AQA AEV Chemistry Lecture Summary

Introduction

• Lecture on AQA A-Level Chemistry exam preparation.
• Mention of timestamps for navigating specific topics.
• Free version guide available on the website.
• Predicted papers and multiple choice questions available.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms consist of protons (+1), neutrons (0), and electrons (-1).
• Size comparison: nucleus (10^-15 m) vs atom (10^-10 m).
• Historical development of atomic models.

Periodic Table

• Mass number (A) and atomic number (Z).
• Isotopes: same protons, different neutrons.
• Relative atomic mass calculation using mass spectrometry.
• Periodic table blocks: s, p, d, f.
• Electron configurations using subshell and orbital notation.

Ions and Ionization Energy

• Formation of ions by electron gain/loss.
• Ionization energy: energy to remove one electron from gaseous atoms/ions.
• Factors affecting ionization energy: atomic radius, shielding, nuclear charge.
• Trends in ionization energy across periods and down groups.

Moles and Calculations

• Definitions: relative molecular/atomic mass, Avogadro's number.
• Key equations: moles = mass/Mr, number of particles = moles * Avogadro's number.
• Balancing chemical equations and including state symbols.
• Concentration and ideal gas equations.*

Titrations and Reactions

• Titration calculation steps and example.
• Ideal gas law usage for reaction calculations.
• Difference between molecular and empirical formulas.
• Percent yield and atom economy calculations.

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic bonding in metal-nonmetal compounds.
• Covalent bonds: single, double, and triple bonds.
• Metallic bonding: positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons.
• Structures: giant ionic, metallic, covalent macromolecular, and simple molecular.
• Intermolecular forces: hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, induced dipoles.

Shapes of Molecules

• VSEPR theory and molecular shapes (linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, etc.).
• Bond angles and electron pair repulsion.
• Electronegativity and its effect on bond polarity.

Thermodynamics and Energy Changes

• Definitions of enthalpy changes: combustion, formation, ionization.
• Exothermic vs endothermic reactions.
• Calorimetry and Hess's Law.
• Bond enthalpies and their calculations.

Kinetics and Rate of Reaction

• Collision theory and factors affecting reaction rates.
• Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and activation energy.
• Effect of temperature, concentration, pressure, and catalysts on rates.
• Arrhenius equation and its graphical interpretation.

Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle

• Dynamic equilibrium: forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously.
• Le Chatelier's principle: response to changes in concentration, pressure, temperature.
• Equilibrium constant (Kc) and its calculation.

Redox and Electrochemistry

• Oxidation states and rules for assigning them.
• Disproportionation reactions.
• Electrochemical cells and standard electrode potentials.
• Usage of redox titrations in determining concentrations.

Organic Chemistry

• Naming conventions and types of formulas.
• Functional groups and homologous series.
• Structural, geometric (E/Z), and optical isomerism.
• Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols.
• Electrophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution mechanisms.
• Polymerization: addition polymers and condensation polymers.

Spectroscopy and Chromatography

• Mass spectrometry basics and molecular ion peak.
• Infrared spectroscopy and characteristic absorption regions.
• NMR spectroscopy: proton and carbon-13 NMR.
• Chromatography techniques: TLC, column, and gas chromatography.

Transition Metals

• Properties of transition metals: variable oxidation states, complex ion formation.
• Ligand substitution and stability constants.
• Colored ions and their causes.
• Use of transition metals as catalysts.

Conclusion

• Emphasizes the importance of practice and understanding each topic thoroughly.