right so we will be you know uploading this recording on our YouTube channel and you can watch that at the latest stage if you miss a part of it we also have lot of communities on LinkedIn telegram so I will be sharing those links if you like you can join those communi as well right uh so telon is a B2B or b2c training company we do trainings for the corporates as well as inducer on variety of different topics we are doing Open session on 5G core Open session on 5gnr Etc which you can join as an indivual and or maybe you can order for a customized session for your teams in your campus or maybe online we do create e-learning content as well we deliver workshop webinars on job training classroom training virtual classroom training on variety of T topics in and around Telecom if you want to uh so jangir says my voice is broken is that the case with everyone or only with jangar can you just uh tell me in the chat box so that I'm aware is it breaking for everyone okay I think others are okay so I feel there is something wrong with the jahangir's connection right so let jahangir check his internet connection right so we have a variety of different courses uh like you know related to 4G starting from very very high level discussion and getting into you know deep type of radio network core Network Cloud Network D NF we are delivering these sessions for variety of different companies right few points to few house housekeeping rules for this session this is an open session we will not be getting to the Deep teag concept if you have some more questions you can type your questions in the chat box during the session but we will take up these question and answer at the end of the session we will be uploading this video on our YouTube channel and the record link will be shared with all of you if you need any further information please write an email to info@ tar.com or visit www.an.com right so that's a quick introduction from my side about telan and the about myself I will hand it over to vikas and then he can take up the discussion thank you very much for joining in I'll just pass it on to vikas and he will take it up for that just give me a minute thank you sir because I'm making the presenter so request you to share your screen and then continue your session right sir Okay so you are the presenter now you can share your screen and then we can continue with the session okay so I hope everybody can see this uh presentation as of now no uh yes it's coming up yeah now now we can see that yeah please go ahead okay so first of all I'll say good morning morning good evening good afternoon I don't know because we have people from different countries different regions right so I'll just introduce myself my name is bkash Kumar Singh and uh I have nearly 20 year of experience working in Telecom domain as uh protocol testing and uh RF engineer you can say so I worked with ad& I worked with Nokia and alcat Lucent so that is little bit introduction about me so in today's session uh what I'm planning that from last you can say few days few weeks I was getting different calls I was getting messages on my LinkedIn my WhatsApp people are facing a lot of problem related to the job so either people who are working either they are losing the job or people who are working in some other domain like uh knock or RF or integration or fault management optimization side so they are not able to change the job and that is one of the biggest concern right now that we have that people in these area they are losing the job people who are working they are also losing the job in one side people people are losing the job at other side we have few jobs or we have jobs in other you can say uh in same Telecom domain in other departments we have jobs so basically I focus on protocol testing and log analysis okay so there are people who will say sir I'm planning to get into protol testing and log analysis side but I don't know where to start how to start start what I should learn from where I should learn so these are the different problems you can say these people are facing okay so then we thought so at least we'll try to address this problem that what is necessary for you to understand what and all is required for you to study so that you will be able to clear or crack the interview for 4G 5G protocol testing and log analysis so my today's discussion I'll just give you an overall idea that what is important for you to study what are few myths that is holding you to change your job okay what are the different companies that they are hiring what sort of interview questions they are asking right so I will discuss those things if you have any question in between that you can write in chat box and sanj S will try to pass it on to me or I he can answer those questions okay so I'll start with this one that what is the most important topic in 5gc if we are going to talk about 5G and the things that we need to study the list is endless actually the list is too big me is too big why we are coming from 4G to 5G what is Network architecture what are the different type of network architecture we have we have reference point architecture we have service B based architecture if I'm going to talk about each and every component right whether we are going to talk about UEI 5G UE or the type of device we have which is going to work as a UE in 5G the number itself is too big if I'm going to talk about G node b or if we are going to talk about the deployment of 5G so different deployment scenarios are there we have three 3 a 3X 2 1 4 5 7 so lot of things are there but you don't need to study everything to clear the interview if you know everything it's 100% fine it's very good but if we want to clear the interview if we want to crack the interview if I I'm looking for job right so we don't have that much time that we are going to because if you'll start stirring 5G right now at least it will take 6 month to one year for you to complete it and you know that we can't complete 4G or 5G technology because you can say every year or every two year we are going to get a new release so looking at all those things you can say I have boiled it down to few topics if you are going to study these topics chances are there that you can say 80% or 90% of the question you will be able to answer so I have listed those topics like you need to know the frequency spectrum what are the different spectrum that we have we have F fr1 and F fr2 frequency ranges why we require two frequency range in 4G we have just one range of the frequency in 5G why we require F fr1 and F fr2 what is numerology what is bandwidth part what is uh SSB okay uh what is core set control resource set what is millimeter wave beam forming massive myo then layer wise we need to understand what are the different states of Nas what are the different component of Nas whether we are talking about emm we are talking about esm we are talking about ECM if I'm going to talk about rrc why and what are the components what are the states of rrc so I will go through each and everything right I'll try my best to cover maximum but we have some time limitations right so I'll try my best to cover maximum thing now the first thing you can say that you need to understand the network architecture 5G Network architecture so this is the basic blog diagram of 5G Network architecture cure that I think all of you know that we have uee we have G Nob that is our ran part in the core side you have AMF you have a USF you have udm you have SMF you have UPF you have PCF you have application function and then we have Data Network and we have UPF see in the core Network side if you just want to relate that what is the functionality of AMF so you can say whatever you have in mme the mme functionalities are built on AMF what is SMF so normally people say okay whatever s Gateway we have in 4G SMF is same as s Gateway but that is not 100% correct because if you'll talk about SMF SMF is having functionalities of s Gateway and P Gateway both some part of P Gateway some functionality of P Gateway and some functionality of s Gateway in 4G is there in SMF in 5G if you'll talk about UPF yes it is going to represent your P Gateway PCF you can't say it's 100% pcrf but somehow it's related to that udm a USF that is related to your HSS you can say that is going to work as a authentication and uh uh what you say you subscribers information server then we have application function and you know external Data Network that we have so I don't think I should go through this one because if you are going through different webinars you will get this one so it's not a very big thing you can do it by yourself okay see this is uh protocol stack that how my user plane how my control plane information are going to pass from UE to G nodeb and UE to AMF so if I'm going to talk about uh user plane right in 4G we don't have this sdap at the user plane side so user plane side is completely different we have pdcp RLC Mac and layer and G Nob side also we have the same thing but in 5G we have a new protocol layer you can say that is sdap okay service hello [Music] now if I'm going to talk about sdap so sdap is going to help you in differentiating the different type of quality of service that is being offered for different drbsnumber1fan so for three different slices our qos requirement will be different and for that we have introduced sdap protocol you can say in user plane side okay okay now if I'll talk about frequency band so we have F fr1 and F fr2 when I say F fr1 normally we we call this one sub6 gahz frequency band and F fr2 we call it millimeter wave so the range of f fr1 is given it's a 450 mahz to we say 6 gahz or 6,000 mahz whatever you want to say if I'm going to talk about F fr2 so 24.2 GHz to 52.6 gahz we say F fr2 so few examples are given over here that f fr1 band and F fr2 band so in F fr1 band we have different frequency see normally in 4G the frequency bands are represented by band One band two band Three band four something like that in 5G we represent Band by a letter called n okay so n is nothing it's a basically stands for NR NR band so I have just taken few example over here if you'll go through the list the list is very big so you can say in fr1 side now we have at least more than uh 36 different bands are there in F R2 we have nearly eight different uh ranges are there operating bands are there so we have just taken few example now the question is why we require fr1 and fr2 two different type of frequency band in 5G why not just you can say sub six gahz is enough for me or you can say millimeter wave is enough for me why we require two different kind of bandwidth over here frequency band is required if you'll talk about F fr1 band so in F fr1 band we have frequencies or you can say frequency band which can work in FDD and tdd in both the ways or both the duplexing modes are supported in fr1 but fr2 frequencies it's only that is tdd duplexing mode is supported okay now the question is why you need F fr1 and2 okay so just try to understand I told you that we have different 5G used cases okay so we have uh embb Ur LLC and massive machine type communication mmtc now when I talk about embb so basically in a Layman language you can say if the requirement is of higher data rates so that slice or you can say that type of services that type of requirement from the network or you can say the users requirement if the users are looking for higher data rate R so all those Services comes under embb enhanced mobile broadband see this is this is we are talking about mobile broadband right now also we have Broadband services but that is Le line Broadband in 5G what is our expectation that on our mobile you can say or using the 5G Network without any cable we should get the same speed or higher speed compared to the Le line whatever we have right now right now you have a Le line so you can get up to 300 500 MVPs of down link speed you can say but our expectation from the 5G network is that we should get more than that on our mobile handset UI so if our requirement is related to data related to Traffic related to higher data rates those Services comes under embb we have other category or other type of users there the requirement is not higher data rate there the requirement is low latency but the reliability should be to the peak you can say it should be the highest reliability means if I'm connected to a network so for you can say even a uh Nan or you can say for the millisecond my connectivity should not disrupted I should have that sort of connectivity that sort of network I need to build that I can say I can give you reliable services but we are not looking for Reliable Services we are looking for high reliability and very low latency very low latency means what we are going below you can say 0.5 0 625 0.125 0.0625 millisecond that sort of delay that we are looking for see we have different type of services we know about uh autonomous car or self-driving cars so self-driving cars or you can say if you have some emergency services remote uh healthare or remote operations surgeries right that require very low latency and very high reliability that is not possible right now in 4G network so that type of user where Network need to provide low latency but very high reliability so those users comes in a different category that we say Ur LLC now we have third type of services where I say that millions of devices will be connected see right now also we we have iot services but in iot Services the number of devices are small very small it's not massive we are not talking about that millions of devices will be connected in a square kilometer area but when it comes to 5G we are talking about that millions of devices it will be connected in a square kilometer area and each and every device you can say wherever it is whether it is at the cell Edge whether it is near to the site at least 10 Mbps of a speed we are going to give to the smaller devices iot devices and that is more than enough for that those devices to be connected to the network so all these three services whether we talk about embb we talk about Ur LLC we talk about mmtc our requirement in terms of frequency in terms of bandwidth is different so if you'll talk about embb obviously we need higher frequency band because if my bandwidth is higher right if my MCS or you can say modulation coding scheme is going to be higher if I can use myo higher order myo we can provide uh you can say higher data rates now if I'll talk about Ultra reliable and low latency communication I don't require higher bandwidth of frequency if the frequency range is smaller also I can get lower latency over there if I'm going to increase my subcarrier bandwidth I can get that sort of delay or latency you can say so to address these problems to address these three different slices of the 5G Network requirement of the users looking at these things the technology you can say or 3gpp has proposed two different type of frequency F fr1 and F fr2 okay see when we talk about protocol testing and log analysis most of the people think yeah we need to study a lot we need to know everything I telling you you don't need to know everything but you need to know the concept always means always you should have a question why why this if my carer is starting with 5 mahz why it is starting from one uh 5 mahz why it is 10 mahz so why should be always there if you are trying to get into protocol testing and log analysis domain side okay now see here I have given that that why we are using F fr1 and F fr2 different frequency ranges so if you will see here see uh I have taken example this is from uh actually 3gpp at the document okay so if I will talk about frequencies from 300 mahz to 3 gahz okay or you can say it's a we call it a midband also below 6 gahz these frequencies are basically used for all these Services we can use these frequencies for embb Ur LLC and mmtc both the services all three three services we can utilize this frequency F fr1 if I'm going to talk about uh embb and Ur LLC we can use frequency between you can say few frequencies we can take from F1 and few we can take it from fr2 and we can use it to address these services but normally when we have to give higher data rate higher throughput embb services so then we are opting for uh F2 different uh you can say the higher frequency band with that we have some Advantage we have some disadvantage that if you are using F fr1 and fr2 so some Advantage some disadvantage are there see if we we are using smaller frequency or F fr1 you can say over here so if you are using F fr1 frequency you need to go for coverage if you are looking for High coverage area right bigger coverage area you can go for f fr1 frequency band but if you are trying to give coverage in a smaller area right or you can say hot spots or uh in building right so there we are going to use F2 because for if you are going to use F2 the cell coverage will be very small because if you will calculate the Lambda value I don't want to get into those technical terms if you'll calculate the Lambda why we call this 24 to 52 gahz millimeter wave frequency the reason is if you will calculate their wavelength so it is very small in millimeter uh you can say they can travel one uh cycle it can travel just up to some millimeter so the coverage will be very small so that's why we call it millimeter wave since there Lambda value or you can say the wavelength the distance it can travel is very small so if you have you can say users where my coverage area is going to be very small there we are going to use f fr2 if I want larger coverage area if I'm looking for uh that I should be able to use FDD and TD both the duplexing mode use f fr1 so these are the different things you can say that the combination we can use fr1 and fr2 to add address the different slices or the different use cases of 5G I hope that is clear okay the next important thing that we have that you need to understand one thing in 5G if I'm going to talk about fre structure so it's one of the most important thing for your concept because in five 4G whatever we have studied in terms of uh frame structure see the overall idea remains same in 4G also my radio frame one radio frame duration was 10 millisecond here also it is 10 millisecond only in one frame we have 10 subframes in 4G here also we have same thing 10 sub frames but in 4G in one subframe of 1 millisecond duration we had two time slot of 0.5 millisecond and 0.5 Mill but if you will talk about 5G in 5G we don't have any concept of time slot we have concept of slot so you talk about one subframe or you talk about one slot so it is one of the same thing it is going to be 1 millisecond now in one subframe in one millisecond how many slots can be there that depends upon the subcarrier spacing now what is what do I mean by different subcarrier spacing okay in 4G we have seen that our subcarrier spacing was 15 Kilz okay because most of the services whatever we had in 4G there the latency delay requirements are you can say it's a nearly same we just had nine different type of qci that we were supporting but we have not divided the user services in different categories but here in 5G just now I told told you that we have different requirements we have requirement where lower latency is required very low latency is required there are Services where higher speed is required there are Services where connectivity is required so looking at these three different slices and how we are going to get those very low latency communication or Services we have came up with an idea okay that if I'm going to use different subcarrier spacing okay if I'm going to use different sub carrier spacing I can reduce my transmission time if I will talk about 15 Kil sub carrier so the transmission Time One Transmission duration or you can say one symbol duration that will be 66.67 microc if I'm going to use 15 KZ sub carrier is spacing but if I'm going to use uh you can say 30 khz or 60 khz or 120 khz my latency I can reduce the transmission duration if if the transmission time if I'm going to use 15 khz if it is 66.67 microc if I will increase my subcarrier spacing to 30 KZ the same same transmission time will reduce to 33.3 if I'm am going to use 60 KZ of subcarrier spacing my transmission time one symbol duration it will reduce to somewhere around 16 microc and if I'm going to use further you can say 120 or 240 it is going to reduce further the transmission duration and that is going to lead you can say that will get you the latency values okay now if you'll go through this uh image so if I'm using 15 kilo example one uh 15 khz of subcarrier spacing you can see I have 14 symbols and transmission duration of 66.67 microc multiplied by 14 symbol plus the cyclic prefix duration of 4.67 microc you will get a total duration of 1 millisecond so you can say in 1 millisecond we are transmitting 14 symbols now each and every symbol you know that it will have a number of sub carriers it depends that what sort of frequency we are using what is our carrier and according to the carrier I will have the number of subcarrier in different transmission and it is going to be same for all the transmission and that's how we are going to create our resource block resource element right so if you'll talk about 5G so these things got changed if I'm going to use 50 15 khz of sub carrier spacing in 1 millisecond I will have one slot and there I will have 14 symbols same thing same frequency same carrier if I'm going to use 30 khz of sub carrier spacing in same 1 millisecond I can transmit two slot or you can say I can transmit 28 symbols so you can say I can reduce my latency to half of that whatever we are getting in 15 khz and I can increase the data also data rate also so we have a concept of numerology in 5G that how the number of slot number of symbol the duration it is going to increase and how the L is going to decrease that study of this subcarrier spacing that how we are utilizing 15 khz 30 Kilz of subcarrier spacing 60 120 240 now 480 after some time we'll get 960 also Kilz so how we are going to use this different subcarrier spacing according to that how many slots will be there how many symbols will be there how much data we can transmit that study is called numerology so that is one of the you can say most important concept that you need to understand I'm I'm coming over there to the numerology so if I'll talk about frame structure what and all changed compared to 4G okay I told you flexible transmission bandwidth in 4G we had just 15 khz here I can go from 15 khz to right now it's up to 480 Kilz okay now if I'll talk about the frame timing it Remains the Same if I talk about duplexing in 4G also we had FDD and tdd here also we have FDD and tdd some Channel coding are got changed earlier we were using 1x3 tail bit convolutional coding for control information and for user plane we had polar coding here sorry uh turbo coding was there here for control Channel we have polar and for user we have ldpc low density parity check and then modation uh coding scheme in 4G we were using till 64 quam and here we are going up to 256 quam okay so this is what I was talking about numerology that is not see whenever we uh hear new terms so we get little bit confused what is this we have never heard of this term so it is nothing but study of our subcarrier spacing in 4G it was not required for us you can see because we just have one sub carrier spacing of 15 khz but here since we have different subcarrier spacing so we need to understand and we need to do all these things all the calculation we need to understand by changing the subcarrier spacing how my symbol duration how my bandwidth how my slot duration how the number of slots how the number of sub frames how the number of symbols it is going to change okay so this is just a table that if I'm going to use numerology zero we represent numerology by mu okay so if my numerology is zero my sub carrier spacing is going to be 15 khz my symbol duration that's what I was talking about 66.67 microc right and the maximum bandwidth what we can go for is 50 k 50 mahz okay so we have written you can say 49 maximum what we can go for because if you will in uh if you will write 50 so we will have some slot duration also okay that we need to consider so we call it wherever see here it is 50 here it is 100 here it is 200 here it is 400 here it is 800 actually so my symbol duration if I'm going to increase increase the sub carrier spacing just see how the symbol duration is going to decrease you getting me now if I talk about maximum bandwidth so we can use right now maximum band width up to you can say 800 mahz okay now slot duration one slot duration so if I'm using 15 subar spacing 15 khz so the slot duration will be one you can say 1 millisecond in 1 millisecond how many symbols I can send 14 symbols if I'll talk about numerology one subc spacing 30 then the slot duration is going to be 0.5 means in 1 millisecond now I can send 28 symbols like that you need to just multiply this number with this one one and that much number of symbols we can send if I am going to increase the number of symbols in one millisecond you can say you can achieve higher data rates you getting me sanj sir everything clear till now yeah so because all good right but I think uh you know we are uh already you know passed around 40 minutes so we can talk a bit more about the protocols and the testing part of it what are things required so just give me one or uh five minute at least I I have one or two slides okay no problem take your time and just wanted to say that because already 40 minutes we have closed right so maybe we can talk a bit more about uh uh there are a couple of questions related to Pi by2 bsk and the kind of tools that we can use for these log analysis I'm coming over there sir I think we will be taking up those questions and uh you know we will be you know taking all the questions whatever is in my capacity I'm answering that but yes other questions we can take at the end of the session yeah F just I'll take five 10 more minutes I have few important that I want to discuss please be patient if I'm not answering your questions so some of these things may be know beyond my uh knowledge beyond my capability so we will take those questions at the end of the session there's few people who are like you know writing some questions so we'll take those questions at the end of the session thank you much carry on because now so the next one of the most important concept that we have is called bandwidth part this concept we didn't had in 4G but in 4G uh or in 5G what we have if I'm going to address the uis okay so all of us know that the power of the UI is limited and in 5G we are talking about higher bandwidths higher bandwidth means one carrier bandwidth we are talking about 400 mahz one carrier bandwidth 400 mahz in 4G we were talking about 20 mahz but in 5G we are talking about one carrier bandwidth of 400 MHz that we can have that we can use now if I'm going to give 400 mahz of one carrier to one UI number one that most of the UI whatever we have right now that don't support that big bandwidth most of the mobile or you can say UI what we have they don't support 400 mahz of bandwidth of one carrier number two if my UI need to read 400 mahz of bandwidth its battery consumption will be very high but you know that we are doing lot of things to reduce the power consumption at the UI side right we are doing power control PHR BSR lot of things are there we have DRX we have DTX right that UEI at every level it should save its battery power but in 5G when we look at these carriers 400 mahz 200 mahz 100 mahz and if we are going to give these frequency back to the UI it will be very hard for the UI to read those frequency most of the UI has not capable or if they are going to read the battery consumption will be very high so looking at that what we have done in 5G we came up with a concept of bandwidth part what is bandwidth part suppose if I'll take the example of 100 uh Source block that was in 20 MHz in 4G so 100 resource block if I'm going to do my transmission for 1 millisecond so 100 resource block will in down link right in 4G we don't have any option I can assign only 50 resource block and 50 resource block something like that we can't do it over there in 4G but in 5G looking at these different higher bandwidth carrier bandwidth we came up with this bandwidth part that if I I have a higher band width I can divide it in different parts and I can assign those different parts to the UI so that UI can read it you will you don't need to put too much power to read those carriers right so then you can say we came up with this concept of part okay that we can divide our uh uh uh higher bandwidth frequencies or Carrier into a smaller carrier and we can assign that to a UEI but we have some limitation right now you can say whether you talk about up link or down link we can't assign more than four bandwidth part to a particular UEI but out of that four also only one will be active at a time okay so these concepts are one of the most important concept that we have and we need to study these things if I'll talk about PSS SSS and pbch so we have seen in 4G uh that your uh PSS SSS and PVC it was coming separately PSS is there somewhere else SSS is somewhere else and PBC it is going to occupy four symbol duration but here in 5G what we are doing we are making it a block and we are sending it together in 4G we have seen that PSS SSS and PBC it is going to occupy Central 72 sub carrier but in 5G that is not the case we can send it anywhere this SSB block we call it SSB block okay okay fine so see there are lot of things you can say that we need to discuss we need to okay we need to talk about all the layers we need to talk about Nas to talk about RC to talk about Mac pdcp RLC right physical layer processing is there how we are going to process what is CRC what is CRC bit Edition what is channel coding what is rate matching what is inter leing when I am going to do my physical air processing what is modation coding scheme what is my Mo right if I'm going to talk about M you try to understand emm what is em deregistered what is emm registered if I'm talking about RC you try to understand what are the RC modes in 4G we just have two modes two states RC idle and rrc connected here we have three states rrc idle rrc inactive and rrc connected you need to understand Handover you need to understand paging you need to understand system information information blocks you need to understand encryption and integrity algorithm what is RC what is unacknowledged mode acknowledged mode and transparent mode Transmission in RLC layer what is link adaptation what is HQ process what is ratch what is scheduling what is scheduler things at Mac ler so there are lot of things we have and we need to study those things and one of the most important thing what we have is you need to understand the call Flow complete call Flow that how my UI when it is if I'm going to switch on a UI if my UI is my handset is new my SIM card is new that time how my U is going to do the attach process or how it is going to search for the network and if my UI is going to switch off and switch on Aeroplane mode on off how it will do the process attach process so you need to understand the different scenarios in call flow also attach process if I'm talking about rrc establishment if I'm talking about rrc setup complete what are the information element of this one if I'm talking about PSS what is information element of PSS if I'm talking about SSS what is information element of SSS what is carried in M what is that in C one what is there in C two what is there in C 3 to C five C 6 at least S6 right so these are the basic concept okay uh what is authentication what is security mode command how are U and uh you can say the network INB mme s Gateway P Gateway they are going to configure uh default beerer right so these are one of the most uh important topics you can say that you need to understand if you are going to understand these things believe me it is not going to be very difficult okay for you to understand you can understand and you can crack any of the interview if you know these things okay if I'll talk in terms of uh tools see if you have little bit idea of any of the tool you talk about qcat you talk about qcat suppose if you are from different background suppose if if you are from RF background at least if you know temps right if you understand temps understanding qcat is not very hard or qxdm is not very hard okay now the thing thing is most of the people who are working in these different domains in knock fault management or integration side they have few myths right when they will call me uh they will say sir I am from knock I am from integration I am from RF right so how I will get job in partical testing so they feel that I'm already you can say I'm disqualified for this because sorry to interrupt you you are on which uh which slide as of now can you just uh let us know it's a you can't see my slide no I can see that but uh I just wanted to double check right unfor that myths uh unfortunately few common misconception right right I move there only number one number two right right sir yep okay Carry On Carry On Okay so I thought that maybe uh because sometimes the screen you know hangs and we are not able to okay so just wanted to confirm that yeah please yeah so see these are not the things that I have written you can say from my own these are the questions I face on everyday basis every day means every day people on LinkedIn right there are lots of people who are connected continuously you can say with me so they will be asking or they will be calling me because I have given my number everything is there on my LinkedIn profile so they'll call me sir I'm not getting any job profile on noer or LinkedIn but you are saying that there are jobs but I don't find those jobs on LinkedIn or noer okay so what I feel the people will say that what I feel sir there's no job in the market you are just saying that we need to study you study you will get the job right then few people will say sir my friend was saying that Python Programming is must for protocol testing and log analysis someone called me and told me sir I am from different background in Telecom I have 10 year of experience in integration so how I can get a job in the protocol testing side so believe me just last week uh one of my student I'll not uh say the name over here he joined Tech Mahindra okay he was having nearly you can say some seven eight year of experience in integration side he was studying for you can say nearly 3 4 months with me and he cleared the interview he joined on uh last week you can say so whatever these Mis misconceptions are there these are all wrong actually this is not at all true if you want to get into protocol testing and log analysis okay if you are ready to study okay if you are ready to gain the knowledge if you are going to upgrade yourself okay you can get it easily means easily I telling you but the only thing is at least for 3 to 4 months you need to study if you are from the different domain you need to study the conceptual part of 4G and 5G don't be in this impression that sir I will learn 5G and whether I'll get the job I will say 100% no because most of the people who uh phased interview last week you can say just 20 to 30% questions are from 5G 70% questions that is from 4G so you right now you know that most of the operators they are implementing n sorry NSA and sa but sa is very slow they are just starting but right now they are working on NSA Network so the 4G you can say that is one of the basic building blocks of 5G right now so you need to know 4G as well as 5G see when you say that sir I'm not from this background I am from KN I from RF remember that whatever you have the knowledge right your experience that will give you an upper Edge in clearing the interview that will make your you have some Foundation already you just need need to build different blocks you can see above that to clear your interview and believe me if you are there in log analysis side there is no use of python or C or C++ yes if you are getting into testing and if you are getting into the automation side of the testing then it will be required but here our focus is there on log analysis side so in log analysis side we don't require anything like python C or C++ okay now lot of people say Sir uh we get news that most of the companies are firing yes they are firing but if you will talk about 4G and 5G you know it very well that 5G Network it is expanding right now it is being upgraded the technology is advancing Network expansions are happening it is being upgraded right so the number of jobs whether you talk about Telecom operator you talk about uh oems means I'm talking about Nokia Samsung ericon Huawei JT right Samsung you now you talk about Tas right so there are lots of companies now if you'll talk about or we have HP we have Dell we have radishes so they are also into now OEM side so you talk about operator they are continuously expanding their Network they are expanding their network with that they are upgrading their Network so you need to understand this one if I'm going to expand if I'm going to upgrade company like BSNL in India right you talk about AT&T USA they are expanding their Network they are trying to implement new new things AT&T has given you can say nearly uh 13 billion USD project to mavenir and edicon they are going to hire in a big way Tech Mahindra is hiring in a big way TCS right now they have got the project from BSNL for both 4G and 5G they already started implementing Punjab is going on Tamil Nadu is going on Northeast is going on slowly they are going to start other states just think of that one that how many jobs will be created over here see I'm talking about India and USA the reason is I know those markets I worked with AT&T for five year so I know each and every places of us you can say I know what is happening in AT&T I know if you'll go to the different countries all the country everywhere just give me one sec okay they are expanding their Network so if they are going to expand the number of equipment that will also increase see where and all we have the chances Telecom operators they are going to hire equipment manufacturers they are going to hire you talk about UI manufacturer they are going to hire you talk about enodeb you talk about core Network Cloud right everywhere you will have job requirement for skilled people remember if you want to change your job you need to skill yourself if you are not going to get new skills in terms of 5G it will be same story whatever you have right now okay see this is few things that I just wanted to uh discuss this is not me who is saying this one we have a job portal site that is called indeed so indeed they have seen this one that nearly 42% in increase is there in the job posting the number of companies who are posting the job requirement related to 4G 5G protocol testing that has increased to 42% Gartner I know all of you know that it's one of the best organization in terms of survey so they are saying they are predicting that 25% growth will be there in 5G for professionals skilled professionals by 2025 I'm not talking about next five years I'm just talking talking about next one year okay if you'll talk about the industry the total industry worth is 13.2 by 2035 13.2 trillion USD if I will divide it by the different sector where we are going to use 5G you talk about agriculture you talk about construction and Mining you talk about education you talk about Healthcare you talk about mobile applications you talk about manufa uring you talk about retail you talk about smart cities see these are the very few examples that that I have taken over here because I was knowing that I have some limited time okay see these are the company which is hiring right now I was not able to write more names over here okay so these are the company which is hiring right now okay so if you know someone because see most of the in now slowly they are starting putting jobs earlier it was you can say just one month back everything was either referral or internal hiring was going on but right now they are opening to the job portals also so you can check it if you know anyone right you can talk to them they will help you okay so what to we study I think already I told you those things okay concept of 4G and 5G technology qxdm qcat or any log Anis tool will help you to get into protocol testing and log analysis side I have just given one liner physical layer what you need to understand you need to understand protocol stack Network component frame structure channels mean Channel processing I'm talking about if I'm talking about uh PVC if I'm talking about SSS if I'm talking about PSS I'm talking about PDS I'm talking about PDS or PDC right pu P all the processing will happen physical air processing will happen what is MCS what is myo what is CSI what is csfb what is srvcc volt carrier aggregation you need to know these things okay if you if I'm talking about Layer Two what you need to know you need to understand what is integrity what is ciphering Alor algorithm what is robust header compression if I'm talking about pdcp if I'm talking about RLC what is transparent mode what is acknowledged mode what is unacknowledged mode if I'm talking about Mac what is link adaptation what is priority handling what is BSR PHR DRX seding seder right we need to understand these things if I'm talking about layer three you need to understand what is emm what is esm what is ECM what is s paging Handover different events Handover events A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 rrc States idle inactive connected and then you can say initial and attach or you can say how the acquisition will happen Network acquisition so these are the things that you need to understand and at the end if you will you can say take everything together so that is your call you need to understand that how my U is going to acquire PSS to how my default be will be created from UI to S Gateway or P Gateway you can say you need to know that it's one of the most important thing you can say call Flow that you need to understand and you should do it this is a little bit about myself okay and I think I'm done with the presentation Sanjay sir yeah thanks thanks vkas thanks for the you know good session right so there are few questions in the chat box and let me take those one by one right so just just let me do it from start uh I try to answer some of them based on my capability right so there was something called as why we have not covered CHF I told that there are 28 uh Network functions and we don't really so show all of them right so that was the reason right uh another question is uh 4G 5G protocol testing is uh you know can be really uh useful uh career opportunity for a 15 plus years experience if the person with the 15 years experience want to get a job into this field right can we can we really uh you know consider those kind of experience level uh for getting into this kind of role what do you think about this because see sir I'll tell you people with 20 year of experience okay I'm not talking about 10 years sir mhm on everyday basis you can say I deal with people with 10 year 11 year 12 year of experience people okay and last week you can say nearly uh three of my people with more than 10 years of experience they got into the the same role they were from different domain okay MH if you will talk about 15 year 16 year 20 year it's 100% it is possible they can but there are few things that you need to consider when you are getting into protocol testing side suppose I have 20 year of experience okay if I want to get in first of all I need to understand the technology okay Concepts second thing I need to prepare myself for few things since I'm changing my domain right so I can't expect that if right now my salary is suppose 30 lakhs so somebody is going to give me 50 lakh that is not going to happen MH but whatever is your current CTC okay you will get somewhere around you can say 20 30% hike you will get MH but you need to prepare well if you are saying that you are just to add to it and just adding my perspective to it many times when we move uh from one domain where we are for many many years we want to move to another domain which looks lucrative uh from the future growth perspective sometimes we also need to compromise a bit on the you know compensation sometimes we may not get even 20 30% we may need to join almost at the same level or maybe uh you know sometimes even I have done in my career where I have joined another company at a lower salary compared to the salary what I was getting in the previous year now previous company sorry right uh so uh I I think that is also one of the way of you know getting into your domains if you think that your domain the person the people specifically working in the passive infrastructure working in the drive testing sometimes they have to compromise on that to get into a job which can be a better future perspective do you agree with that because sir I'm 100% agree with that what I'm saying people with less than 15 12 12 year of experience okay they just need to study okay they will get the job directly I'm telling you there is no problem over there now the one thing what I wanted to tell you right now I will just take one example okay uh there is a chipset uh Manufacturing Company okay so from last six month I know that company very well okay so they are looking for they have got the project from Oppo okay so they are looking for nearly 400 Manpower they want to deploy in different different places majority of them is going to Kolkata okay MH they are trying to hire people for protocol testing and log analysis from last 6 month and they have got nearly 60 to 70 people that's it MH because we don't have that much skilled Manpower right now in India for protocol testing and log analysis because earlier you can say before one year two year three year all these job jobs of protocol testing and log analysis maximum job was outside India but after pandemic we are getting all these Works in India that is coming to India that's why the number of Manpower required is very more it's very high we are not able to F fulfill that requirement sir on everyday basis I get yeah so sorry let's move to the next one so there was a question from AE what says that why do we have tdd band configuration only in F2 range right we have just tried to answer it me and Satish Vera all right so one is like you know having a paired band with a high band width of 200 400 MHz may not be easily visible and we may not need the same Uplink and down Link in the you know same throughput requirement in Uplink and down link and Sati has also tried to answer it uh by you know it can be related to the RF design consideration PL filter Etc at high frequencies related to phasee noise as well right uh so any any other points you would like to add other than these no I just wanted to say Sir if you are going for duplexing okay so anywhere uh like sir uh if I'll talk about the implementation side okay I have never seen a higher frequency like frequency in the range of gigahertz that is being duplexed in FDD side because when you have FDD side we will have Uplink and down link and in between up link and down link we need to maintain some distance that is called duplex distance M now if you are going for uh gahz frequency range that duplex distance is going to be very high MH getting me sir yeah yeah so what I feel those are the reasons okay that for higher frequency we are using tdd only MH okay right uh so the next question is should we add DSS here also I'm not sure about this question so let's skip this right uh there is a question from Rajan which says how many users can be scheduled in 5G to the best of my understanding there are not really a number of users restriction what we can put like we used to have in GSM and all because the resources are highly configurable but I would like to hear your thoughts on this sir uh toing this question is not clear to me sir so it says how many user can be scheduled in 5G Network I it will depend on any number of factors theour I'll tell you straight away I'll tell you the answer the number of user it will depend upon the capacity of Hardware spectrum and the bandwidth what we are using that's it so multiple things so priia says what are the typical tools which we are using for the log analysis okay sir we have uh tools from qualcom that is q qcat and qdm right then we have a tool of mediatech that is called el then we have a tool of Google that is called sanon okay so these and with that you have vak that is a you can see open source tool anybody can download it MH sir the best part with qualcom sorry wiar is if you want to see how the logs right we can capture the logs you can connect your own mobile mhm with wiar you can can connect your mobile okay and you can see the logs mhm if you want to do the analysis right it's free of cost nothing you don't have to pay anything to anyone MH if people are there if they are looking for logs I will give them the log right there are thousands of video on YouTube for wiar that you can go and you can learn how to use wiar for log analysis okay great obviously you can't you can't use qxdm Q because are uh licensed tools Li tools yeah yeah please don't try to use that also yeah there are there are companies who you who claim that they are giving you know Hands-On learning on the qxdm qat ETC right and I I feel you know maybe I don't know whe why how they are doing it because as far as I spoken to qualcom people they say they don't really authorize anyone using those tools uh for the training purposes specifically for the individual training so let's keep that aside there is a question from Raj which says that okay you you specifically mentioned that in case of 4G we used to call it time slot in 5G we call it just the slot right so other than the naming convention is there any specific logic to call it slot instead of time slot uh I don't think so sir no problem let's move forward then the next one is coming from the gorov a us and udm and let me try to answer it so gorov if you see this you know the typical uh uh the the the thing what we are trying to achieve if you see look at the 4G network there were very handful of network functions like mme hgw PGW HSS and pcrf what we are trying to do now is we are trying to you know uh disaggregate lot of these functions disaggregate lot of these functions and try to create the smaller units of that and even in those Network functions we are trying to create lot of different microservices for example AMF have have four services in release 15 and it it adds another two Services which is related to broadcast services in release 17 right so we are just trying to separate the hardware and the software and even in the software we are trying to create a very very disaggregated kind of architecture where the independent scaling can be achieved all right so I try to answer that earlier uh okay so uh Priya says again can we show in the tool through the log we can discuss that offline Priya we will not be discussing it here uh Rajan says can you explain what is the channel coding okay sir uh if you'll talk about we have two thing we have control plane and we have user plane okay MH so normally you can say for user plane we are using uh ldpc okay MH that is called load density parity check okay and for control plane side we are using polar coding okay okay and and so you continue one one interesting thing so I am coming with a similar session next week on the same day same time I'm just sharing the link of that session uh right so if you interested to know more about the core Network please feel free to join that session I've just shared the link in the chat box uh you can click on that link and subscribe uh you know just register for that session as well and I will share with the invite yeah VI sorry to interrupt you please go ahead no I was saying that for Channel you can say uh for control plane side we are using polar coding and for uh what you say for user plane side we are using this one ldpc in 5G okay now if you will get into the mechanism of this one right so sir I think if I will try explaining this one okay it will take at least you can say 2 to 3 hour for me to explain polar coding and ldpc coding no problem then let us skip this so there is another question in 5G they have introduced pi by2 b bpsk right what is the purpose of that and why do we use it Pi by2 bpsk modulation sir I don't think uh I don't have any idea of that one sir Pi by what I'm using right now I'm aware about it I'm aware about it pi by2 b a psk is used I'm somehow not able to recall it is related to some uh specific use case I read it but as of now even I'm not able to recall it something logs I go through sir uh you can say for uh this one 5G either qpsk 16 64 there there is a there is a introduction of by pi by2 bpsk it is there yeah yeah yeah so that's okay uh so there is another question from Carlo so this different numerologies what we are using from 15 khz to 240 khz and just to uh add to this we have already got two above 240 which is 480 and 960 which was there sir in the in the upgraded version you can say release 178 yeah the release 17 not even 18 release 17 they have already introduced 480 and 480 and 960 is there they introduced it but the question is different so are those values defined at the beginning of the deployment or they change dynamically based on the traffic for the user for the services what you're using and uh as far as and just to add to it they also change from F1 to F fr2 some of them are applicable for f fr1 some of them are applicable only for F2 sir normally when we talk about uh 120 240 right or 480 or 960 that we apply to F fr2 mhm okay great now uh there is another question why SCS subcarrier spacing is only only in 15 khz in 4G right why we have not tried to use scalable uh sub carrier spacing in the LT Network like we doing in 5G any any answers to that yeah because we don't have that sort of latency requirement in 4G for different Services most of the services yeah I would say I would just add a point because if you see that was the starting point for using ofdma and the things were not really that mature and we did not have uh you know uh had a need of having these kind of scalability and variability in these kind of architecture and that may be one of the reason yes that much latency requirement was not there that much higher bandwidth was uh higher speed was not required in 4G MH that we can go for gahz or something like that okay MH we didn't have those things in 4G the system was not designed like that that time mhm right so we don't have any concept of slices that we are going to offer different kind of services so those things were not there so it was not required sir mhm okay so uh why we are because if you remember in LTE we used to have a different uh architecture for PSS and SSS uh for tdd and FDD right and uh we used to have a slightly different there was a difference between the PSS and SS different time slots and all now when we are putting PSS PSS as well as pbch in the same sign SS block SSB right is there any uh benefit we are getting out of it or it just a different Arrangement it is just different Arrangement you can say and with that we don't have any boundation that we need to send it at Central frequency only that that we are aware but I think this question is coming more from the time domain perspective because we understand that in the frequency domain it is not really mandatory to do it because you can because the bandwidth part can be different and you can place it anywhere but in the time domain we are putting it in the consecutive ofdm symbols right so is there any specific uh benefit of doing it I don't things and why why do we have if you see when we look at the PSS and SSS in the side of SSS we have tried to fit the PBC right uh any any specific reason why we are keeping it blank uh in the on the both sides of PSS in the frequency domain time domain is okay but in the frequency domain right if you look at the architecture the PSS have uh sub carriers available in the both sides so any specific reason for that I did never found any reason but if you know anything it will be great you're talking about PSS top and bottom right yes that's correct yeah there is no specific reason for that sir because for PSS whatever is required 127 that much we are using mhm yes okay ranit says can you please share the curriculum of this course Ranjit we are we wanted to have this session as a information uh you knowledge sharing session we did not really want to impose any uh course structure uh and the course curriculum on this and we don't want to sell anything right if you have any questions you can reach out to vikas you can reach out to me you must be having my email address or phone number and I think we will be able to help you with that right okay okay now uh gangadhar says we saw we saw many of the companies are looking for job requirements LT 5G python automation okay that may be case is this course is python automation course covers here uh so uh I I to the best of my knowledge because we don't really talk about python Automation in our course no we have different course for that sir okay great uh Krishna says how to analyze log is not covered in this session uh Priya again saying that can you show any tools we are not showcasing any tools here prya if you need any further information please get in touch with us and we can share more details on this right tools details are already shared uh yeah so is this is this course is about 5G core and 5G rent testing ranit this course is about in the course what we are planning with vikas is going to be 5G rent testing we have a separate discussion on 5G core and if you're interested you can actually uh join that session as well okay there is a question uh how many users can we connect on 3500 and 700 I think we have already answered it okay 5G core uh we are not covering this in the course uh right so this is primarily on the 5G R side of it uh Carlo it was not VSA VSA is the you know capital of Poland it's a wire shark wire shock the pkf files what we read with the wire Shack it's it's more from The Wire Shack side of it so I have already shared those details you can use this uh you know link to subscribe to our the 5G core course as well the slides we will not be sharing uh utilization somebody has tried to answer it why do we need to qci mapping at Rand level that when it is already done the course side in LTE jangir if you see all these things all these things that we discussing here the quality of service has to be end to end and we really need to inform the user the core Network sorry the UPF and the gnod we to implement it and even we need to involve the external networks to implement a part of it if not the complete ones right we need to have the quality of service experience end to end then only it will make sense right so with this I think we are more or less done with the session so what I'm doing is I'm sharing a feedback form in the chat box right uh request everyone to uh share the feed you know look click and click on this link and fill the feed feedback form what we are going to do is we are going to send you a certificate for attending this session which you can uh keep for your records right if you need any further information please feel free to write it to info@ tel.com and our team will get back to you with the further details you need to know more about our courses you need to know more about our other offerings 5G core trainings or maybe requirement for your uh you know uh for your uh like uh for company as well we would be more than happy to talk about create a customized course for your company as well so any other questions please feel free to drop your questions in the chat box and we can take it up right and uh because if you would like to add something please feel free to do that and request everyone to fill the feedback form so that we can share you the certificate it will take another week or so to get give you the certificates but yes you will get that on email so please make sure you write your name and your email address very correctly so that we can send you the certificate so request everyone to fill the feedback form and let us know how did you feel about this course was it good was it bad what kind of improvement what kind of areas we should add uh in our future sessions please re request everyone to actually uh provide those feedbacks to us and that will help us to improvise our future sessions right uh sir I just wanted to add one thing like people please goad us yeah people who are looking for this tools and everything right M so see uh obviously that we don't have any permission to use qcat or qxdm but uh if they are going to send their details to you have the details right yeah they will be sharing I I can suggest some videos for wiar okay so they can go through that and they will learn it if they are not able to they can get back to me I will help them to understand how to use Yar okay this loog analysis 4G 5G log analysis mhm okay right okay I think that's good prakash is asking some question to S1 AP hand over but we'll skip that as of now S1 AP is the go thing in the LT world so we not get into this and I don't did not really understand what is the meaning of justifying the S1 AP hand over right uh so uh let's let's uh with this if anyone has any other question please feel free to drop your question in the chat box and we will take it right there the recording of this session will be uploaded on our YouTube channel tomorrow and the link is available in the chat box you can actually uh con subscribe to our YouTube channel and uh you know uh look at the video recording if you want to connect to me on link then you can just do it with the link which I'm just pasting now you can use that link or if you want to connect to vikas I have shared that link already but let me do it again you can connect to Vias also on LinkedIn and please uh uh you know for me I have already reached to the limit of 30,000 connections so I will not be able to add uh more connections on LinkedIn but yes you can reach out to me on info@ tan.com right thank you very much for joining in thanks for a wonderful session I feel with the limited time what we can do we have tried our best but if you have any other suggestion please feel free to click on the feedback form and then let us know your suggestion and we'll be more than happy to take those suggestions right so we will be sharing that once you fill the feedback form we will be sharing those links of the YouTube links and stuff like that thanks everyone for joining in have a great evening thank you sir thanks a lot yeah thanks take care have a great day take care