All right, everybody, let's go ahead and finish up this review. So first, we're talking about our theories of stress. Be familiar with Lazarus's theory of stress, including what primary and secondary appraisals are.
So according to Lazarus, you will generally not encounter stress to an event. You will not have a negative. You won't really feel bad about stress or different events that happen. depends But it really depends on how you view the stress.
So the way that you respond to different events and whether or not they are stressful ultimately comes down to how you view it. So a primary appraisal is basically, is this going to be positive? Is this negative or is it neutral? The secondary appraisal is, do I have the resources to cope with this?
So if you think that the event is negative for that primary appraisal, and you don't feel like you have the resources to cope with the secondary appraisal, you are more likely to view that as stressful. Next, we have the diathesis stress model, which basically says that genetic predispositions and vulnerabilities to physical illness or mental illnesses are more likely to happen with stress. So the diathesis here are those genetic predispositions, Stress basically allows those predispositions to manifest themselves. And then finally, be familiar with Hans Selye's model of stress, which is the general adaptation model. And basically, this is a physical model of stress.
So Selye believed that regardless of what the stress was, the body is going to react in the exact same way. and that it's the HPA axis, that hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, that is always going to drive that stress response. And the stress response will always be the same regardless of the stressor. There's a big focus on what is physically being done to the body during stress, and there are three major stages.
So we have the alarm reaction, we have resistance, And we have exhaustion, and that is going to be the same with the same physical effects on the body, regardless of what type of stressor we are dealing with. Next, moving on to Chapter 6, Coping with Stress. Be familiar with different types of problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. And hint, some coping strategies are both of these things. So problem focused coping is basically dealing with the problem at its source, dealing with the stressor by trying to fix the problem.
And emotion focused coping is about dealing with the stressor by managing the emotions that you feel. So you're not necessarily trying to fix any problem to deal with the stress. You're just trying to manage your feelings. And one thing that can be both is basically social support.
You can fix your problems by talking them out with your friends, and you can also manage the emotions that you feel by doing so. Next, moving on to the models of health behavior, be familiar with the trans-theoretical model, the health behavior model, and the theory of planned behavior. Trans-theoretical model is all about creating new change.
So we have that preparation. pre-preparation stage, we have the preparation stage, the action stage. So we have these different stages when we're wanting to change a behavior.
And that's partially because the trans-theoretical model was all about being developed on smokers who were trying to quit. I call it the health behavior model, but I think this is actually the health belief model. The health belief model is basically based on if you want to figure out what... people are going to do.
Ask them what they believe. Do you believe that changing your behavior would actually lead to these outcomes? Do you believe that you are at risk for certain outcomes? And as a result, based on your answers to these questions, based on whether you believe that changing your behavior would be beneficial, you will either be more likely or less likely to engage in those behaviors.
The theory of planned behavior looks at intention, but in addition to focusing on intention, it also looks at social norms and external events to see if people will actually follow through with the behavior that they intend to do. So it relates to your attitude, it relates to your intention to comply, it relates to social norms. Next, health behaviors. What are the known and demonstrated effects of exercise on psychological states? So we know a couple of different things.
We know that exercise increases self-esteem. It decreases anxiety and depression. Be familiar with the following cognitive biases in determining illness or illness symptoms, confirmation bias, and misattribution. So confirmation bias is basically... only looking for things that support your point of view and not really focusing on anything that doesn't fit with what you believe.
Misattribution is when you misattribute the source of your problem. So you're tired because you didn't get a good night's sleep and then you feel like you might be getting sick because other people around you have been sick. You may misattribute how you're feeling to being sick. when it's actually because you didn't get a very good night's sleep. Next, be familiar with the different parts of the brain that are critical for modulating pain signals.
In particular, the periaqueductal gray will be a part of this. The frontal lobe will be a part of this, and the hypothalamus will be a part of this. So those are kind of a part of a network that are all about modulating and modifying our pain signals.
based on how we are feeling. Next, finishing up by talking about chronic illness, terminal illness, and death. So we have how many Americans die of chronic illnesses. That's close to about 70% or a little bit more. Next, be familiar with different aspects of chronic illness that can vary, age when they develop, remittance and flare-ups, etc.
And we know that chronic diseases like allergies can flare up and die down over time when they develop. So there are some chronic illnesses that develop very late, something like Alzheimer's disease, which could be a chronic illness that develops late. Something like asthma typically will develop very early on in life, as will type 1 diabetes. And then finally, some conditions. can be acute or they can be a chronic condition.
So pain can be acute because you pulled a joint, but with something like arthritis, that pain can actually be chronic. So folks, this is pretty much all I had. Like I said, it was about less than 10 minutes.
If you have any other questions, let me know and I will see you all in class on Wednesday. And hopefully this was a good preparation for your final on Wednesday after that. Bye.