Class 10: Federalism

Introduction

Division of powers among central, state, and local governments.
The division of powers between various levels is called federalism.
Federalism: A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units.

Coming Together Federation: Several independent states come together to form a large nation, such as the USA.
Holding Together Federation: A central authority government distributes some powers to states, such as India.

Two or more levels of government: Governments exist at the central and state (sometimes local) levels.
Specific matters for different governments: Law-making, tax collection, and administration areas are different.
Constitutionally specified areas: Government powers are constitutionally specified.
Constitutional provisions: Amendments to constitutional rules require consent from both levels.
Revenue sources: Revenue sources for all governments are clear and specified.
Judicial supervision: Judiciary resolves conflicts between different governments.
Unity and diversity: Federal systems promote unity while accommodating regional diversities.

Three-tier system: Central, State, and Local governments (since 1992).
Legislative power distribution: Division of powers into Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
Center-State relations: The central government generally holds more power, but states have special statuses.

Transferring power from central and state governments to local governments.
Need: Local problems are better solved at the local level.
Achievements: Local governments become more democratic; reservations for women and marginalized sections.
Challenge: General non-functioning of Gram Sabhas, lack of timely changes.

Important Points: