know your body tends to stick it back and make sure your cell is you know you don't lose too much blood you know i break clothing but here we have clotting mechanisms in plants now see pores become plugged with calories so that seafood will not lose any more phone sap and that fluency can be transported elsewhere in different ways that's pretty cool so let's look at the safety element in a microscope diagram so it's on xylem a lot already so this is a transverse section and you know because um the c plate is very obviously seen here as calories is stained red ish at this plate um it's obviously this way around so you can see downwards you're looking downwards towards these um steve tubes right here um it's i don't know what that is inside but i definitely know that this c plate here it definitely shows that this is a safe thing again they won't ask you anything that is not obvious they'll only point at the obvious ones for you to identify okay so there is one type of cell inside the foam tissue now the next type of cell is called companion cell transcend well it's because it's next to and closely associated with the ch2 element so if this is a secret member this is the companion cell this is us looking from the top to the bottom again now um it has several features here you can see there's a lot of mitochondria going around this diagram and the reason is it needs atp uh we'll find out more in part two of why it needs so much atp because translocation involves some active transport to be honest but we'll see this in more detail later they have many ribosomes as well because many proteins and channel proteins are needed in order for acne transport and carrier proteins as well for happy transport yeah sorry channel proteins for facilitation carrier transport proteins for active transport now there's a lot of asthma that's mastered also across cell walls between the safe tube and companion cells so you can expect the same for competent cells so that you can transport things through them that's it right companion cells in a closer look you can see here that the new from the nucleus so this is a sieve tube um you can see these areas with nucleus around them and that's because that's the component cell component cell has nucleus whereas safety doesn't have you can see this sleeve plate here so you know that these larger ones are probably sift tubes and you can see um these smaller cells which contain the nucleus at the side these are the companion cells okay um again you can see that once with nucleus called component cells right here as well so in conclusion we have two types of tissues we have the xylem in the phloem xylem transports water and mineral ions actually phloem transports assimilates estimates are essentially organic molecules um inside there's no animals between cells they break down whereas foam have c plates in xylem okay this is an extra point here which will be highlighted later as well it's only a one-way transport it's from it's upwards from the roots to the leaves and it never comes down right always just goes up whereas phloem can be both ways of course one way in each form okay so it's a two-way movement it could be up it could be down xylem are dead non-living cells whereas phloem are living cells and together with them there's the companion cells which are also living cells and very necessary for the function of the flowing tissue so yeah that's it for plant tommy okay before we end let's give you a quick teaser to um next video which is about transport of water and stuff okay so imagine a plant now you know all the anatomy and if you don't there's a quiz to test your knowledge right the main substance transport is this one gases two products of sinuses are there mineral ions there's water okay and there's a lot even more but it's like the main substances and in general plants do have a slower transported animals well compared to us right they have much stronger transport why they don't need it they have a lower requirement energy oxygen respiration all very low so let's look at how they transport things okay so for gases you don't need a complex system because it's using simple diffusion they don't respire as quickly as s they don't do a lot of things they don't move so they are fine right using simple diffusion so leaves are thin and flat they have a branching shape in a network of airspaces which is very important that means it has a very high surface area to pollination already it doesn't need a lungs it doesn't need a pump or a circulation system it's okay it's effective enough for getting solution in their needs there's no specialized transport system here but let's guess you need to transport systems uh for part one which is water and ions and this is what we explore next video from the root turning to the xylem to the atmosphere so roots from strong to root enzyme of the atmosphere we'll see later and of course there is also products of synthesis that you need to transport for example sucrose and other estimates from source to flow on the sink this will be covered in part two so stay tuned things are exciting implants i sort of love it um i didn't like it at first to be honest but i think the more i learn the more interesting it gets so i'll see you next video bye