hello everybody welcome back to my youtube channel i know that i've been missing for a long time but it's okay guys i'm back today i'll be doing phone five chapter one i'm using the same notes as what i did in which channel it's another youtube education channel so for those who cannot understand mandarin it literally says that eight key words to understand found five chapter 11. uh the reason why i chose chapter 11 is because that um previously in previous year which is 2020 last year okay when they are taking spm right the 2020 student they asked me to do a video about phone 5 traffic 11 which is inheritance but i didn't have the time to do that so i didn't do a youtube video out of this thing so today for you guys for 2021 and onward student you can watch this video and easily you can understand the chapter and when you understand this chapter you will notice that how easy is this chapter and you don't have to memorize at all you only have to understand the keyword and when you understand the keyword you are able to answer most of the question so for example let's look at let's get started okay now we have the terms that we have to understand over here first we're going to start with a thing called gene so what is jin jin means that we have the a c a g t c eula something like that okay so we this is what we call as gin it comes in a pair right now in real life or even in in exam we cannot represent a a ccttu not this kind of thing when we write a characteristic of a human so what we're going to do is we have to use a thing called parallel allele is an alternative form of gene so we have to use alphabet to represent genes so let's say the person is talk i can use a capital t so let's say the person is shocked i can use a small t uh this is what requires allow a to zag up to you your choice to choose any alleles that we can use so when we talk about allele we have a dominant allow and recessive allow what is dominant what is recessive remember dominant as the king recessive as an army when you have a king we always follow the kings okay because the king power is greater than the army right so when you have only one king before of course we will follow the king usually king the dominant we will use a capital letter the army recessive we will use a small letter to show the army character we say we need to have two small alphabet okay to show is an army character we say which is a recessive characteristic we need to have two small alphabet but to show it is a king king one is enough already one capital letter is already show that it's a king already so we don't need to have two to show that they are a king one capital letter is enough to show that they are king because always remember it's a king okay king one is enough already to show the power only one is enough but you are army you need to have two jin or two allowed to represent your power so this is dominant and this is recessive okay at this moment you have to understand what is the dominant and recessive dominant means the king capital letter recessive means the army which is a small letter because we have three different categories over here we have homozygous dominant what does homozygous means homo you can remember as same okay sema it's called homozygous dominant means what king right so same thing it means that we have capital letter two big m or two big t too big g also can your choice are guys any alphabet that you prefer also can any alphabet eisen is their capital letter also it must be the same okay because they are same right it's called homozygous dominant it needs to be the same big m2 big m to big t to big g next we have hector what does hector means hector means different when you have different it needs to be a dominant as well why because we have a capital t and small t right it can be capital h and small h capital g and small g when we choose alphabet you can choose any other word from a to z but i would suggest you to choose the alphabet that the capital letter and small letter they don't look the same for example don't choose a v okay don't choose u because it's very hard for us to differentiate to know whether which one is capital or small letter right so choose something that is very easy for you to recognize whether it's a capital letter or small letter so again when you see this thing capital t and small t guys big t means what capital t it means is a king right it's a dominant right as i mentioned to show that they are dominant one t big t is enough one big t is now you have one king and one army you follow who of course follow the king right so this big t here may be representing top this thing will represent the top so it must be a capital letter and small letter so for heterozygous they are a dominant as well they will show the dominant characteristic too because you have a king because you always follow the king power right next we have homozygous possessive again what does homo means homo means same recessive means the army right so ami means small at the right so we have two small letter it can be too small f two small g two small h whichever alphabet that you prefer that to show that they have recessive characteristic it needs to have two small alpha but to show that they are army they want to show their power what they're gonna do is we have two two army okay to show that they have power two small f two small g or any alphabet are you prepa we call this as a homozygous recessive these are the these are the type that we have to know are homozygous dominant heterozygous hormones that goes recessive these are the three things that we have to differentiate which one is the dominant which is the recessive which one is a heterozygous okay next we have a thing called genotype what does a genotype means genotype it means gene to show that they are gene again as i mentioned we cannot write a c t u u a c t u right we cannot write that combination so we're gonna do is we have to use allow to show that they are allowed they're not use this combination all this is the genotype two big r one big one small two small r we call this as a genotype what is a phenotype pheno means physical okay physical appearance so let's say big r representing weight small r representing white uh we call this as a phenotype physical appearance okay we have an example over here so as i mentioned the big r representing weight small r representing white okay when you have two big r two king white of course they are red in color one big one small big means what follow the king right when you have a kane characteristic you always follow the king so one big r one small r is still red in color to show that they are recessive okay to show that there's white color they need to have two small r one big one small cannot be a mixture of red and white yeah guys we always need to follow the king okay one big one small it needs to be red color so because we always follow the dominant to show that they are recessive we need to be too small okay so we have dominant trait and recessive tape dominant it means the dominant characteristic recessive means the the the army characteristic so these are the key word that we have to know so eight keyword right actually it's less than eight keyword la so we have to know the first one allow we have highlighted that allow dominant recessive we have homozygous dominant heterozygous hormones recessive one two three four five six seven eight eight keyword we can answer all of the questions i cannot say ola most of the question in chapter 11 by knowing how to draw a schematic diagram okay so this is the keyword that we have to know are eight keywords to understand the chapter okay next we're gonna try to understand more in chapter 11 because chapter 11 we have two laws mandel first law and mendel's second law we're gonna start from mendel first law first when the first law called law of segregation what a segregation means segregation means separation cause segregation also means they are being separated a separation phase should be anal phase if you don't know what is the metaphase analysis it's okay i have uploaded the video for mitosis and meiosis so you can watch the phases if you still don't understand what is the metaphase analysis so you can watch the video so they'll be separated to form a gametes this is first law law of segregation and usually first law they only involve one characteristic it means we're only trying to find the height are we trying to find the weight we're trying to find the color hola okay only one characteristic we call this as mono hype wait mono means only one characteristic okay we're gonna try the question so that you can understand how does it works are mono hybrid okay you can use a paper to write this thing down because it's just a writing thing like okay we're gonna try to how to draw a schematic diagram to draw a schematic diagram it's very important for you to understand in chapter 11 very very important okay this is just a very standard basic thing that you have to know before we go through some of the stm questions it's a basic thing that we have to know first uh it says big b represent dominant which is the curly hair small b represents straight hair so the first question says both are homozygous homozygous means what both are hormones it means that they are the same okay sema same is called homo right so curly hair is dominant right recessive is straight hair right homo means they have to be the same so for genotype of the parents for curly hair needs to be too big b okay because same hormone curly is too big b right recessive straight hair to show that they are recessive it needs to be too small b because it's homozygous right two small b and then we're gonna try to draw the gametes when we draw the gametes remember we have to circle the gamete okay we have to circle the gamete now at this phase this is what we call as first mental log called law of segregation this is under meiosis they will be separated during anaphase when they want to form a gamete and then they will carry out fertilization to form your f1 generation okay what is f1 generation so imagine your parents if your parents are you are f1 it means that you are your parents children okay f2 generation means two f2 generation it means that your parent's grandchildren it means your children is called f2 so remember parents f1 f2 parents is the first generation of f1 generation is the sun okay f2 generation is the grand sun it's called f1 f2 generation for monohybrid we usually only find f1 generation are usually like hormonal hybrid so when you fertilize how do we carry out fertilization if you are already a pro then you don't have to draw lines but you are still a newbie yeah i would suggest you to draw lines means what the first one they will fertilize with this one okay imagine this is your mom and dad mom and dad for example like ah the same thing yeah mom and dad so the fertilization is to carry out between the mom and that it cannot be between the mom and mom or the dad and that right so the first combination you get is big b small b okay second combination you're gonna get this one and this one you get big b and small b the third combination you're gonna get is big b small b the fourth combination you're gonna get is big b small b so it means what everything all of the children here is big b small b again when you have a dominant we always need to follow the dominant characteristic big b small b it means that they are curly hair so over here you can write or curly hair all of them have curly hair there's no ratio because all same there's no racial okay so this is the first one next one both hector zygos hector means what hector means different in order to be different they need to be a dominant okay it needs to be a dominant so again curly hair is dominant right so since they are hetero means they are different it needs to be a big b small b big b small b okay this is the genotype genotype means the gene and then they'll be separated separation is what process separation will be meiosis this is meiosis and then they will have fertilization okay fertilization ah and then we're gonna go for a fertilization of combination the first combination we're gonna get is this one big b big b second combination we're gonna get is big b small b the third combination is this one okay now in this case should i write the small b first or big b first always remember king always come first the army don't come first king always comes first so it will be big b small b and then the last one will be this one two small b okay two small b right now we have different xenotypic a characteristic so if it's too big b when you have a dominant they will always show a dominant characteristic right so this is curly hair this is curly hair this is curly hair too small b it means they are recessive so this is a straight hat okay genotypic ratio okay how do we want to write genotypic ratio okay first of all we're gonna write what is the difference over here we have two big b one big one small and two small right we calculate how many two big b do we have we have one two big b we have two two big uh we have two one big ones more and one two small b right this is the genotypic ratio phenotypic ratio we have curly hair and straight hair how many curly hair do we have we have three curly hair and one straight hat this is what we call as genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio we have to write the genotypic and the phenotypic up in order for us to get the answer so this is the second combination okay now the third combination it says one of the curly hair is hormone zygote another curly hair is heterozygous okay it says one curly hair is for more another curly hair is hectoro so what is homo homo is same guys c means what we have to write two big b okay same is two big b hectare means different one big one small and you have to form gametes remember to circle your gametes this is fertile or this is mayonnaise at the side you can write me your sister and then we have fertilization so when you same thing fertilizer if you are pro already guys if you are pro don't need to draw lines anymore you can treat the white shade away write the answer if you are prolog but you know if you feel that very confused then don't don't write this you draw your lines it means that you draw these uh you draw your lines out if you feel like no you're not very confident with your answer you draw a line to get your answer if like if you're not confident and then we have phenol typically sure this is what r curly hair because you have dominant right when you have dominant it always shows the dominant characteristic genotypic ratio there's a difference we have two two big b and two one big ones but in this case we can simplify your answer if you simplify your answer it will be one two one right if you can simplify you simplify your answer so the answer will be one two one one to one because you can simplify phenotypic make sure there's no ratio because it's oral curly hair you have no sheet head to to compare okay the last one curly hair is the hectoral zydos straight hat okay so curly hair is hector wrong hector means what different right one big b one small b hector roma street hat how do i know street hat is a hector or hormone again straight hair is a recessive to show that they are recessive it needs to be what two small letters because they are recessive so you need to be too small letter so same thing we draw the gametes remember to circle your gamete okay to circle your gamete and then you have fertilization and then same thing if you are pro already don't have to draw line if you are still a newbie then you draw your lines out okay no cannot no not confident with yourself you draw your lines and you actually in exam you have to write me your c's over here you have to write fertilization over here okay you need to write like that again in exam but um in exam there is no label at the site you have to know the label at the site by yourself but if you practice for a few times then you will know the sequencer so it's not a very big problem over here if it's not given in exam you can remember by yourself as you do a two or three times eventually you can remember what you have to write like okay after general type we have phenotype so this is curly hair this is curly hair this is straight hair this is straight hair because it's too small b right then we have a genotypic ratio big b small b and two small b so same thing two two two right two two means what is one one two two means one one phenotypic ratio we have curly and string so same thing two two means what two two means one one okay this is how you write a phenol type equation this is how we draw a schematic diagram guys this is the basic basic basic basic basic if you cannot do this it's okay practice few more times then you will know how to draw a schematic diagram this is the basic of all okay if you cannot do this it means that you cannot do all of the questions anymore this is the basic of all now done with the first mendel's dot because what first mandalore it means is only one character we said we are only trying to do a type of hat either a curly hair or straight hair but they are under type of hat right now we're gonna learn about a dihybrid what is a dihybrid under second law we call this as law of independent assortment independent assortment is under metaphase okay metaphase one metaphase one so under metaphase one we have different combination okay let's for example let's look at this part we have blue color and red color and we have y and we have all right so for example d y here representing agree example only guys this one is good looking this one is tall maybe not this oil this is talking okay this is dwarf example guys i'm just giving you an example so big white small why a big r small r representing different things but this one here i am sorry this one here they are representing height so it's one character this one representing appearance so it's one character so in meiosis two or so in a second mandel's law a dihybrid we can find two characteristics in this part two characteristics in one time we can find two characteristics just now in monohybrid you can only find one right either you want to find height either you want to find a type of hair and that is only one type right now we can find two types so how you arrange in meta phase one it will affect your next generation what does it mean okay right now when you separate right during anaphasa you'll be separated like that right this is how you snag me right so it means this combination it will be ugly and tall so all of the kit here it will be ugly and talk this combination is good looking and dark all of the combination here will be good looking and dark and the other combination again you know regular the small y is ugly the small r is dwarf the big y is good looking the small r is tall so when they separate or when they arrange in metaphase gate mechanical thing is how they arrange uh because they are two by two right if you'll be a range kit like that then it's different already all of the kit here will be ugly and got all of the kit here will be good looking and tall so how you arrange in metaphase it will affect the gamete it's not just prophase one because in prophase one we have learned that they will carry out crossing over right even in metaphase one they can also cause a genetic deviation this is genetic variation because how you arrange it will affect the next generation right this is under second mendel's law we call this as independent assortment independent assortment so now that we know what but it's not you cannot choose that you cannot choose why next time i want to have a kid with all of them are tall and good looking i arranged the chromosome i'm not possible guys not quite possible not quite possible okay the fastest way is that uh to find a very good looking person that is a fastest way to get the good genera right but because we cannot rearrange the gene in our body how they carry out prophase how they carry up metaphase we cannot we cannot control so we're going to have four combinations of kilo combination one two three four we're gonna have four different combinations when you have one sperm one over we have four combination it depends on which one fertilizer which one this is what we call as a second mendel's law diet hybrid at the same time we can find two character over here we can find appearance and height okay we're gonna try how to draw a second mendel's law okay same thing you can find a paper out okay you can draw this thing down okay usually for this question if you ask an ac question it would be 10 months easy peasy 10 months guys don't need to form any sentence you're going to get 10 10 it's a lot like uh stem island okay he says jackson is tall at but ugly his wife is blocked but good looking um it's just a statement guys don't take it seriously okay it's just a statement both of them are homozygous state the possible f1 and f2 generation okay now what is f1 and f2 again f1 is the sun f2 is the grand sun okay it's called f1f2 usually for dihybrida can only use it in animal and plant cannot use it in human okay later i explained to you why cannot use it in human can only use it in animal or plants only no human uh over here i'm just giving you an example so that's why i say don't take it seriously it's just a statement uh usually it will be animal or plant luckily i can tell you why okay so again jackson is taught and i agree the wife is dropped by good looking big t representing tor small t representing dua big his representing ugly small hit representing good looking so we have the information that we need to draw a schematic diagram in exam there is no labeling at the site so we have to write the label by ourself so we have jackson and the waifua jackson and waifu so we're going to start from the parents phenol type first actually you don't have to start with this but it's okay we're going to start with this parent's phenotype what does parent's phenotype mean it means the physical appearance right it's called phenotype so jackson is about tall but ugly tall ugly the wife is what the wife is dwarf and good looking okay dog and good looking we're gonna try the second one it's called parents genotype perverse genotype we cannot do it wrongly once you get the parents you know type wrongly your f1 f2 everything will be wrong so this genotype is very very very important now tau is one homozygous right it means the same right so tau it means too big tea right right hormone dominant right too big teeth ugly is what ugly is dominant also right so too big h too big hr now dwarf is what dwarf is too small t good looking is too small h now we get the parents genotype this one we cannot do it wrongly once you get it wrongly the rest of the question will be wrong a lot of questions a lot of that they will also ask teacher should i write the h first or t first you have to follow the question if they give you talk you have to write the t first okay the t first okay if they give you ugly then you have to write the pitch first so it depends on how they arrange the words so we always follow the questions sequence poor but ugly or angry but you have to follow what the question says so this is how i get too big t to be h two small t and two small h after that we have to find what we have to find gametes okay gametes are over here gametes okay to form gamma just now i just mentioned that we have to carry out a process called meiosis may not see a strike now how do they how do we want to form a gamete okay when we want to form a gamete over here it's between let's look at jackson's first uh jackson's versailles it's the same uh process this one fertilize with this one then we get not fertilized this one combined with this one this one combined with this one this one combined with this one and this one comes with this one no matter how you combine you will get the same answer right the answer will be big t and big h right no matter how you combine you're gonna get big t and big h because it's the same same goes to the wife okay the y va small t and small h right no matter how you combine you get the same answer what you get one small t and one small h now this is the gamete from jackson and the wife big t big h from jackson small t small hitch from the wife after that what we're gonna do we're gonna carry out fertilization we're gonna form our f1 generate generation fertilization we have f1 generation is called f1 genotype okay how do they want to form okay when they fertilize in this case like that let me fertilize right we put the same alphabet together and dominant in front okay same alphabet and then dominant in front so same alphabet we have what p t h h strike saying alphabet t t h h so the big t and small t big h small h and you're going to ask the teacher i thought dominant to be in front how come this multi game can be before the big h because they are two different character the t representing height the hitch representing appearance there are two different things so remember the concept is same alphabet together after that only you'll be arranged dominant in front recessive at the back okay dominant in front recessive at the back this is what we're gonna do when we draw a genotype in this case okay big t small t big h small h it can be any alpha but this is just one of the example okay and then we have the next one which is f1 phenotype what is phenotype phenotype means physical appearance when you have dominant we always follow dominance characteristic what is the dominant characteristic over here big t is what big t is tall big h is ugly so it means what jackson's first generation it means jackson's children will be all tall and ugly oh toy agree because this is the this is the result right all toy away now we have to find f2 generation it means that we have to find jackson's grandson jackson's grandson okay okay just not as mentioned right why this dihybrid we cannot use human is because that in this case we have to use f1 times f1 it means they fertilize between the the same generation and not in human requires as incessant it's like brothers and sisters no they have babies that cannot that's why we can only use it in animals and plants only because animal and plants don't care my mom okay whether they are siblings or they are not seedlings cousins it doesn't really matter but human cannot lie but just giving you human for an example so we have um sound fertilization between f1 and f1 so we're going to use different color f1 and maybe i use purple color f1 times f1 okay we have f1 times f1 we call this as a self fertilization or self pollination for plant cell fertilization or cell fertilization or self pollination usually will be planted with police as self pollination now f1 times f1 means what it means that we have to use big t small t big h small h times big t small t big h small h okay because f1 times f1 right and then we're gonna find the f1 gametes f1 at least for f1 genotype forgot to write this one and then we have f1 gametes okay how do we want to form f1 games okay let's look at this part here same thing we have to draw lines if you are not sure you draw lines the t and h will fertilizer so the first combination we get is big t big h okay the first combination second combination we're gonna get will be uh we use this color big t and small h okay the third combination we're gonna get is small t n big h small t big h can see right small t big h the last one we're gonna do will be this one small t small h k small t small h and then you're going to ask me teacher why this small t can be in front of big h y cannot be big h and small t because we have to follow if you write t first you're gonna write t first t h t h t h okay we have to follow this sequence we cannot suddenly become big h and small t because we don't follow the original sequence if you start from t first we have to start from p first and as i mentioned t and h is two different character that's why t can come first before h because t is tall or dwarf h is good looking or ugly right that's why there are two different characters so you need to write the t first before you write the hr small t and big h the other side will be the same because it's the same thing right so we're going to copy the same thing now so we have big t small a big h big t small h small t big h small t small h okay this is the combination we will get okay next we're gonna draw a thing we're gonna find our f2 generation here now when we have two different characteristics what we do we're gonna draw a thing called pundit square what is a punnett square pattern square is a five times five box okay so right now we're gonna draw a five time five box again one two three you cannot draw a straight line three four five one two three four five so you draw a five times five box okay it's a bingo box if you don't know it's bingo it means that we are different generation okay so we have f1 times f1 right so we have to what do we have to fill in here we have to fill in this thing this one if you win here this one will fill in here but it's the same no matter how you feel is still the same guys okay so we have big t big h big t small h small t big h small t small h same goes to the side one big t big h big t small h small t big h small t small h okay we're gonna get this combination and then we have to fit in the blanks over here right now how do we want to get the answer over here this and this is a combination it's an intersected point between this one right so if this is an intersected point our answer will be big t big t big h big h why because as i mentioned same alphabet put together dominant in front recessive at the back right but this one is all dominant next this is the combination of this and this box right okay and then we have what big t big t big h and small h remember same alphabet together dominant in front recessive at the back so you continue okay this is the intersection between this and this right you're gonna do big t small t big h big h okay and then next one big t small t big h small h big t big t big h small h i feel like i'm a rapper now but i'm just gonna write guys i'm not gonna read because i feel i as i read i get confused so you guys can check your answer after you have done writing it uh so you can try to write a usually writing don't need to think one eye what you see is what you write like guys but just remember same alphabet you put it together recessive in recessive at the back dominant is in front that's only okay this is how we're gonna get usually what people will do is they will do they will have a callous mistake that's all only careless mistake it's not they don't know what to do it's just a careless mistake so this is what this is the result this is the result that we have now after we draw f2 generation we have to do the next one which is the f2 genotype f2 genotype what is the f2 genotype f2 genotype it means that the genotype phenotype survey f2 phenotype is the physical appearance right f2 phenotype is a physical appearance how do we know what is the physical appearance that we have you can use them manually where you can see what this one is what a tall and ugly are you can do one by one but actually we have only four type of phenol type how do i know you just look at the question this one and this one is the first pair in the first pack this one and this one is the second pair third pair will be this and this the pair four pair will be this and this is the fourth pack so we know that we have four pair already four pair right so you write the four papers one two three four four pack in total so the first pair that we have is tall and ugly second pair we have is tall and good looking the third pair is dwarf and ugly the fourth pet is dwarf and good looking okay so we have four pack in total tall ugly talk good looking dog ugly and goth good looking okay now we're gonna calculate how many tall and ugly over here so you can use a high actor i can just stick in your examiner when you are doing exam so tall and ugly needs to be dominant t and dominant h so we have one two three four five six seven eight nine big t and big h as long as you have big t and big h that one will be tall and ugly next we have tall and good looking tau means capital t right good looking means two small h right some of this different color i'm gonna use maybe i use this one okay tall and good looking so dominant t two small h dominant t two small h dominant t two small h so we have three in total right next dwarf and ugly dwarf and ugly needs to be too small t are going to have a dominant so we have two small t big h two small t like h two small t big h so it's still three and then one don't have to color the last one is one la so the answer is nine three three one and three the answer is fixed how do i know it's nine three three one number one when i see the question says that if both are homozygous the parents are homozygous the answer confirmed is 9331 or when i know that the f1 genotype is this one this combination i mean it's a big small big small alpha but a capital small capital smaller but right this combination right any other also can i but capital small capital small the answer is 931 so it's a fixed answer most of the time it's 931 if you don't trust me you can try a lot of state paper then you will know that you will understand what i'm trying to say that most of the answer is 931 but we talk about a dihybrid cross no usually it's a dihybrid cross this is 9331 so this one uh maybe the first time when you do it you you don't get it because uh in in a very short time you actually learn monohybrid and die hybrid so when you practice a few times then you're gonna get how do we draw a dihybrid cross very common ask question and also a very common use technique that we have to use to answer this question okay now done with this one we're gonna try more questions we have a few questions so we can do it so question one it says 5.1 shows a different length of tilt and different color of variable inherited in the cat allow for short tail which is dominant t t is too long tail and allow for black fur big b is dominant to white first so in this case we know what short tail is dominant okay long tail is recessive black is dominant and then the white is recessive so we have short tail over here the first one is short tail right short tail is a dominant so we can write down first whether this is a dom hectare or hormone okay we're gonna we're gonna look at this diagram first okay if you look at this diagram right how do i know that a sharp tail is a hectare or hormone we have to look at the children can you see all children is with short tail it means that the short sale will be too big t okay why is it not small trk because long is a recessive right too small t right okay we're gonna draw the combination if you don't understand it's okay we're gonna draw the combination up so if it's this combination and this combination all of the children will be this combination right it means it will be a short sale right but if your combination is big t small t and too small t it means that your combination can be this or it can be this it means we have two different group of combination but you can see here all of them are having short tail so it means that the short tail here must be hormone dominant okay so white fur is too small b and then black fur how do i know is too big b or one big one small same thing can you see all of the children is black if all of the children is black it means that this is a two big b okay this is a two big beer i mean based on based on what you see here is two baby because it's all black right because if it's not all black then the x the the concept is the same like you can draw this thing out then you will know your answer whether it's back or wrong okay see the general type of cap here so k q is what k q will be and we have big t big t small b small b and then we have the small t small t big b big b right so do we actually need to write this combination out the answer is we don't need to why because no matter how we join we need to have a dominant and recessive right so again this is what this is a big t small t big b small b how do i get this answer later really you just combine them together like this is what big t small b this is small t big b so when you combine you're gonna get this answer over here okay because this is the combination right this is the this is this combination this is this combination so when you have this combination you get this big t small t big b small b all all p q r s is the same big t small t big b small b okay so this is the genotype okay next complete the partner square to show the genotype of offspring if kept p and s are crossed together p and s is the same because p and s is the same so we get this thing right this is the f one general type right okay we get this one right so we have to find the gametes out how do we find the gametes out we have this one the first combination we get is big t big b the second combination we get is big t small b the third combination we get is small t big b the fourth combination we get is small t small b if you notice the way of doing it is the same as just now over here the same thing okay this one is okay over here it's the same way of doing it so if we have the answer over here we just fill in the blanks so they actually fill in the big b small big b a big t big b this is big t small b small t big b same as this one this is this and this okay and then you fill in the blank side i think clean the blanks you don't get wrongly unless you have callous mistake sometimes when i do too fast i also get callous mistakes so guys remember to double check the answer after you finish drawing a punnett square and this will be the answer so you can check after you have done writing it and and then small t small t big b big b and then the last one will be this combination so yeah you double check our answer because even me sometimes when i do too fast i also get callous mistake so this is how we get the partner square so that's why if you know how to find your f1 generation then you know how to do this question so that's why knowing how to draw a schematic diagram is very important guys so after done with these we're gonna try to look at the next question it says cat r is crossed with k uh cat r is caused with cat w which is a homozygous for long tail and white verb explain how a cat with long tail and white foot is obtained okay now cat r and w rnw is full r and w there's r r okay now i is over here this is r and there is no w right so we have to identify w is who so r is who r is big t small t big b small b so we have to figure it out w is homozygous for long tube and white verb long till and white fur is what our long tail is too small t right third is too small b so it's too small t two small b how do we get a long tail and white fur okay how do we get all of the generation with long tail and white first same as w it means that this one here anyone from here needs to combine with this one and this one the small t and small b the small t and small b so first of all we have two right now the gametes form is full the gamma form from this one will be the same as this one we have written over here which is big t big b big t small b small t big small t small b a small t big b first and a small t small b this one here will be small t small b it means that this one need to fuse with this one only you're gonna get two small t and two small b sometimes chapter 11 you need some common sense then you can try the question so the first sentence you can see that they actually explain the parent r is what the gamete is what and then parent w is what the gamete is got so you have to explain the third sentence which is this one fills with this one they will form this one it's very easy to get marks by writing sentence because it's just what you understand first mark you explain what the first parent second month you explain the second parent the third month you explain the combination then you're gonna get three months over here first mark second and third mark okay uh sometimes it requires you to write sentences but i don't think it's very hard to form sentences because it's what i say law first parent second parents and combination that's all it applies to all of the questions okay diagram 5.4 shows a cross between two mice we have hector homo and then we have the children over here black fur and white fur explain one two of the offspring have black fur but another two have white fur so how do we do this kind of pressure very easy guys okay now black fur and white fur which one is dominant which one is recessive we have to see whether the children here obtained the color or not hectoro black fur obviously this is not dominant because only dominant can be hectorol so this is for example this is bad a big b and small b white confirmed is a recessive already because hector is black right black means what dominant this is too small b so we have to look at the keywords when you see hectares i guess it means that they are dominant because in order to be hectorog you have it needs to be have the dominant so we have big b small b and then that one will be two small b so when you combine them together if you can you give me one you can draw over here if you combine them together what you're gonna get you get big b small b big b small b small b small b and two small b right so you get big b small b big b small b's two small b two small b so when you are doing a draft by yourself you don't have to fill in anything one don't have to draw a gamma two so just straight away get your answer then you can get answer so they ask you why one of the offspring is black okay so two of the offspring is black two of the offspring is white because we have to say black is the dominant dominant is the dominant is black color right where the white is a recessive right when they inherit the black one they will get they will get the dominant genome which is black color in order to be white it needs to have two small alphabet which is too small b which is the recessive gene this is the answer so you have to understand the concept only you can write your answer so same thing you have to explain the black is dominant the what is the recessive and then the children will be one big one small that will be your answer so sometimes you need to have you know concept of common sense in order for you to get your answer okay we're gonna try one more question or maybe two more questions over here negative five shows the genetic diagram of a cross between a tall and green poppy fun with a short and yellow pop p pawn t is a dominant t is dominant and then small g is recessive along big g is dominant for green sorry i should highlight the forward this is the tall this is the short g is green small g is yellow so we have to find the gamete first again how to find gamete big big t big g because how you combine you get the same answer small t small g you get the same answer and then your f one speed note type phenotype mean physical appearance when you have dominant t it means tall when you have dominant g it means green so this is tall and green color tall and green color and then they are very very good they draw all of the step for you already what you need to do next is a1 we have to answer a2 we also have to answer because we have written over in the question already they ask you table five shot show the punnett square of a self cross between f1 generation to form f2 generation again self cross means what f1 times f1 you get the answer over here and they ask you to fill in the blanks i think filling the blanks you can do by yourself because big t big t big g small g big t small t big g small g and then sigma okay yes you in the answer because i don't want to read i get confused sometimes small t small t and then we have this as well okay so we have when you complete you get two marks determine the probability of having a tall and yellow part p plant in f2 generation so how do we want to get a tall and yellow pot tau is what tau means dominant t right yellow means two small g right so as far as we have two small g and one dominant t your answer will be that t big t small t or big t big t and then two small g so the first one you get the one two and then the last one will be where is it where is it where is it where is it this one okay i found it okay so the answer is 3 over 16. why is it 3 over 16 because you have 16 possibility right so out of 3 is tall and yellow so this is the answer for this one okay next ones we have to do some simple next question and we need a lot of common sense by doing question 3 yeah it says an experiment was conducted on a pea pun the smooth pea plant was crossbreed with wrinkle seed pea plant the result shows all f1 generation have smooth seed all the f1 generation are then crossed within each other so we have smooth that cross being killed all of the f1 is smooth okay all is smooth so in this case we can use any alpha but your choice but as i mentioned don't use any other but they're going to make you make yourself confused so let's say this move here is a big allah for example dominant uh this one is two small r so to get a smooth seed you need to have one big r one small r okay now again how do i know this is too big uh not one big one small if this is one big one small can you draw this thing out then you will answer but you will understand this one feels with this one you get two small ah this one feels it this one you get one big one small when you have two small r it means that your f1 generation is not all smooth seed so your smooth seed needs to be too big r two big r two small r you only get one big one small so you by using a genetic diagram genetic diagram means schematic diagram we have to explain what is the mando first law okay we have to draw this schematic diagram out again when you drop please remember to label at the side we have parents phenol type if you don't want to write parents payroll type is that definitely okay this is smooth and ringtone and then we have a parent's genotype parents genotype is big r big r small r small r we have gamete to form gamete we have meiosis we have big r big r small r small r if you only want to write one time it's also okay because they are the same thing we have fertilization fertilization we get f1 genotype f1 genotype we get actually it's the same big r small r all of them get the big ass moa so your f1 phenotype will be all smooth c now that will be your answer okay at the end of experiment two thousand p seeds are produced how many pieces are smooth seed okay at the end of the experiment guys if you read the question again they say what the f1 generation are then self cross right across between each other right so at the end of the experiment it means at the end of this f1 times f1 so we have to calculate f1 times f1 okay this one f1 times f1 we calculate over here f1 times f1 big r small r big r small [Music] we have to know how many smooth and how many we go right so again just simply drop by for your own understanding you're gonna get your answer the first one is too big ah big r small r big r small r two small r this one here will be your f two generation f two at the end with f two generation right so how many is smooth c this three here is smooth c so it's three out of four you use two thousand times three out of four you will get your answer two thousand times three or four i think is thousand five hundred and two thousand times 1 over 4 because this is only 1 over 4 right the answer is 500. so sometimes you need to do some calculation as well but you have to understand the question first guys by understanding the question you only can do the questionnaire okay what character which characteristic is dominant which characteristic is dominant obviously it smooths it why because to show okay because to show that they are they are the dominant the f1 generation is smooth that's why smooth is the dominant if winter is dominant at one generation they will have the wrinkle but f1 generation got no wrinkle right so smooth will be the dominant so this is the question more or less would be the same the answer so try to do a lot of question then you will understand actually all and all questions from five chapter 11 only requires you number one using your common sense number two knowing how to draw a schematic diagram that's all neat all of the questions are the same so hopefully you guys can understand better in this sub topic or maybe this entire chapter because it's the same just draw a schematic diagram that's only hopefully you guys can understand better in this chapter any question you can comment below or anything that you want me to do you can also comment below i'll read the comment section okay so i will see you guys when i see you guys again bye guys ciao