Transcript for:
Earth Science Regents Review

hi mr. gasner here this is one type of review for the earth science Regents exam when I was a kid and I was taking Regents exams I would get a book like this and do a lot of studying from it what this has is it has old Regents exams in it and I would do the questions right in the book it also has the correct answer so I would check my answers but more importantly it had explanations for each question of why the correct answers are correct and why the wrong choices are wrong so that was really big but what I found with earth science over the years is if it's a question or a topic that is challenging for you somebody's reading the written explanation can be really confusing because earth science is very visual there's a lot of diagrams there's the reference table so sometimes it's not as helpful as it could be so I've decided to use the power video to be able to show and explain and use a lot of diagrams to explain the correct answers and that's what this video is so this is how it works you sit down and on your own you do the multiple choice for the June 2018 readers exam if you don't have a copy of it there's a link in the description then you check your answers with the answer key you don't have one of those also in the description you can get a link and then for the ones that you get wrong and you're gonna get some wrong you actually make it a lot wrong don't worry about it this is a hard test and you're just in the process of studying so don't worry about the ones you get wrong you want to not get them wrong next time and then on the final test and - because to do that what you should do is for all of the questions you get wrong below in the description there's timestamp links if you click on it will take you right to the explanation for that question and do that for all the ones that you get wrong and I think this can really really help in addition to this video I have some more Regents review as well in the form of online research review courses I have a free course and then I have a more comprehensive paid course the link to those is also below and it's on my website guess Tony productions.com so work hard study hard and that will guarantee that you do your very best good luck welcome everybody June 2018 earth science region and I'm mr. Gaston today we're gonna do the multiple choice of 1 through 50 here we go question 1 the photographs below show two types of solar eclipses letter a and B represent two celestial objects okay so a here B is the black and a is here the white and B is the bike the partial solar eclipse total solar eclipse so first thing I'd like to do is show a diagram of kind of what's going on here so here we got the Sun and the moon and the earth and in this case these are solar eclipses in that the the moon is blocking out the Sun for those people who want are on earth so solar eclipse the Sun is blocked out I like to think whatever the name is there it's the eclipse of the Sun so then you know the Sun is blocked out so if you are right in that spot right there you are experiencing a total solar eclipse anywhere else is a partial solar eclipse he this shows some stages of a solar eclipse for instance this is a total solar eclipse these are all partial leading up to it this is also from a reader's exam another diagram that you might see this that the other type of Eclipse would be a lunar eclipse not what we're seeing here but that is when the moon goes into Earth's shadow so this would be Earth's shadow in space and then the moon is in our shadow and clips of the moon and then the moon is kind of blocked out but that's not what this is a solar eclipse and therefore the answer is choice 3a is the Sun and B is the moon so you need to know something about solar eclipses in order to answer that question number two here we go compared to the terrestrial planets the jovian planets and here your choices first off you need to know what is meant by the term terrestrial planets and jovian planets well the terrestrial planets Treasury means Earth's like they are the four inner planets they have rocky surfaces the outer four planets are called the jovian planets so make sure you know that commit that to memory because those terms are not in the reference table so once you know that then you do go to the reference table page 15 and here I have highlighted these are the terrestrial planets and these are the jovian planets and then you just comparing your choices here which are revolution period of rotation mass and density the period of revolution is a little tricky here in that it has orbital velocity so you need to be able to figure that out but looking through the chart your answer here that you will get is the jovian planets have shorter periods of rotation number three which event occurred more than ten billion years ago here are your choices what I'm gonna show is a timeline here to give you some perspective so if this is now we're going back in time the Big Bang which was it started the universe occurred in two thirteen to fourteen billion years ago the solar system begins about 4.6 billion years ago and the solar system the Sun the planets earth all started here so anything else that happened on earth in the evolution was all going to occur in here therefore you have to know this have some perspective on it and your answer here is gonna be choice one the Big Bang question number four in 1851 French physicist Leon Foucault we used a swing pendulum to demonstrate that earth did what so Foucault pendulum I hope that you've seen some sort of diagrams or demonstrations of this already but this is a diagram of what it looks like and basically the Foucault pendulum it kind of swings back and forth in a straight line but over time it appears to be moving compared to the floor and that is because the earth is rotating beneath it which is crazy it's an experiment that proves Earth rotates Foucault was not messing around people but anytime you hear or you see Foucault pendulum know that that proves that Earth rotates on its axis ok therefore the answer here is choice one it proves that it is rotating question 5 approximately how many degrees does Earth travel in its orbit in one month and like degrees of arc of a circle think of a right all the way around its 360 degrees that's what they're getting at so let's look at this this is a diagram showing earth revolving around the Sun not the scale and what I want to say is instance from Earth to go from D to a to B to C back to D that whole revolution takes one year ok and then it's interested the question if you look back at the question is in one month how many months are in a year twelve therefore it goes 360 degrees in 12 months so if you were to do that math what you get is this it revolves 30 degrees per month so the answer here is going to be choice 330 degrees because it does say one month air question six a weather question here we go what is the relative humidity when the dry bulb temperature is 16 degrees Celsius and the wet bulb is 10 degrees Celsius you need the reference table for this here we go you need to make sure now you are on the relative humidity chart or the reference table and the key thing here that I've seen kids get wrong so much is that these numbers here are the difference between the wet bulb and the dry bulb temperature they are the difference so if we go back to the question itself it says the dry bulb is 16 wet bulb is 10 therefore what is the difference there it is 6 16 minus 10 is 6 so we're looking into the column here for 6 I'm gonna highlight it okay and then you want to match up the dry bulb temperature given in the question is 16 so I'm gonna draw that in there where they meet that is going to give you the relative humidity as a percent that is how full the air is with water vapors 45% full of water vapor and and that is going to be choice number four so that's the answer question 7 boarding up windows would be one emergency action most likely taken to prepare for which natural disaster let's just review some of the main preparedness actions for natural disasters so an earthquake some of the main ones get under a strong cable right away and away from falling objects hurricanes gets a high ground board up windows and make sure you have canned food weather radio generator and there's many more but those are the main ones for a flood get to high ground tsunami also evacuate to high ground therefore based on that the best answer here is a hurricane is the disaster on which you board up windows question 8 jet stream question which diagram best represents the general position and direction of flow of the polar front jet stream in the northern hemisphere during the winter months ok this is kind of tricky there is reference to the jet stream on the reference table this is page 14 this chart doesn't drive kids kind of crazy this is the jet stream here and it's representative coming out of the board and into the board but you can't really tell that direction based on this ok so that's not really gonna help you kind of have to know this so this is a diagram showing a typical winter polar jet stream how it kind of comes down from the north like this I mean it's always in this direction over the US the way the prevailing winds always go is always from west to east so your answer here is going to have to definitely be in that direction and this is the best answer choice one these go in the wrong direction okay so it's definitely not those and two while it's going in the correct direction as far as west to east it is so much so close to the equator and it is asking about the polar front which is going to be closer to the pole so that's what why it ends up being choice one number nine moon question the diagram below represents four positions of the moon a through D as it orbits earth ok so then it has the choices here of what it would look like this is one of the trickier moon questions okay so the first thing I like to recommend is draw in these red lines here that represent what you can see from Earth so if you're on earth what do you see of the moon you see mostly dark a little bit lit up on the right now you see half half and half lit and dark then it's mostly lit here you see it all lit now hopefully you were able to sort of you know be able to synthesize that in your brain to then apply to these choices and again this is a little bit tricky therefore using that knowledge and using that diagram there and feel free definitely right on the test okay if you have it in front of you definitely do this stuff if you need to I often have draw a little person in there to give you perspective of what it looks like and therefore of these choices the best answer is going to be choice for question 10 the diagrams below represents spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory and the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a light from a distant star okay these questions I found over the years to be very confusing for kids so if you're confused by it don't worry too much about and explain it now so this is showing the spectral lines of hydrogen seen through a device in a laboratory and basically this is the way that the light sort of will spread out into these lines here in a lab that's what you see when you look out into the into space and you see the light from a distant star of hydrogen it is now like this so it's the same exact order and pattern distance from each other just all of it is moved this way towards the longer wavelength okay that makes a little more tricky so it's shifted towards a longer wavelength now let's get to the color that that's representing okay but before that and if anything moving toward Earth the light is shifted towards the blue because the wavelength will be compressed if something is moving away the light is shifted towards the red because it's stretched because red is a longer wavelength as we're going to see here so this is decreasing the wavelength they're shorter increasing wavelength over here towards the this side so a visible light that we can see the colors that we can see the blue is shorter wavelength and the red is longer wavelengths so if you then go back to this question here longer wave it is shifted towards the longer we call that the redshift and that is what we see when we look out into space at distant galaxies or distant stars in this case we see all of that is shifted towards the red again the redshift and that proves that everything the space is moving away from us over the universe is expanding therefore the answer here is choice 2 red end of the spectrum indicating the Stars moving away from Earth question 11 the diagram below represents a cross sectional view of the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun a line drawn perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit is shown in the diagram okay so there's a lot here you're really gonna look and see what's going on here so obviously this line doesn't exist in space but this is a perpendicular line between the Sun and Earth and this is a perpendicular line to this so it's really about Earth's accessing if you know something about Earth's axis and it's tilt because it asks how many degrees is Earth's rotational axis tilted with respect to this line shown in the diagram so you have to know this if this is that orbital plane drawn in here and this is that perpendicular line shown in the diagram Earth's axis is really like this here's the North Pole drawn it is 23 and 1/2 degrees this angle at that's what they tilt is 23 and 1/2 degrees from perpendicular that's not in the reference table that's something that you need to know so commit that to memory and therefore that will get you and I drew it in here so this here is 23 and 1/2 degrees if I was to draw this in and therefore it gives you the answer of choice number two number twelve the large white dots in the diagram represents stars in the constellation Scorpius and Orion information indicating when these constellations are visible from New York States provided below the diagrams so this shows it's visible in July not visible in January this shows it's visible in January not visible in July now the question here is basically saying why is why are they visible at different times so let's look at this first I tried to explain it so if this shows sun and earth revolving around it what this diagram is trying to show is way out in space where these different constellations are so if Earth is here we only can see these stars at night time right so what's what's the constellations would you be able to see when you're on earth at night well you Gemini's a really good one and maybe you can see cancer maybe Taurus but that's what you see at night time you will not be able to see these constellations in this section of space because you'd be facing them during the day and when you're over here you would then be able to see these constellations at night and that's why you see different constellations during different times of the year I often like to say Earth's night at night is facing different sections of space at different times during the year and therefore you see stars in that section that your nighttime Earth is facing so therefore the answer here the best answer here is choice 3 the nighttime side of Earth is facing different parts of our galaxy as Earth orbits the Sun 13 which table correctly shows the interior temperature melting point and the state or face of matter of the materials located 4000 kilometers below Earth's surface so you need the reference table for this and this is actually one of the more challenging parts of the reference table so bear with me here okay so it is this page of the reference table the interior earth okay and it's labeled here and all this sort of relates down and goes down to this these two charts which represents temperature and pressure okay so first thing you want to do is find for depth of 4000 kilometers which I've highlighted here in red now we're going to zoom in a bit so we can see it better so this is 4000 kilometers and you want to know the temperatures of the interior temperature and the melting point and whether it is solid liquid or gas so what we're gonna do is really look closely here so this dark line is the actual temperature of Earth and then the dashed line represents the melting point of that type of rock that's down there so let's see here let's try to get some numbers on these as far as temperature goes so this right here would be the interior temperature line I'm going over to here okay so it's between 5,000 and 6,000 and then the melting point is going to be right here I label that so in this case look this is the actual temperature and this is the melting point so the temperature is higher than the melting point you have to be able to decipher in your head that that means that it would have melted cuz it's hotter than the temperature it melts at so it's going to be liquid there that part of Earth is going to be liquid and then it asks the temperatures here so this we estimate is maybe you know I guess 5700 and this is about 5400 Celsius and therefore that is how you get this choice here interior temperature 5700 melting point 5400 and the state of matter that section of Inner Earth is a liquid there's definitely one of the more challenging questions for students using that chart of the reference table it's not that easy number 14 which green which gas is a greenhouse gas that is increased in Earth's atmosphere partly as a result of deforestation over the last 100 years deforestation means cutting down of trees cutting down a forest so here are your choices first I want to go through what are some of the main greenhouse gases and they are carbon dioxide co2 is the chemical formula methane ch4 and water vapor now let's look at the choices which of those in the choices it is going to be carbon dioxide so that is something important to know number 15 which ocean current brings warm water to the southeastern tip of Africa here we go you need this page of the reference table absolutely need to know it's there here we go this is the ocean current page please note two key the warm current and cool currents now what you need to do is you need to find the southeastern tip of Africa it involves your knowledge of geography and or just looking around but you're gonna find it over here okay I have it in that box let's zoom into that box because that is where you're gonna need to look so we zoom in here and it's talking about what's going to bring warm ocean currents to the southeastern tip of Africa that's the answer right there they are Gullah current which you'll see is answer number two number 16 which pie graph is shaded to best represent the approximate percentage of time that humans have existed during Earth's entire history okay check this out now you can look at the reference table for it humans are right in here says early humans now first you need to be able to understand this this is the centerfold of the reference table it's pages 8 & 9 so basically if the red here is the timeline of Earth's history this goes back 4.6 billion years ago and then this is more recent this is today now what you see here is this little bit of time here the last 550 million years about is all then expanded out to this section of the graph so basically so much has happened that we're interested in in this little time frame here they expanded it out so that's kind of how this works and of this whole area you can see on all of this humans are right here therefore what that means is that on this timeline here humans are just like oh right they're pretty crazy to think about so here is a different timeline that I have from another readers exam basically this is Earth's beginning 4.6 billion years ago and then this is today now all of these four letters which one represents the earliest humans or in humans came about and it is d which is pretty awesome so basically we're right near today and that gives you good sense of scale and we and near State really wants you to know that so this comes up in Regis exams therefore the pie graph answer to this is going to be choice 1 17 volcanic ash can be used as a time marker to correlate rock layers because the ash well correlate means to match up in this case we're matching up different rock layers that formed at the same time or the are of the same age this is an example of it here so here the black and represents of volcanic ash layer okay and basically these are these ash layers come from huge eruptions that send ash out into the atmosphere and and carry it all around Earth and then it will settle down earth and be deposited so it is a very good time marker I've heard often described as I've taken like a sheet of plastic and wrapping her all around Earth at the same time is what this volcanic ash layer is so what I write here volcanic ash layers help us to correlate rock layers because ash from a huge eruption is deposited all over Earth at the same time so there's a really wide geographic spread because it gets up in the atmosphere and kind of will settle out and it can go all over Earth so that is why it's a good time marker therefore the answer is choice one is deposited rapidly over a large area 18 the cross-section below represents a mountain range points a and B represent locations on earth surface a and B is over here prevailing wind that means the wind generally comes from that direction as the era they're showing it question is this compared to the climate of location a the climate of location B is what so first let's see what's going on here climatologically so when the wind is coming this way what happens the air will rise over the mountain as it rises it will have less air pressure so it will expand and cool therefore getting closer to its dew point it will then reach its dew point clouds will form and you have precipitation here so it's gonna be wetter and it's gonna be cooler so in the summer time your brain if it's a cold climate you'll have a snow and this is why mountains get a lot of snow and then what happens here is once it's dumped alive its moisture now you have drier air coming down and the reverse happens it will then compress that causes it to adiabatically warm if you've heard that word and because it has less moisture in it's gonna be much drier here so in this instance when there's a mountain range it's gonna be wetter and cooler kind of here and always warmer and drier here we often have like major desert areas think of Death Valley California is in this situation therefore the answer to this is going to be choice number four B is going to be warmer and drier than a number 19 the photograph below shows conglomerate composed of pebbles cemented together with calcite this is the diagram this is the question compared to the ages of the calcite cement and the conglomerate the relative age of the pebbles is well first just as a bit of a reminder relative age always means compared to what I write age compared to something so it's not absolute age would be ages in years but basically in this rock here these are the pebbles and then it's held together by calcite cement and then starting with the rock itself so the pebbles had to exist first for them to end up being deposited cemented together with calcite and form in this rock so the pebbles had to be older than both the calcite cementing them together and the rock that they formed themselves therefore the answer here is the relative age of the pebbles is three older than both the calcite cement and the conglomerate number twenty cross section below represents some parts of Earth's water cycle a B and C and D represent processes that occur during the cycle and now you're just trying to match them up let's do a little bit of review of some of the processes here so some of these are more straightforward you might learn in middle school you kind of know this stuff ocean evaporation condensation clouds are actually liquid water droplets so it's actually water vapor becoming liquid in the class of condensation happens in the clouds precipitation rain snow falling from the clouds the things that are kind of newer and more challenging for students is transpiration transpiration is water vapor given off by plant life and that goes into the air as well that's the one you really kind of need to know and then you have some of the stuff that happens in the ground so when rain let's say hits the ground it's gonna do one or two things see they're gonna go soak into the ground it's called infiltration or if it doesn't it will then run off let's say downhill up hits a parking lot can't go into the ground or the ground is saturated with moisture already so you have runoff so C is runoff this is important to know if you don't know it study this make sure you know it and then it gives you the answer here is going to be choice four okay a is evaporation B transpiration C precipitation and then D condensation twenty-one hope you like charts which table best shows the relationship between latitude and general climate conditions on earth okay so absolutely the reference table here you do so it's knowing what's on the reference table and when you go to the reference table and when you need to know it in your head and when you need to mix the two that's important so you also need to know that the word arid means dry and humid means moist but arid means dry if you don't know that make sure you do know it so this is the reference table page 14 this shows up like wind patterns on earth a zoomed in and it has a wet and dry areas labeled so I have the wet areas of Earth are labeled with the blue and then I highlighted the drier areas on earth in this orange color so you need to reference this have this out in front of you and then look through your answer choices of this question and when you do that this choice number two is going to be your answer based on page 14 of the reference table number 22 the photograph below shows different size rounded sediment okay then the question asks which table shows the most likely process and agent of erosion responsible for this rounded sediment so it's basically is responsible for the sediment being rounded so this is where it gets a little tricky let's look at the first one the process of sandblasting agent of erosion running water well something you need to know and you need to know about something about sandblasting and that's a win the process the agent of erosion for that is wind that caused the sand bus and so right off the bat those two don't match up so one it's not the answer here's I go to three process landslides mass movement well a landslide is a type of mass movement however you don't get rounded sediments from it for rounded sediments you need a lot of abrasion rocks tumbling rolling into other rocks sand hitting it for a long period of time a lot of that needs to happen to round rocks and when you have a landslide maybe rocks will only fall a few hundred feet the landslide has angular sediments so it's not choice three choice for process deposition and wind erosion well deposition doesn't cause the rounded nature of it's a little confusing but that's not it so the correct answer here is choice number two the process that causes the rounded sediment is abrasion like I said it's the it's the tumbling into other rocks and sand hitting it rubbing the edges of it and that wave action is where that happens think of the waves the rocks roll back and forth and back and forth into each other you know a lot of rounded sediment also get around in sediments like with stream erosion is also pretty rounded but this is the best answer for this question number 22 the photograph below shows an outcrop of two basaltic intrusions labeled a and B in a rock unit labeled C what is the relative age of these three young rock units from oldest to youngest first of all oldest to youngest I often think slowly about that which occurred first to most of recent I often see kids who know this stuff get that wrong cuz they just get those jumbo take your time and go slow remember that next thing you want to know relative age means to age compared to so we're not talking agent years or no numbers with it just which is old this then came next in came most recent what you probably can tell from the answers the other thing with this is okay so this is the rock unit and then a and B cut across a so here's an example here I have a piece of have a piece of paper and what's the relative age of the fold in the piece of the paper compared to the paper well the paper is older and then the foal has to be more recent right the paper had to exist for the foal to go across it the principle of cross-cutting relationships so for instance C had to exist for B and a to then cut through it so C definitely has to be the oldest so what happens here and hopefully you can see this in the photo whatever you may have in front of you may be more clear but basically you see C was here and then a cut into C okay because there's igneous intrusion and then you see how B then cuts across a so so a had to be there for B to cut across it so B has to be the most recent C is the oldest so shouldn't go C is the oldest then a and then B is the most recent and there that's how you get choice three for that one 24 the worldmap below shows Earth's major tectonic plate boundaries letters A through D represent for service locations the question assist which location is on a major rift valley that you need to know what that means rift valley in the word let's go start with the word rift rift is basically a crack or split or breaking something in the world of plate tectonics that rift is when you have plates pulling apart look at these arrows here plates pulling apart in this case a rift forms and continents across when diverging occurs diverging plates this is the sort of that Rift Valley as those plates pull apart so that you need to know there were drift you know I can find on the reference table or anything but what you need to then do is I took those locations that are on that map and then I turn to page five of the reference table and I try to place them on there and then I use the key down here so I'm looking for a location where the plates are pulling apart diverging plate boundary pulling away from each other and if you go through here this is the middle of a plate D this is a transform plate boundary here where they're sliding past so it's not that B you see the average of the movie together that's not it but a right here actually it has the word rift in there so that's actually a good clue that has the word rift too therefore it's going to be the answer is gonna be choice a choice one letter A number 25 you may look at this and go ugh all of the words and a bunch of numbers I get it but just take your time go through slowly read it once or twice if you need to okay this is how it goes 25 the first p-wave of an earthquake took 11 minutes to travel to a seismic station from the epicenter of the earthquake what is the seismic stations distance to the epicenter of the earthquake and how long did it take for the first S wave to travel that distance so check this out you absolutely need the reference table so here we go it says 11 minutes for the first P way notice I am going slow I need to go slow with my brain for this so 11 minutes for the first P wave let's figure out how far away the epicenter must have been so I'm gonna zoom in a little bit here so I drew a line from 11 minutes over to the P wave line and then I'm gonna draw one down and that's going to tell me how far away the epicenter of the earthquake was from that seismic station and you probably know this by now but that's actually 7,000 kilometers 8000 net is going to be 76 hundred kilometers okay so that gives us the distance and that's that narrows it down to just two of the choices and now from here how long does it did the S wave take to travel so we're gonna now do this we're gonna now you see the S wave try we're gonna go from 7600 up to the S wave line which is this right here and then we're gonna go over that way to the time where it shows over to the time scale and that's gonna be 20 minutes even so that tells us two parts of us it's the epicenter was 7600 kilometers from the seismic station and the S wave took 20 minutes to travel that far which I have noted right there therefore the answer for this is choice number four one of more challenging ones if you had trouble with that charts and one of the more challenge you want so watch this again do more of these but you can get it 26 the Catskills are commonly called mountains but are actually part of the Allegheny plateau the Catskills are classified as a plateau because of what so let's look at landscapes a little bit so mountains plateaux and lowlands so mountains are high elevation with distorted rock structures see this folding here and faulting so the rock layers are really sort of all messed up or real say distorted or have been altered somehow a plateau is high elevation but the but the rock layers are pretty flat so it's been lifted up and remain pretty flat maybe you've seen like pictures of the Grand Canyon for instance are a good example of a plateau and that the rock Beverly flat though it's pretty high elevation and lowlands are just that usually pretty low kind of lowlands it doesn't really apply here so here's this is a good example showing something like the Grand Canyon a plateau has high elevation flat rock layers you see the rock layers here and that they're saying in the question that's what the Catskills are and therefore the answer you're going to get it's called a plateau because of bedrock structure and in this case it's because it's flat bedrock structure if they were distorted and folded and bent and faulted you know they will be considered mountains 27 the minimum stream velocity necessary to transport a sediment particle that is 0.1 centimeters in diameter as closest to which one of these absolutely need the reference table page number six here we go and this is the chart here and it has stream velocity here and this particle diameter here so what are we looking for we are looking for now 0.1 centimeter in diameter so that's going to be right here and then this is the line this is what gives us our data is this line so we're going to go across to this line and then we're gonna go down and this is about five maybe a little above five centimeters per second now let's let's look at our choices what choice is going to be close and close to that and look that's clearly the best 15.5 centimeters per second so 27 choice number three twenty-eight which rock is classified as an evaporate here your choices hopefully to this point you can recognize an evaporate is a sedimentary rock so you go to the sedimentary chart hopefully that's something you can recognize so the sedimentary chart is here in the comments section you see the word evaporite let's let's zoom in so it says for these three types of rocks three types of rocks when is they're formed of crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites and evaporites basically or when minerals that are dissolved in water the water evaporates and the rock at least behind isn't a mapper right okay so that's these three rocks here now if you look here it does say the texture is crystalline okay so your answer crystalline and then of your choice is rock salt so your answer here is going to be number four crystalline rocks off twenty-nine which pair of elements make up most of Earth's crust by volume volume is how much space it takes up compared to mass which you are considered to be weight volumes how much space it takes up you need to know that this is on the front of the reference table you do if you we don't expect you to have this in your head look it up front page over the reference table okay and this is the crust of the earth this is by mass and this is by volume let's zoom in so which two elements by volume so be careful of this order you got to look over here and they kind of move or they kind of are not in in order of highest the lowest here so be careful so what you're going to get is oxygen is 94% of Earth's crust by volume crazy and then the next one here the next highest one is potassium at 1.4 2% so the answer here is choice number for potassium and oxygen number 30 the cross-section below represents zones of soil label ABC let letter D represents the underlying bedrock so here we go bedrock is D this is a cross-section as if you cut down through the soil and it's asking which letter identifies the zone having the most organic and whether material so first off organic a little different meaning that what's in the grocery store organic means from a living thing so in the soil we mean decomposed leaves and roots and worm poop and things like that and up towards the top you have more organic material down here close to the bedrock there's less because most of the life is close to the surface you also have more weather rock up here where the rock has been broken down more here you have larger chunks this is more like sand silt and clay therefore the answer is going to be choice 1a has most organic and weather material that comes up again and again no it 31 looks very wordy but we can do this so which type of surface bedrock is most commonly found in Utica New York area you know you have to know that you have to go to the reference table no one expects you to know this so first off you need to go to this page of the reference table generalized bedrock of New York State then you need to look around and find Utica okay and it's going to be on there it's right here so what I'm gonna do in this era I'm gonna zoom in on the map so we can see better here is Utica now the type of bedrock they have this sort of um this this design represents different types so here you have the it's kind of annoying it's like angled lines that's straight lines this angled lines they have to look down in the key is to see what kind of bedrock is in that area so let's go so the key is again Eutychus here going to go down to the key over here I'm gonna zoom in to that angled lines which is going to be this bedrock here sort of angled down to the right and that the time frame it forms an order Vichy Ordovician and what you have there the types of bedrocks is limestone shale sandstone xin Tola stones hopefully you can recognize or use the reference table to realize those are sedimentary rocks therefore the answer here is going to be its sedimentary rocks and then it lists all of those right there so 31 is choice number one 32 the diagram below represents a geologic landscape which type of stream drainage pattern formed on this landscape so this is if you look down from overhead what would the streams or rivers look like based on the landscape here obviously water flows from high to low now this is a unique type of landscape it's kind of I have a cross section here too so you see these kind of ridges this is this dome and this differential erosion and this is one of those where it's just a bit of common sense you don't need to know the names of these what you need to know is just match them up and based on this the answer is going to be choice number one this type of landscape is a sorry drew stream drainage pattern it's going to occur when you have a landscape like that 33 the north polar view map show below shows the average area covered by Arctic sea ice in September 1980 2000 2011 so this is one of those just looking at the maps digesting it and seeing what this shows okay not necessarily requires it doesn't require a lot of background knowledge so much but so look at the key here this the lighter color is the ice and the white is the ocean so look from from 1980 to 2000 to 2011 okay look at the change here you see the ice is shrinking there's going to be less ice therefore the question asked the maps best supports the inference that Earth's climate is and the answer is going to be three warming because the average area covered by ice is decreasing so at the very least you can narrow down to one and two because it shows the ice is decreasing and then it's sort of common sense recognized that the warming causes the ice to decrease so that is choice number three thirty-four photographs below shows two depositional features labeled a and B so this is a basic erosion so this is a feature a is all of this and B is all of this so they're really looking for the terms here which terms correctly identified depositional features a and B well let's look at them a little bit so this if you step one two and three this is the formation of a Delta this is when a river bring sediment and deposits it into an ocean and you see so it's developing here more deposition more deposition and that's called a delta here is another example of a delta the Mississippi Delta this is it here as the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico brings so much sediment deposits it there because the water slows down so here's another example of a delta therefore a right here is going to be a delta okay now let's look at B B is this elongated section of land right here so let's look at this what these are these are barrier islands and this is formed by wave action sort of like a sandbar haven't been to the beach that will build up to be actual land so these are called barrier islands I think you have another picture here Long Island New York visit all barrier islands here a is on a barrier island so and here's some more barrier islands here off the coast of North Carolina therefore B is a barrier island so a is a delta B barrier island that's going to give you choice number one thirty-five diagrams Amb representing magnified views of the arrangement of mineral crystals in Iraq before and after being subjected to geologic processes okay so this is before these are the minerals before and then this is after so the question answer which geologic processes are most likely responsible for the banding and alignment of mineral crystals represented in diagram B so hopefully you could recognize the term banding and mineral or alignment to a certain type of rock which is metamorphic rocks and then also hopefully you could recognize that when you have the metamorphic rocks it is heating and pressure heat and pressure that causes the metamorphic rock to form so you have pressure going this way and it will elongate the minerals when they are partially melted so that is choice number two now we get into when you have a series of questions based on one thing one diagram so here questions 36 through 39 always read the top part here often has information that you need on the graph below in basic knowledge of earth science the graph shows the observed water levels in feet for a high tide gauge located at Montauk New York on the easternmost end of Long Island from these states here ok so this is a graph and this is a lot of just sort of reading the graph interpreting the graph so these are two days and you see the water level goes up and down and this is about tides so this first question which is 36 asks what was the height of the water above average low tide level at noon on January 24th so a pretty straightforward question it is just about reading the graph you don't need a lot of earth science backgrounds reading the graph so let's find noon on January 24th so that's going to be right there so what you do is you go up to the line what is the height of the water going to be and then you want to go over to your scale on the left and it's going to be there and therefore what you want to read this here so this is 0 that's gonna be one foot two foot you want to estimate that which is your best choice there and that's going to be choice number two one point six feet is your best answer 37 still in the same graph these changing water levels up Montauk can best be described as so this is tides and you see them going up and down so these are some of our choices cyclic a predictable and not predictable noncyclic and predictable and not predictable let's think about or it's cyclic mean cyclic means a cycle of some sort of repeating pattern okay and therefore the best answer is going to be cyclic and predictable we can predict the ties because it's based on Earth's motions and the moon and the Sun this is something that is predictable so choice number one thirty-eight what causes the water level variation pattern shown by the graph so you have to recognize that this is tides it has the word tied in here what you have to know what causes the tides and here's an example here so this is just a diagram that I have of what causes the tides this is gonna be the oceans on earth you see there's bulges here because of the moon it's the moon's gravitational force on Earth's oceans that's what causes the tides the Sun a little bit too but it's really about the moon the gravity of the Moon pulling the oceans towards it that's the cause of the tides so that's gonna be here we go tides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on Earth's oceans therefore the best answer here is going to be choice number for Earth's rotation and the gravitational pull of the moon and it's Earth's rotate and as this is happening that's why you have the tides change during the day so 38 is number 4 39 here's the last question on this set of graphs here and it doesn't have much to do with the graph check this out it asks what is the approximate latitude and longitude of the tide gauge well you know this is where you've had to have read this because look up here it shows you where this is it's on the eastern most end of Long Island which is where Montauk is but Montauk is not shown on the map it's not labeled on the map okay Montauk is right here and let's zoom in here so again it's the easternmost end so Montauk is actually right there hope you've been there it's a cool place I recommend you go if you haven't been but so this year I drew in because you have the latitude 41 degrees I kind of drew this in in blue so that gives you an idea of the latitude and then the longitude is going to be this line here it's in purple going up and down so Montauk is very close to the intersection of these 72 degrees west and the 41 degrees north latitude so which choice is that going to be it is going to be choice number three that one is a little bit tricky so hopefully that really helped you show how how you supposed to get the answer on that one here we go this you use this for questions 40 through 42 the diagram represents some of the inferred stages and a life cycle of stars according to their original mass so with all of these you want to take your time really digest the diagram see what's going on here and shows star formation and then it has the different paths low mass medium mass and the most massive stars has the biggest I have the most master of them they go in these different paths during their final during their complete life cycle like life cycle 40 the final stage in the life cycle of the most massive stars is a so what you want to do is you want to go here you go the most massive woke up become here will become a during a large star so it goes this way then it becomes a supergiant then it goes to has a supernova and then it's either going to become a neutron star or a black hole and the most massive stars there's going to be a black hole therefore that should be the answer choice number one black hole so that's one of those things you don't need to know it really just be able to use this chart which is a common chart you've probably seen it before 41 which star may once have been similar to our Sun in mass and luminosity luminosity means how bright it is okay really if you could correct so they're all the same distance away how bright they would be that's what luminosity is and this is all about the reference table okay so you need to go to this is page 15 of the reference table the star chart that our Sun is right there okay so it is basically what you need to do is recognize that our Sun is here so what star of the of the ones that they list were once in this in this um category right here okay so this is what I'm gonna do look at all of the ones in your choices okay I Circle them all here in red so you have is the white dwarf these are supergiant stars here and then this is also these are like main sequence stars all of these are main sequence stars so what you want to do is so the Sun what the Sun does the Sun is gonna become a giant star and then go here become a white dwarf and a black dwarf so so one of these stars either a giant a white dwarf or a black dwarf was once like our Sun supergiant our Suns I can become a supergiant so that's important therefore the answer you're going to get is going to be Procyon B so if you look right here Procyon B is a white dwarf this over here is a little confusing but this is a main-sequence star therefore that's the answer proceeding on B 41 is choice number three 42 energies produced in the course of main-sequence stars when don't need the chart for this this you have to know okay so this is basically what happens so you have starts class star stop start off as clouds of gas and dust gravity pulls them together and then for them to be a star and give off all the energy what causes that is nuclear fusion you even know that nuclear fusion when light lighter elements combine to form heavier elements different than what like nuclear fission that's the splitting of atoms and that's what we do at nuclear power plants here on earth but nuclear fusion happens in stars that is the source of the energy their fusion elements are fused together that's kind of what I used to help remember that myself fuse together my nuclear fusion is a source of all energy given off by stars therefore the answer here is choice number one lighter elements undergo fusion into heavier elements important to know make sure you know that forty-three okay so this is going to use this two answers 43 and 44 graph shows the number of radioactive isotope X atoms present as a sample of the isotope undergoes a radioactive decay so 43 based on the graph the half-life of this radioactive isotope is so you know what half-life is half-life is when half of the atoms that you start with it have decayed and become the daughter so first thing I want to do is say we started out with a thousand atoms okay so you get half-life is when you have half of that which is going to be 500 okay so how long is that gonna take what you want to do is to 500 how long's taking you over to the graph and then you follow it down three hours therefore it took three hours in this case two for it to become up for a goal from a thousand atoms to 500 so the half-life here is three hours choice number three and 4444 ass based on the graph what is the approximate number of radioactive atoms of isotope X that are present when eight hours of decay has occurred so this is just reading the graph you don't need to have a lot of background information about radioactive decay so what you want to do is I'm zooming in here so look at the scale here I'm estimating eight hours to be about here it's not really in the middle it's it's right about there then you want to go up to the line because the line gives you the information then you want to go over that way so there so how many what did what is this going to be what's a reasonable number well between 100 and 200 right around 150 let's see where that choices are so I'm gonna zoom in more if you had a better shot of thick so right around 150 and therefore the answer to that is number three 155 45 in which temperature zone of the atmospheres point a locate here's point a right here so you do need the reference table for this but first thing you want to point out is this is altitude in kilometers important to figure out what that is well a goes over to here so maybe that's about eight or nine kilometers so you need the reference table and this is page 13 of the reference table it's this chart so what you want to see is the kilometer section of the scale which is right here so you it's common that you get mixed up easy mistakes don't do it so we're interested in about eight or nine kilometers somewhere in that range where would that be that would be right about here because this is 40 so these go by tens so we're talking right about here and then the blue line goes this is the area of the atmosphere that section of the atmosphere and that is the troposphere okay so that's how you do that and therefore it's going to give you choice number four troposphere 46 the updrafts and the down drafts represented within this cloud are primarily which means mainly caused by differences in what so updraft you see the air moving up and then in this case the air is moving down right here and key thing about the atmosphere is the movement of air up and down is usually always based on density differences low density air rises denser air sinks okay that is key therefore that answer right there is choice two 446 air density 47 which weather symbol would be placed on a station model to represent this weather event this is key what weather event is this you got to look up here it says it in the little description a thunderstorm cloud so which of these on a station model is the symbol for thunderstorm clouds you need the reference table page 13 this is the station model section and the weather symbols are here so let's zoom in okay again looking for thunderstorms that's the symbol for thunderstorms right there which leads us to our answer of choice number three 4848 through 50 based on this diagram points on the map resurface locations the dashed line represents a hiking trail elevations are in feet so first question 48 what is the contour interval of the mat contour interval means what do these contour lines count by or isolines count by it is often given to you in this case it's not so you so you have to count one thing you can do is you can recognize this is the ocean so this is zero that's sea level and this is two and fifty fifty feet oftentimes people kind of miss that so you could just go to fifty and that's 500 what do they count by the one thing you can do is just kind of count them out so let's just try to count by twenty-five so let's try the first one if that's 250 that would be 275 300 325 350 375 but that's not 375 can't be 25 let's try the next one 50 feet 250 300 350 400 450 500 that's 500 so therefore it must be choice to choice 250 feet 49 the grading in between location a and B is approximately what so a is here and B is here so gradient is going to be a calculation you'll do is going to put a number on basically how steep the land is here and you're going to need it's on the front of the reference table under equations it is going to be right here and that's where gradient is this change in field value divided by distance field value is whatever you're measuring in this case it's going to be elevation and one thing I want to say elevation is kind of this in this vertical direction distance is going to be this way I'm gonna show you how to do it so I put the formula here gradient change in field value divided by distance let's find the change in field value or the change in elevation between a and B so there's a and B and B has elevation of 500 feet a is 250 feet so what's the change or the difference subtract that out 250 feet is your change in field value here that goes on the top of your formula now to get the distance between them between a and B this way okay you need to use this scale so what I'm it's easier to do when you have a piece of scrap paper and just a pencil sitting sitting down at a desk hard for me to do in here but I'm gonna use this is gonna be my scrap paper and I'm gonna put it up here okay and then I'm going to mark carefully like the center of B and the center of a okay hopefully you can see that's gonna look like that and then it put up to this scale here maybe maybe I'll even do it this way so you can see it better and that gives me like right about that 10 miles so they're 10 miles apart so between here the 10 miles apart and the elevation change is 250 feet in that distance so let's do the put let's do the math here 10 miles and then you do the math when you get is 25 feet per mile so for every mile on every mile that you go this way elevation is changing it's going up by 25 feet and therefore that gives you answer choice number 2 50 a person walks along the trail from C to D the person will be walking how uphill downhill downhill NFL let's let's look at this carefully so see you start here and you're about that's 250 that's 300 so you're somewhere between 300 3 and 50 feet elevation as you go here you hit 500 you're going uphill ok hopefully you can recognize that these little circles here on the contour map represents the tops of hills okay so you walk up to the top of the uphill and then you're going downhill because you're about you're over 600 feet here down to 500 below 500 so you go below 500 back up 500 550 600 oke uphill then downhill and then uphill again and that's going to be a choice and that is choice number 4 that was a lot all 50 questions thanks for watching keep studying good luck on the regions you