Transcript for:
AP Environmental Science Review Strategies

hey everybody welcome this is mr v and welcome to ap daily live review for ap environmental science uh this is video number eight this is our last video so as you know i'm mr villarreal mr v from mission texas at sheridan advanced academic academy go rattlers go cobras and so let's go ahead and jump into this last presentation right okay so welcome let's go ahead and jump in what are we going to learn today today this is our last video number eight so in this video we're using this time to try to answer and clarify some final questions and concepts from video seven so i'm gonna try to do a bunch of those today um we're gonna make sure to conduct a brief overview of the content for unit 9 for global change that's our last unit and then we're going to discuss any visual representations and i misspelled that sorry about that and multiple choice and free response strategies we can do and we're gonna be modeling some more for your response today so i know that's something that you guys like uh from these videos i'm gonna do my best to cover one more free response question to help you all out um and then we're gonna also go over some final tips and hints for the ap test which by now if you've been watching all these videos you guys are pros and you're going to be fine so and then of course we'll wrap up with some questions to help you out and some live practice to wrap the whole thing up okay so beginning here and i want to apologize first if you see me get a little sniffly i apologize i'm a little runny today um but if there's any video questions and clarifications let's go through i got a whole bunch of them so let's see um the first is if the test asks for a question from an experiment can you make it a statement and will you have to write formulas that was from one student and so it depends if the question asks for a research question then probably keep it that way as a question if they ask you to make a claim then a statement should work you shouldn't probably put that as a question so make sure that's clear and then of course for formulas you can write either the words or the formulas out just don't overwrite and what i mean by that is you know there have been questions in the past where if you look right here that's carbonic acid h2co3 that it should be um with the subscript of aq instead of liquid and that does get counted wrong even though the equation itself may be right you did make sure you don't try to overwrite and overthink it and then how will the timing for the frqs work so for that one you're going to get an hour and 10 minutes the digital app is going to have a timer on there and it will let you know i believe when there's five minutes left you have to make sure to check the digital app and download it to make sure you try it out and then of course if you're testing in person in a couple of weeks that's going to have a proctor letting you know at least usually a 10 minute warning and then if you can ask you can always ask for more from the person proctoring your exam but of course as always do the easiest parts first to give yourself more time at the end no matter what your situation and refer to the testing websites and digital app which we'll show you in a minute um that way you can get more information on that and then can you explain part f from yesterday's frq so that was from rants and yes we can so the question was petroleum has many uses as a raw material for consumer goods identify one substitute for petroleum in a specific consumer product other than fuel well petroleum has been used to make products like plastic right so the examples were given on there as replacing plastic products so you know instead of they said to use plant-based bottles or plant-based plastic they said to use bamboo versus plastic containers or to use cotton instead of plastic and nylon portions in your in your clothing and stuff like that so that's what it meant by those and then are there common solutions that we need to memorize like is there an easy way to get through an frq um not always the solution is going to vary right but there are going to be common problems remember think hypco from yesterday that's in the case of environmental issues right those are going to be what happens to a species or what happens in the event of an environmental problem and then of course when you're thinking about the problems of economic make sure you put something about money and jobs when you see that term there so that's that's going to be how to look at those and then tiffany from new york you asked a bunch of questions i'm so glad thank you because i wanted to ask spencer as many as i could in this last video and disrounding matter was one should you should we label the answers to the frq parts that you write and can we estimate answers on identifying numbers and so let's go through those so the first one was yes you can round but don't over round like don't try to make it something where it's just a whole number every time try to keep it to a certain number of decimals that are given to you so if you're given a couple decimals keep it to that way we don't look for sig figs on the test but it is important to try to make sure you don't over round and get out of the range and that matters more for frqs your second question should you label your answers please please do the people who are grading your tests if they just see one giant block of text it's going to be very difficult to get through that and make sure that they can read through those points they do their best and they're going to do their best to get through it but you make life a lot easier for us to find your points if you simply label a1 and then answer it a2 and then answer it that would be great and then the third one is there always a range accepted what's the range of answers for identifying and estimating on frqs they have a range okay so try to stay close to as as close to the main number that you can because if you fall out of that range then you won't get that answer so please make sure you keep that in mind okay and then carrying on with some more questions um real quick i i've gotten this like three or four times i want to make sure i get it out there so we're clear you don't have to memorize anything more than the metric system so if you're worried about do i need to know um how to convert from like a joule to a watt to a btu no you will need to know the metric system and how a kilojoule works versus a kilowatt uh compared to those watts and joules so know how to convert within the metric system but you don't have to know how to convert between random things we're going to show you a math example in just a moment and then can you watch the exam yes definitely make sure that you keep track of your time as long as the watch does not connect to the internet if it's a smart watch that should not be allowed okay what is the difference in oligotrophic and eutrophic that was from our question rfrq i believe or no that was from our notes uh yesterday and so real quick oligotrophic bodies of water have less nutrients but they're more stable and eutrophic have very high nutrients that tend to be very unstable and those can lead to those dead zones that we mentioned and then can you show us more math i said definitely got several of those so here's a very brief quick example of how to use dimensional analysis so let's look at that right now here's what they would give you on a free response they will tell you how much a hectare is equal to acres and then how much an acre is equal to yards so you don't need to know this i didn't know this i had to go look this up so you don't need to memorize it you just need to know how to do the math now here's a brief scenario this is not a real ap question but it is a brief scenario to help you practice a local school is planning on reforcing an area of 6464 square yards they intend to write a grant but they need to give the value in hectares calculate how many hectares this reforced area would be so for this remember for dimensional analysis this is how i tell my students to do it you take your given amount and you convert it by looking at the unit that you want on top and the unit you already have on the bottom and in this case you probably need to do multiple steps and again you do the same thing the unit you want and then that unit that you have on top and of course the answer is going to be in the final unit that you want okay so let's look at how this would go this one would be beginning with the number they found in square yards which is 64 6400 64. and then we convert that from yards to acres okay so we take our yards i put it put that on the bottom and our acres up top and then we take that and multiply it by our next conversion unit which would be acres on top on bottom and hectares on top once you do the math here what you're basically doing mathematically is you're dividing this number by the numbers on the bottom and multiplying it by the numbers on top since the numbers are on top are just one you're good to go now what's important here and i'm going to move to my pen here briefly is that what happens is the yards cancel with each other and the acres cancel giving us our answer in hectares now one thing i want to make a note if you're looking at this and you're like oh my gosh another thing i have to learn no if you're not comfortable with dimensional analysis don't do it you don't have to you can just show me 6464 divided by 4840 and then take that answer and divide it by 242.47 and that is totally fine do not feel like you need to go off and learn more dimensional analysis and go to uh go online and start searching for dimensional analysis videos focus right now on the ap environmental science you're close to the test don't worry so much about the math if you know how to do this great if you don't know it's not the end of the world so don't freak out okay so brief information about the exam since our last video i want to make sure we go over these there will be three administrations one in may 14th that's the paper and pencil one that's going to be in school at 12 p.m local time that's important the digital test first round will be on may 27th and that's going to be 4 pm eastern standard time so you have to select your time zone and take it at the same time as everyone else that's online and can be at home or in school and then on june 11th that's going to be the third and final time to take the exam that's 4 pm eastern standard time digital either at home or in school so don't forget those whichever your date may be and then of course don't forget it's a full-length exam it's going to be multiple choice first section 80 questions hour and a half 60 of that score is going to come from the multiple choice there will be individual questions standalone there's going to be quantitative sets looking at practice five mostly and others with three to four questions other practice sets with qualitative data three to four questions primarily looking at practice two and one four and seven and of course our text-based resources those are new questions if you'd like to go over more of those we did go over those on tuesday's video which is video number 876 right six sorry i got backwards there and those are new so please make sure you look at those examples and then of course some other brief examples about or some other brief information about the free response is that don't doesn't matter which type of test you're taking you will have three questions hour and ten minutes those will end up covering 40 of your exam score and starting with the design investigation analyzing an environmental problem and solution and analyzing problem with a solution and doing calculations and remember you do and have the option to use a for function calculator uh not required of you but you can and are able to as long as it's not connected to the internet as well and then some other just brief specifics about the digital exam since we are getting closer and this is our last video is remember to take it on a school managed chromebook or on a desktop or a laptop computer no phones or tablets are allowed for that device should be connected to the internet and have power it will also not allow you to go backwards so remember we've talked about this a couple times make sure you look at your digital app for practice on that and of course it's not going to include internet searchable questions or at least it shouldn't have that many available ones and it will have other security features to please make sure you read your testing guide and it will be reviewed for plagiarism detection and it will also be looked at to identify any collaboration or unauthorized aids so and of course they will not have any handwritten responses so don't take any pictures of the work and try to turn it in it'll need to be typed in including the math so if it's easier to type in math questions or math answers with separate steps instead of dimensional analysis that's fine don't get bogged down in the format okay then some other helpful links we've talked about these before so please review these before your exam exam dates and times are going to be located here on all ap exams then you'll be able to see information about our exam the ap environmental one specifically here and then of course the digital exam information is going to be at this testing guide so please check that link and of course if you have not yet downloaded the testing app please do so you can practice it does have sample questions and a little bit of a sample setup so you'll know exactly how that will go and this is our last session so we won't be able to answer questions during feedback but if there is anything you'd like to say to myself or to miss bagley please send us some feedback it'd be great to hear from you all and to see if these things helped you out if you needed uh if there was more that we could have done or if we did everything you you dreamed of that'd be great we'd love to hear from you um this will remain open for another day or two um but unfortunately we won't be able to get back to you on that so um if you'd just like to leave a comment or two that'd be great so let's review the content of unit 9 right unit 9 is going to be about global change so there's going to be a lot of stuff and it's the big picture items this is going to be basically the culmination of the entire course so make sure you're you're focused on this unit and that you've gone over a lot of it so we start with the ozone layer that's going to be that layer of o3 that's up in the stratosphere and it's protecting us from harmful uv rays and that has been broken down a little bit over the years with chlorofluorocarbons right cfcs those are refrigerants and propellants used uh with anthropogenic means and it did deplete the ozone layer and the main chemical there was the chloro portion the chlorine and it can also the ozone layer can also be depleted naturally with ice crystals melting in arctic and in antarctic spring and of course uv rays can reach the surface because of this and the decreased ozone can cause skin cancer and cataracts for humans as well so how do we reduce that depletion the only real big way to do this is to replace those ozone depleting chemicals like cfcs with a substitute that will not deplete ozone and you can use things like a hydrofluorocarbon that takes out the chlorine but unfortunately both chlorofluoro and hydrofluorocarbons are both considered greenhouse gases so here's a brief look at what that does so there's the ozone layer and that remember is up in the stratosphere remember there's two big layers to note the stratosphere and the troposphere stratosphere is going to be where you end up blocking the uvc 100 it's going to block 95 of uvb and only 5 of your va so the less you have of ozone the more uvb will get in and that's going to cause skin cancer and cataracts through that okay and then carrying on here so now we look at the greenhouse effect this is going to be the precursor to climate change so there's several gases responsible and some of these you may know and some of these you may not have heard of but water is actually a greenhouse gas it's a vapor and it can be a short residence time gas excuse me carbon dioxide is the one that's probably your primary actor here it's the most abundant so we see that often and then of course you have methane nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons now one thing i do want to point out is as you go down this list these have a higher what's called the global warming potential that potential goes up as you go down this list so water vapor not a lot of global warming potential excuse me and then chlorofluorocarbons have the most global warming potential so and then of course the reason we focus so much on carbon dioxide is because it is currently the most abundant of these gases so increases in greenhouse gases have been found and that's what it does is it's going to trap more infrared radiation or heat right and that's going to lead to all sorts of environmental problems we're going to get in depth tonight a little bit that's going to be rising sea levels that's going to be disease vectors being able to spread more because of climate change and of course the big picture of global climate change itself connecting all these other issues so it's important to note what happens here if you look at the diagram our greenhouse gases like our nitrous oxide methane carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons these things normally you get radiation either reflected back okay or absorbed depending on we have so we have a bunch of absorbed energy from man-made sources but much of it gets reflected back from the lighter surfaces you know sandy beaches water sometimes um ice caps things like that well greenhouse gases act as a barrier and cause this radiated heat to bounce back to the surface and multiple times and that stays longer which means the earth is going to get warmer to that so that's because these chemicals kind of serve as a mesh layer preventing it from just leaving right away and so continuing on with that climate change is going to be our big deal so this is going to take the big bulk of what we're talking about and of course the earth has had periods of warm and cool so that is normal um the current trend right now though is going to be to warming because of that increase in co2 this is leading to rising temperatures it's leading to melting permafrost up in the tundra and taiga and poles and sea ice is melting currently as well and all of that ice melting has been leading to rising sea levels which is a phenomenon we're already seeing and of course we have coastal populations being displaced because of that rising sea level now here's the catch though i will say this not everything is negative there are going to be some positive developments with climate change so for example some ecosystems are going to be able to expand right the ocean expansion is going to help and rising sea levels is going to help certain locations do that although downside is formerly areas that were shallow might now be too deep and not get light so still kind of sad face sorry um and then of course with the heat exchange with the heating of the world you're going to end up with exchange of that being altered and that's going to that may alter your hadley cells in your jet stream so please refer back to your earth science unit on that one which is unit four right yeah and so there's you're going to have you can have coastal flooded areas that were not typically flooded may start to flood more so consider that as one of our problems for climate change and then over here we continue with that climate change is a big expansive expansive problem and it begins and ends a little bit with the ocean conveyor belt so we'll look at that in a moment but that conveyor belt along with winds sends warmth from the equator to the north and the south poles that allows for the world to end up having temperate temperatures and not freezing and then suddenly hot in the equator so that's a big help but that's going to be affected by climate change and so is soil you typically get questions maybe in the free response about how soil might cause changes in our household might be changed by the cause of climate change and that's going to be due to the fact that you're going to end up with more erosion because of rainfall temperatures going to change the chemistry of the soil and bring out certain ions so that's going to be a big deal that we could talk about in a question like that and then of course you have polar regions you're going to be affected by climate change much faster and the track the trick is those places because they are lighter tend to reflect heat back into space but when they're gone the earth will absorb more so that's going to be what we call a positive feedback loop not that it's positive that it happens but that it keeps the problem happening right and methane is going to be another one here as the ice melts in the tundra there is going to be methane trapped in that is going to be released and as we saw previously methane has much more global warming potential than co2 so you're going to end up continuing the loop and that's a positive feedback loop and of course the ecosystem is going to suffer as well you're going to have organisms that you know need to have uh snow or ice to survive like polar bears and seals that won't be able to because it won't be available and they'll have lost habitat and food to that as well and so here's our ocean conveyor belt we saw this we talked a little bit about those pat those plastic garbage patches that can form due to those well not only is this responsible for transferring heat from that equator to the northern latitudes but it can also end up shutting off with too much fresh water pouring into it so that can tip the balance of those so something important to be thinking about when it comes to climate change and then um also with this of course with climate change you're also going to get ocean warming so not only is the planet getting warmer but so is the ocean and that's going to have all sorts of impact on the species inside the habitat will be lost they're going to have metabolic changes they're going to have reproductive changes and you're also going to get coral bleaching okay so coral is a mutualistic relationship and if they lose their algae they're going to turn white and then eventually die okay this is caused by that constant warming of the sea surface so as you can see sea surface temperatures from the 1901 to 2000 range have generally been increasing the whole time okay so whether you're near the equator and the latitudes uh in the tropics or if you're looking at the entire area besides the uh poles it's gotten much warmer and the poles themselves have gotten even more warmer even more warm than the rest of the planet and so acidification is going to also occur at this time that's where you get ph drops because of increased co2 in the water so here's an example of an equation you might need to write a couple years back this was an equation students had to write now you can put this in words right with more carbon dioxide the excess ends to uh ends up combining with water to make more carbonic acid remember if you try to put too much or try to put something that's incorrect then you will you will lose points on something like that so if you're not comfortable writing the chemical formula then don't okay and of course the the corals are going to be blocked from making calcium carbonate and that's going to end up leading that's going to be a cause an effect excuse me of the cause of ocean acidification and so this is what coral reefs will end up looking like and then from there other anthropogenic activities this is all caused by an increase in carbon dioxide with our activities of number one combustion of fossil fuels those fossil fuels will then release emissions too from our vehicles you'll have deforestation and so that's going to bring down the co2 that could have been stored away so carrying on here with our last couple bits here don't forget about invasive species some species can live and thrive outside their normal habitat and that's sometimes beneficial but it can also be harmful if it threatens natives by native species and so that tends to be typically the generalists that are invasive and those generalists tend to also be our selected species so they can out compete those case-elected native species typically and of course we have to use human intervention to try to control or eradicate those species otherwise we will end up um letting them kind of take over and that's when species can become endangered instead okay so an endangered species is going to be those that either their numbers have dropped or um you know they've they're basically very close to extinction and there are several factors that may cause this right so first is that they are extensively hunted so that over exploitation can be a main factor that they have a very limited diet okay they only will eat certain types of food native to their habitat or that invasive species outcompete them and have defeated where they live um and then of course these species have to adapt to those changes to avoid being endangered or extinct and so those selective pressures may end up working and be too much on the species if that happens and of course the other things that are going to affect them are going to be competition for resources like territory food mates habitat that can lead to push to push them to endangered or extinction and then of course you can stop the stuff by protecting them you can either criminalize poaching protect habitats legislation can stop these things and we'll talk about some of those today too so species like elephants and pandas are pretty famous for those and they have different uh characteristics that have led them to be more likely to be endangered so then from here we have to talk about human impacts right our bod our activities have impacted biodiversity quite a bit as well so i mentioned hipco at the beginning and that's what this means hipco is going to be our main factor so if they ask you a question about how are humans impacting biodiversity you can answer with one of these choices and sometimes and you can't just pick one it has to be specific to the species and situation so you can have habitat destruction that's h i is invasive species first p is population that's our population being around then pollution and then of course climate change and then over exploitation or over hunting can be a big factor as well and of course what's the big deal with all these the first one a good example is going to be habitat fragmentation so these large habitats can get broken down into smaller ones and those roads pipelines things like that they're going to prevent species from being able to mix or even move to their normal ranges okay and of course every species can respond differently to these to these fragmentations and of course how big that fragmentation is if it's one road it may not have as big of a impact as you know a multi-level highway or something like that and then of course climate change is going to be a big one because if the precipitation changes the sea level changes or the temperature those are going to be major factors on whether or not that habitat can survive or the individual species can survive in that habitat and then of course we have to try to mitigate it remember mitigate means to slow the problem down to do this we need to either create protected areas we can create habitat corridors or we can have sustainable use practices to restore those previous habitats okay and here's an example right so if you have a winding road like this you've cleared a large swath of space and now unfortunately not only does the species have to get across the road but they have to get across this open area and most species will not do that willingly or at least not very successfully okay and then now we're going to talk about some of the legislation so either legislations or treaties that might work and go well with climate change or global change and some of these discussions so the first one is going to be uh the cites treaty that's the convention international trade and endangered species of wild fauna and flora basically that's an international treaty that has that's protecting trade in endangered species and plants and animals so it says what you should and should not be able to trade and it lays down those guidelines and the countries that sign that treaty have to abide by that the montreal protocol was signed in i believe 1980 and that was the treaty that phased out chlorofluorocarbons and the production of ozone depleting substances now the kyoto protocol is another treaty international that was proposed in 1992 and um was not ratified by the united states so this was kind of the precursor to the modern day paris uh treaty or paris accord but that was not agreed to in 1992 so good thing to note on that one and then of course the major species act was is the united states law or legislation that ends up setting criteria for us as a nation to label a species endangered or threatened and protect them and their habitats so when you see stuff like habitat habitat restoration or protected areas those may fall under the endangered species act so today what science practices are we going to look at remember but there are seven science practices total the college board expects us to demonstrate these not know them off top of our head the first one is concept explanation then visual representations text analysis scientific experiments data analysis math routines and environmental solutions that's a big one that you're going to see a lot in these back half of the units and of course these practices can be assessed in any unit and any unit can be assessed with these practices but some of them are going to be lent more to others so today we're going to be looking at concept explanation visual representations and of course environmental solutions so let's look at an easy example to start off right let's uh let's get ourselves a little warmed up okay so with our multiple choice which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is also a byproduct of anaerobic respiration so the choices are methane they are nitrogen n2 they are oxygen o2 and they are hydrogen sulfide h2s so what i want to point out here is sometimes these questions are not as bad as they seem right you can ask yourself and go all right what's it asking for number one it's asking for a greenhouse gas what are the processes that it's mentioning so it's greenhouse gases and of course anaerobic respiration and then what do each of these gases do so we know for sure that um we're looking for a greenhouse gas that's not going to be nitrogen and oxygen those are your primary gases in the atmosphere there's 71 percent nitrogen or 78 nitrogen and 21 oxygen so now you're left with thinking about methane or hydrogen sulfide and so you ask yourself which one's coming out of about as a byproduct of respiration okay so hydrogen sulfide is not one of those that's actually methane so there you have it and i want you to think about that because sometimes it's just that easy guys good job right so if you're looking at that and you paused it you were like methane before you even said anything and you got this right and so looking at that multiple choice what were the practice we were assessing right or practices well that's an easy one that's a concept one so don't feel like just because we're in unit eight and nine and we're talking about these later units don't feel like oh well they're all going to be really tough sometimes they're going to put questions like that that's not out of the scope so you know do your best be mindful pay attention and don't let that get out of your way and of course to look back at some of these other gases you can look at topic 1.4 for your ap daily videos and now let's practice the free response question our last one right let's get to it so free response the sample number two type so now we're talking about piping clovers right great little pretty bird and the piping plover is a globally threatened species with about as few as 2 000 nesting pears remaining in the atlantic of these migratory shorebirds clovers were nearly hunted to extinction in the 19th century so plovers prefer to nest and search for food on open sandy beaches between sparsely vegetated sand dunes wash over is where sand is washed up from the beach and buries vegetated areas during storms are also important to plovers because they provide moist and undisturbed habitats for adults and their chicks ecologists with the elliott oceanographic institute mapped the distribution of plover nests during two seasonal surveys of nesting sites over a 10-year period on assateague island if i say that right this is a barrier island along near a long narrow island running parallel to the atlantic coast of virginia so if you're from virginia hopefully you've seen this and so there it is the numbers in 1999 and 2009. so remind yourself it's a practice two type because this is going to involve skills the skills for this are going to be looking at visuals and understanding what's happening so like a graph instead of looking at the axes and stuff like this you have to look at it okay what does this mean so we're looking at unvegetated sand and that's where most of those dots are here if you look at it over here that's the same thing so before we even get to the question part we're starting to see a pattern so always do that i know this is a lot of information you look at this and you're like oh my gosh so much words you know can i just skip this question well if you're on paper and this is too much then yes you may skip it and go to another one but if you're digital you're gonna have to stick with it guys you're gonna have to watch it make sure you're on it on it and answer it so train yourselves now make sure you've read this make sure you're ready for the question parts okay and then over here here are some of the questions use the maps to answer the following questions identify the preferred nesting habitat for piping plovers describe the change in the number of piping plover nests on stig island between 99 and 09 and describe one likely reason for the change in the number of piping clover nests between 99.09 and then the coastal species are affected more than just by natural events so special beach restrictions can help having flavors during nesting season describe one restriction that could reasonably be implemented to help prevent the destruction of plover nests by humans and in addition to providing habitat barrier islands are important for other reasons explain one way that these features help preserve preserve and protect the environment in coastal regions and then identify one human action that directly threatens coastal habitats and describe one impact on species other than the piping clover then it gives you more information there's always going to be that little step or that transition in between where that gives you more so don't be afraid to answer some questions and then see the rest so read through the whole thing and decide where you sit on this and so it says approximately 40 percent of the u.s population resides in coastal areas such as near assateague island where sea level rise and shoreline or erosion is occurring identifying one economic impact on coastal communities that has resulted from rising sea levels describe two methods that may be used to locally protect communities coastal communities from rising sea levels right that's a lot a lot of reading so the prompt had a lot of reading with the visual and so did the question so now we got to get to it and break it down but that's why i always ask you to look at the picture or the diagram first and see if you can tell the story if you can tell the story before you even read the question i promise you you're going to probably give yourself the answer to one or two points so here we're looking at the nesting sites again and it says identify the preferred nesting habitat for piping clovers describe the change in number on the island between 9909 and describe one likely reason for a change in the number so right here let's start with one so one and two it's all identified described and so for a1 the obvious answer is that it's unvegetated sense so we've talked about this the other day if some of you were asking can we answer a question in one word in this case possibly yes well not one word but it's still unvegetated sound so one phrase so that would be helpful there and you can say sandy areas or washovers as well because that's how they described it in the paragraph at the beginning and then finally for number two you got to take a look that's going to require you to do some counting because it says the change in the number of piping clover nests on the island between 9909 so always give a number just to make sure so here once you count those those dots you're going to see that there was a change from 44 to 25 nesting sites instead and that was 19 more nests in 1999 sorry about that got a typo there um then 2009 and of course you can say there was a decrease in unvegetated sandy areas for letter three because that's the reason for the change and that's what occurred um or you could say there's an increase in more vegetation and re-vegetation so while that's good for some species for others it may not be okay now some extra help for this for ap daily would be looking at topic 2.6 and that topic 8.2 will help you out some then when you get over here to your example two your second portions is going to be letter b coastal species are affected more than by than just natural habitat natural events um and then special restrictions can help piping clovers describe one restriction that could reasonably be implemented and then in addition to providing habitat for plovers bearer islands are important for other reasons explain one way that these features help preserve and protect environment in coastal regions and identify a human action that directly threatens coastal habitats and describe one impact on species other than the piping plover that use the habitat so right here first thing is you can say how could you have a restriction on here well you need to put warning signs right post a warning sign either a fence or a barrier over the nesting area or you can also limit recreation on the beach where there are nests found okay so that's an easy way and you have to describe so you can't just say poster barrier you have to say what that barrier is going to do as well to get that point for part two here they block wind and waves from eroding beaches so those barrier islands they end up stopping those water that water and that wind from breaking down the mainland coast and they also create wetland ecosystems for other species like fish turtle fish and turtles okay not fish turtles and then for number three economics so remember it's asking us um for b3 excuse me identify a human action that's going to cause that and describe uh how that's going to affect other species well tourism and recreation on that area so it's asking for the human action so it's not an economic question so much but just a human portion that's going to end up affecting those species okay and so that's our tourism our recreation our development on the coast of course littering drilling for oil and uh commercial fishing in that area okay sorry went off screen there and of course for tourism you have to it says identify and describe so for tourism you have to say that people can step on the nest they can disrupt with their vehicles or the bringing of sunscreen it turns out to be toxic to organisms and then of course you can say for human development that's going to lose habitat completely so instead of revegetating you could end up destroying the entire ecosystem and of course food waste and other predators might food waste might attract other predators and of course oil drilling oil spills may be toxic or coat species as we spoke about yesterday and commercial fishing is going to be either dredging or trawling that's where you drag nets and over harvest disrupting the food chains of the piping flower and so if you look right here even though we're talking about unit 9 and we're getting into the later portions of the frq there's still going to be some practice one stuff so they are going to ask you for some of that and they are going to include some of those solutions later too okay so looking at here identify an economic impact on coastal communities that's resulted in rising sea levels from rising sea levels describe two methods that might be used locally to protect coastal communities from rising sea levels and so looking at it right here an economic impact right there look at all these answers money and jobs decrease of tourist revenue that's money decrease the property value more money decrease of damage to the property or land so that's money as well money related increase to insurance costs right loss of aquaculture operations those are jobs and money and then of course for letter d what are two methods you can give couple of these that would locally protect coastal communities you could say well you could raise the structures to make sure that things don't end up getting damaged on the surface you can move the structure back and get it away from the beach or you can install pumps whenever there's flooding so that there's no collection of water and flooding of the area for habitat or you can also build sea walls or what are called groins as well and jetties those can act as a barrier to protect that area from wave action so you see right here we're still identifying and we're describing but look here we're looking at practice seven okay so when you're looking at these and you give these choices remember you should always give your first couple uh when it says describe two or describe one give your best one first whatever you find to be best and just remember take a breath guys you got this you're at that point you're okay right and then of course our practices that we were assessing here what do we have right practices one right concept exclamation practice two which is going to be your visual representations and practice three your environmental solutions and again if you feel like this was something with a topic that you were not sure about you can go back and look at topics 9.5 and 9.10 so with that what should we take away from this final video here the first things to think about are some things to remember of course number one is don't forget you need to practice those topics and the skills together it's important to use the ap daily content videos where they're there for help and these videos as well will also be here on youtube but they'll also be housed on ap classrooms so if you're seeing this here and you'd rather see it on an ap classroom to study and practice where you teachers would like to assign to your students you can assign these the first four already up the next four will be soon that's this week's and as you work your way through an frq remember look at what you're expected to know with how you're supposed to show it and use those practices to guide you and of course consider where those environmental legislation sections go right they might ask it they might not it might be a free response it might be a multiple choice but look for those context clues that's going to give you an advantage when you when you're trying to earn those points and remember some key takeaways here right number one is you have this you're good you got this okay read everything you need right make sure for the multiple choice know what's being asked of you and for both the free response and the multiple choice read everything and answer everything that is the most important thing okay and i just want to remind you you have got this you've got this you're going to be fine and of course if you'd like to practice one more time we do have these kahoots available to you so you can use this link below to test your knowledge of unit nine so there's our kahoot challenge for this last day and you can see how well you do compare and practice going with this video and you can see the previous kahoot links and the guided notes so miss bagley has uploaded her guided notes for last week's video and i'll be uploading some guided notes for this week's videos probably over the weekend and next week so keep an eye out for those and then of course if you'd like to give us some feedback and let us know how we did and how these were helpful or just how you're doing these will be open for a couple more days you can do that as well so i do want to say one last time thank you very much i'm glad you tuned in i hope this has been helpful and good luck on your ap test whenever that may be you