Ancient and Byzantine Mosaics

Architectural Role

• Mosaics were integrated into architectural settings, not as standalone artworks.
• Created in situ (on-site in their final location).

Common Locations

• Found in public, civic, ceremonial structures (e.g., baths).
• Also found in private elite residences.

Functional Role

• Usually set in floors, serving as the walking surface.
• Viewing experience varied as one moved through the room.

Construction Materials

• Made from small tiles called tesserae.

Materials Used

• Colored Limestone: Common due to durability.
• Scraps: Gathered from builder and sculptor workshops.
• Marble & Granite: Durable but costly and harder to find.
• Terracotta: Less durable but good for reds and yellows.
• Glass Tesserae: Sparkled due to light reflection and refraction; used mainly for walls and ceilings due to fragility.
• Semi-Precious Stones & Mother-of-Pearl: Added luminosity and texture.

Trade and Acquisition

• Empire-wide trade network in Roman and Byzantine periods for acquiring luxurious materials.
• Materials chosen for specific colors and visual effects.

Modern Relevance

• Mosaic making still practiced by expert artisans today.
• Techniques, materials, and tools are almost identical to those used by ancient craftsmen.