Diagnostic Testing in Musculoskeletal System

Radiographs (X-rays)

• Used to visualize:
  • Fractures
  • Irregularities
  • Spurs
  • Changes in joint structure
  • Fluid in the joints
• Multiple views required for full assessment
• Serial X-rays may track healing over days/weeks

Bone Scan

• Detects:
  • Tumors
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Fractures
  • Aseptic necrosis
  • Degenerative disease
• Uses radioisotopes administered IV, with a 2-3 hour absorption period
• Shows areas of increased metabolism in bone
• Nursing interventions:
  • Assess allergies, contraindications (e.g., pregnancy)
  • Warn of temporary flushing/warmth
  • Encourage fluid intake before and after scan
  • Empty bladder prior to scan

Arthrography

• Uses radiopaque contrast agent injected into joint capsule
• Visualizes joint structures (ligaments, tendons, cartilage)
• Assesses unexplained joint pain
• Nursing interventions:
  • Assess allergies

Myelography

• Contrast medium injected via lumbar puncture
• Visualizes spinal cord distortion
• Less used due to CT and MRI availability
• Nursing interventions:
  • Educate on procedure
  • Position patient post-procedure to avoid spinal headache
  • Monitor vitals and symptoms of bacterial meningitis

CT Scan

• Provides detailed cross-sectional images
• Visualizes:
  • Tumors
  • Soft tissue injuries
  • Severe trauma
• Nursing interventions:
  • Educate on contrast agents
  • Assess allergies

MRI

• Uses magnets and radio waves
• Visualizes bones and soft tissues
• Not suitable for patients with metal implants
• Nursing interventions:
  • Remove metal objects
  • Assess for claustrophobia
  • Consider sedation if necessary

Discography

• Contrast medium injected into intervertebral space
• Visualizes disc health
• Nursing interventions:
  • Assess allergies
  • Monitor for spinal headache

Electromyography

• Evaluates muscle weakness, pain, disability
• Measures electrical signals to muscles
• Nursing interventions:
  • Assess for anticoagulant use
  • Monitor for infection at needle sites

Biopsies

• Analyzes bone marrow, muscle, or synovium
• Nursing interventions:
  • Educate on procedure
  • Monitor site for complications

Arthrocentesis

• Withdraws fluid from joint
• Diagnoses joint conditions
• Nursing interventions:
  • Educate on procedure and risks
  • Apply ice post-procedure
  • Monitor for infection and bleeding

Arthroscopy

• Direct visualization of joint
• Diagnoses joint disorders
• Nursing interventions:
  • Maintain compression dressing
  • Monitor joint status
  • Educate on recovery and signs of complications

Questions and Discussion

• Contact instructor for clarifications or questions
• Review provided test questions for understanding