Transcript for:
Understanding the Urinary System and Kidneys

there we go and let's go right to the share screen and we'll see if it's set up the way I left it okay not bad okay uh all right you should see the end of the outline on the left okay and you should also see the visual PowerPoint on the right showing you the picture of the bladder is that what we see yes we all go with that and then it's moving on the right side if we need to yes it is okay thank you for your response okay so here's where we ended up last time in fact I'm just going to click on this side so we can review real quick what we already did okay so we went through the urinary system in in a few parts I've got this zoomed in so print is a little large all right so what you need to know about the urinary system just take a look real quick just make sure you have a a basic understanding of your urinary waste and where they come from you know carbon dioxide from respiration excess water from respiration and certain things but it was the focus on nitrogenous wastes that was the most important thing knowing the difference between Ura ammonia and uric acid and where they come from and that's always a a great question where does these nitrogenous waste come from and if you remember in organic chemistry proteins have nitrogen in them so nitrogenous waste cannot come from carbs there's no nitrogen in carbs um it can't come from fats there's no nitrogen in fats so the only places that nitrogenous was can come from is from the breakdown of protein also possible from the breakdown of DNA but generally except for digestion um you're not really metabolizing DNA you're using DNA components to build up more DNA for yourself you're not like I said you're not usually metabolizing it but proteins do get metabolized you make proteins then they need to be broken down they need to be stored away they need to be used for building materials whatever it may be so we're constantly through our enzymes through our hormones through all kinds of catalyst and catalytic reactions and as well as growing in repair in were always you know assembling and disassembling proteins and when they're in the blood and they're no longer needed like in the case of hormones our liver will break them down and turn parts of it into glucose and store it away and the nitrogen that's left over that's what makes the Ura okay the organs of filtration are pretty basic we know we have lungs that filter out the carbon dioxide our sweat glands sort of act like uh an excitory organ by getting rid of excess salts and water while it's cooling off our body we know the many functions of the liver but it's the kidneys once again we're focusing on in this topic and now we're learning details about the kidneys we're learning the structure of the kidneys that's the kidney anatomy we're going to go over that tonight and the functional parts of the kidney more specifically uh and a little bit about the circulation of blood in the which will'll also go over in the anatomy tonight as well okay but the most important functional part is understanding how the nefron works and we went over that in detail on Monday and uh after I went over it with you uh you know you were given this chart to either use for review and or use the notes in your textbook and then fill in the the four steps and if we need to do that uh we'll do that in our review okay and then then We snuck in this little bit of renal physiology with the role of rein andio intens in one and two aldosterone so know the function of these hormones that's kind of important how they depends on whether the body is hydrated or dehydrated so you heard me say that and it was also in that previous video okay and the result is the forming of hyper honic or hypotonic urine so we're right here okay where we are right now is in this little section where we're looking at the last part of this okay this being the urinary bladder okay and its structure and function so let's first take a look at the uh the image that's in the textbook and that's the one right here okay so let's do structure all right if we're looking at the urinary bladder and you're going to see it in the models later so you're going to hear this twice tonight right we have the urinary bladder its structure and you're going to hear something a few things that are going to sound familiar to you all right first of all okay when we look at the urinary bladder I'm going to start this time from the inside out because I think From the Inside Out you could to see a lot of interesting things first of all there's an inner membrane okay right in there there's an inner membrane in there and ironically it is called something you've heard before it's called the mcosa all right and this makosa has wrinkles in it and guess what those wrinkles are called okay exactly they're actually called rug they have little folds in there with these rug doesn't the small intestine have the same type of uh uh small intestine was it the small intestin think about it somebody want to assist the stomach remember it was the stomach that had the folds that had rug it's a little confusing the the stomach when we learned about the stomach the inner lining of the stomach did have those rug in it those little wrinkles in it and those little rug allowed the stomach to stretch remember that what you're thinking of is in the dadum there were circular folds they were a little different circular folds were a little bit more parallel and also in the small intestine there were Villi little finger like things is that what you were thinking of maybe yeah I just remember seeing the depressions right right right yeah these little depressions were circular folds and these little things going up and down were actually fingerlike projections called Villi okay but when it comes to rug rug see when I think of rug I think of like a rug it's it's like all folded like a bad rug that's got all wrinkles in it so there's wrinkles in here that allow the bladder to do exactly what the stomach does it allows it to the fancy word is distend okay but the word distend just means to stretch now of course the stomach is going to stretch because you're going to fill it with what food food of course now why would the urinary bladder extend because you're filling it with urine exactly and you're not filling it indirectly your your kidneys are fil fill filling the urine uh the the the bladder with urine so we need a very very stretchable organ and so the urinary bladder inside has makosa that's got these wrinkles but in your notes I want you to put an extra star next to this okay because not only does it have wrinkles okay not only does it have a mosa but I'm going to add one more thing to those notes it also has a specialized tissue it has a specialized tissue that probably the last time you heard of it was probably when you did chapter 3 if you took 131 okay this tissue is a special tissue that actually has the ability to stretch also it's elastic like but it's not elastic it's called see I could stretch this out here so you can see it you ready I don't know if you remember that one that's called transitional epithelium all right now transitional epithelium if you forgot was called transitional epithelium because when it's relaxed it looks like this and it's going to be hard to draw but I'll do the best I can I'll just dra a few layers it's stratified okay here's a I'll take a shortcut every little box that I drew is a cell this is when it's relaxed so in other words when the bladder's not full that's the way the tissue looks like and down here would be the basement membrane or something you know uh that would be on the bottom so this is what it looks like when it's relaxed but when you start filling urine in here and this starts to stretch what happens to this tissue is a tissue under goes a transformation and the cells look like this now you might say whoa whoa wait a minute what happened the cells got squished no the cells didn't get squished what happened is if you pull on this side and you pull on this side the cells change shape and they become flattened so in other words when they relaxed they look cuboidal notice that they look like little squares a little bit but when they get stretched imagine you pulling on this side and you're pulling on this side and like little balloons these things flatten out okay so maybe I didn't make a very very good drawing here of these things flattening out because these are cells but imagine these are like cells that are all flattened now they're still alive you know they didn't break or anything and there's a nucleus in each one but in a stretch position this is the stretch position here the cells actually seem to change shape they go from cuboidal to squamous like so since the cells look like they changed shape does it make sense now that they should be called trans positional okay so get ready for that question okay what tissue is the is the uh bladder equipped with to allow for stretching it would be transitional epithelium if I ask you what layer is inside here that would be the mosa all right but both of these with the ruge of course and this allows the bladder to stretch but there's one more thing that'll make the bladder stretch and obviously it's the wall the wall of the bladder is made up of what you see it what's the wall of the bladder made up of just like the wall of the stomach closa with the rug that's inside what's the wall of the bladder made up of muscle tissue it's made up of muscle tissue and you know muscle tissue has the ability to stretch also okay it does muscles have elasticity and so if I ever If Ever I asked you what adaptations does a urinary bladder have for distension or stretching or holding urine You' actually have three things you could write down you could write it's got a mucosa with rug the tissue is actually transitional epithelium so that makes it stretch even more and the wall is made up of smooth muscle that's called DET truser muscle so DET truser muscle is what this wall is made up of okay it's made up of smooth muscle or the form of muscle would be smooth muscle because obviously the bladder is an organ in the body so it's not skeletal muscle I don't know if you can see what I just wrote I just wrote smooth here okay so it's not skeletal muscle and it's obviously not cardiac muscle so this is one of the places in the body that you have smooth muscle same thing as the lining of the stomach same thing as the lining of the small intestine and the colon and any other organ that's involuntary okay so the smooth muscle this will also allow the the bladder to stretch all right now I didn't mention the fact that there is a tissue underneath the mosa and it it's really not important to know but but be aware it's there if this is the makosa in here then what should be underneath the makosa like right underneath it right here where I'm drawing the yellow submucosa yeah there's going to be a submucosa they don't label it here but there's definitely a submucosa because a it's got to have a submucosa because a submucosa is support tissue okay it's it's the tissue that is underneath the mosa because the mosa is epithelial tissue and so epithelial tissue doesn't have blood vessels it doesn't have uh gaps in it or whatever and so it needs a sub mcosa for support and again I always say the same thing it's like your epidermis with the dermis underneath it's support tissue this is where the blood and the oxygen and everything else is underneath there okay now if this was the stomach and the mosa was the uh let's just say the makosa was the innermost layer and underneath the makosa is the sub mosa and underneath the sub mosa is is all this so that would be the det truser muscle what would have been on the outside if it was a stomach what's the layer on the outside a Sosa it was a Sosa but remember to be made up of Sosa the Oregon must be in your abdominal cavity remember that we drew that last time I still haven't figured this out why my drawings disappear when I hold on to the mouse too long okay so just like the kidneys are behind the parium your urinary bladder is under the parium so is there a SOS on the urinary bladder well the answer is yes sort of see part of the urinary bladder is sitting under this the perenium so there is a Sosa that would be on top it's still doing it okay I don't know why right so imagine that the surface of the bladder only the top surface and you'll see it in the other models in fact I could show it right now I can move up the model after I'm done explaining so let's just say and you're going to again hear this when we do the um the lab only the top of the urinary bladder not the toe it looks like toe so is the bottom adventia yes exactly that's right the bottom on the sides of the urinary bladder is held by loose connective tissue so that would be adventia on the sides okay and we're going to look at the model when we do the lab but right now we're getting the basic structure of the bladder but we're getting the function also because we know the purpose of the urinary bladder is to store urine so the first thing we got was we know that the function of the bladder is to store urine and we found out the way and adaptations that the bladder has to stretch okay now the next question is okay and what how does it fill up well it fills up because it's got these two little openings one opening is here and one opening is here and these are the ureteral openings notice there's no h because Ure is only for the exit okay when we're leaving but going into the urinary bladder there are these tubes that come from the kidneys and here's the word urer in the diagram here so there's another one on this side okay so there's the other urer on the side all right and those ERS feed into the bladder now notice something weird if you had a urinary bladder like this and you would hook up two tubes to it you would think well that's pretty good design you know urine is coming from the kidneys and it's going to fill up the bladder and fill up the bladder and fill up the bladder and fill up the bladder and eventually the bladder's good get full okay and then the bladder will ultimately you know stretch out or whatever you know assuming that when it fills up there's going to be valves here that close well see that's the problem there are no valves here okay these things here do not have valves so then this design doesn't work so a little understanding of these Ural openings see I'm going to turn the bladder sideways for you and when I turn the bladder sideways okay here's the bladder sideways same bladder and now it's pointing sideways here's the tube leaving it now since this is a male BL they always put the prostate gland over here someplace okay and so here's the bladder I'm just going to draw the inner wall and of course trying to draw it too much and it disappears on me okay so instead of the tube coming from the top these ERS literally come from the back they come like this okay so I'm going to make them solid so that goes right through the wall there we go okay that's the way the tube goes in so you might say that's kind of weird because urine is going to be coming down the tube by peristalsis and then it's going to fill up here and fill up here and fill up here and then once it gets filled as we said before the bladder is going to start to stretch so I change color on purpose so that way you can see the bladder stretching right now okay so as the bladder stretches and stretches it gets bigger and bigger let's see what's going on back here when the bladder stretches too much what happens to this tube what do you see when the bladder stretched what happened to that tube that it was drawn there a minute ago does it fill up or I get like pressure okay yes the bladder stretched and stretched and stretched and what did it do to the tube remember the tube is outside the bladder okay so it lays on top of it it lays on top of it and then the tube gets pinched so in other words there's no valve but eventually what's going to happen here is as the bladder fills up with urine it pinches the tube closed now you might say oh so that's when the bladder's full and the bladder can't take any more urine you're right but it also means something else it also means that the kidney that's still trying to um the kidney that that's still right that the kidney that's still trying to pump urine into the bladder okay is it going to be able to do that now no no but the kidney doesn't know the difference the kidney's would way up here and so without realizing it the kidney is still trying to push urine into the urinary bladder but as you just said since that push is going nowhere the urine itself can't get into the bladder so the urine is going to back up and back up and back up and back up and I guess I should use this color and when the urine backs up and when the urine backs up I'm sure there's a few of you out there that experience this when you're holding your urine too long because you're driving or there's just no bathroom facility around or you're away you know you're Outdoors or something and I got to use the bathroom but there's no place to go you know where do you feel pain building up in your lower back yeah in your lower back now you know why because what's going on is your bladder is full your bladder is overly full and when your bladder gets full it pinches the tube closed and you end up getting back pressure and that back pressure goes all the way up to your kid you think that's a healthy thing to do well if it's causing pain in your kidneys that's a sign that you're putting too much pressure on your delicate kidneys and also you're holding urine inside the kidneys where it's not supposed to be so this is not a healthy thing to do and this might also increase your chances of urinary tract infections if you constantly are holding on to your urine for long periods of time you're allowing the urine to sit in here and bacteria May begin to grow not only that the physical pressure is on your kidneys this is also going to possibly cause trauma to the kidneys and the kidneys will get inflamed and then eventually you might damage your kidneys right so that's not something that you want to do very very often all right but now you know why that pain exists in your back because your bladder is full the tube gets pinched as we said okay so your bladder is full the tube gets pinched and now you have back flow to your kidney that results in pain okay so that explains the filling of the bladder so if if you're asked a question about these tubes here do these tubes have a valve and if you're ever asked that either by me or sometime in the future okay if there's other courses that you take the answer is no there's no valve here or let's say it this way there's no physical valve but listen to this word I use there's no physical valve but there's a physiological valve there's a valve due to function as the bladder stretches it closes off the urer due to the stretching not because there's a physical valve they call that a physiological valve a shut off valve due to function due to the stretching of the bladder okay now you might say thee bladder is full time to let that bladder release its urine well to control urine flowing out of the bladder you have two muscles that control whether you're male or female it doesn't make a difference okay so you can ignore that prostate gland for a moment there are two sets of muscles that control the flow of urine out of the body and this might sounds a little familiar also right here I'm going to put X's right here and right here is a circular muscle that's called the internal urethal spinter let me back that up get rid of that rig the internal urethal sphincter just like the internal anal sphincter internal volunt or involuntary class involuntary yes yeah it's got to be involuntary and here's the reason number one it's part of the wall of the bladder so it's made out of smooth muscle second reason okay it's the internal one remember internal supposed to help you remember involuntary so this is the one you can't control this is the one that the grain involuntarily says bladder is full so the bladder opens this up and urine will come out of your body and that's what happens in babies baby's Bladers full babies could to wet its diaper okay no thinking whatsoever okay when you P train a child just like when you py train the child for going having bowel movements you taking the child and saying I want you to somehow learn how to use these muscles down here let me change the color of that so you can see it a little better so Professor I have a question okay so when mothers finish giving birth right and they want to strengthen their pelvic floor the external Ural sphincter is the one that they strengthen the external external yeah urethal sphin okay yeah the external urethal sphincter is part of the urogenital diaphragm and I'm glad you mentioned that because it's going to come up when we do the uterine reproduction so save that question put it in your memory to bring that up again later because you're going to see that this internal urethal sphincter is part of a bigger muscle known as the urogenital diaphragm all right so after a woman does give birth she's told to strengthen her pelvic floor uh those so-called um you think keagle muscle EX exercises and all that yeah that's all this okay so the Keo muscle is actually part of this urogenital diaphragm it's all the muscles that control urinary flow as well as the flow from the external anal sphincter as well and you're going to see its relationship to uh the reproductive tract as well okay so physiology of the urinary bladder during mittion mitu what is that that's a vocabulary word we' never heard of before okay mition is okay ready if I say swallowing what's the fancy word remember mastication or no that was chewing but good I'm glad you brought that one up chewing is mastication swallowing was l glutation close close de glutation oh okay or de deglutition okay but you're close good good good all right so you see how this fancy words for simple things we do well when we are going to the bathroom or when we are sometimes we say we're voiding urine okay even that sounds a little fancy but when we're urinating the physiological process of urination is mition okay so put that on your vocabulary list no you don't have to it's already on your vocabulary list okay so that's mition all right so what's the physiology of mixtion okay I'm going to erase some of the stuff on this side so that way I have room to write okay put it on this side right here right so this is going to sound familiar also ready lad fall oh she changed the color of that hold on okay the bladder full when the bladder is full it's going to stretch obviously okay so now there's going to be stretch receptors that are going to send a message that's going to send the message to obviously your brain sorry spoed it WR okay send a message to your brain that's going to make you aware that your uh urinary bladder is full okay but what you don't realize is these stretch receptors also go to your involuntary parts of your your brain like your medulla and the medulla will send a message directly to which sphincter the internal spinger mhm yeah the medulla is going to send a a message to your internal sphincter to tell your internal sphincter to relax okay and the result is going to be you're going to pee but when you're po trained then something's going to happen while the stretch receptors are telling your internal Ur rethal sphincter to to relax okay droplets of urine will go here in the part of the urethra and immediately The Sensation from here sends a quick message back to the brain urine is going to be leaving my body any minute now I better do something drastically and that's sending a message to the external urethal spincter telling it to do what and again I should have made that a darker color to open or to relax do you want it to do that if you're trying to hold it or if you're trying to release it talking about releasing it right oh to hold it you're walking you're walking around and all of a sudden you get the Sensation that you have to go to the bathroom and so your internal spinter being told to relax but you're nowhere in sight of a bathroom so you better tell your external urethal spinter to do what to contract to contract okay and now still having a strugg here these ARS you want your external urethal sphincter to contract to hold the urine until you are voluntarily ready okay and that's basically what this is all coming up to and that's potty training the same thing happens you remember with the anal Canal your your rectum gets filled with waste and message goes to the brain the internal spinter says relax just like it did here and but your external anal sphincter was told to contract until you find the right location well same thing's happening here they work the same way and there's very good reason why they're both in the urogenital diaphragm all right they're both in the urogenital diaphragm as you're about to see anyway this simple little thing that I just wrote here Little Steps the bladder is full it stretches messages from the brain are going to go to two places the internal sphincter and the external SP to now again if you're a baby the message is only going to go here because the baby's just going to let the urine flow when you're party trained then the message is going to go here because now you're you become aware of it and then the message is told to contract until you're ready to urinate okay any questions on how the bladder works okay that's what this whole first segment was was just talking about the urinary bladder Professor I have a quick question yes so the external anal sphincter is made up of bone right no the external anal sphincter anal you just said anal yeah the external anal sphincter is made up of muscle voluntary muscle skeletal muscle skeletal muscle okay yeah skeletal muscle that you can that you can control that's why it's also voluntary muscle you can control it okay okay and it's it's a skeletal muscle that goes through the the pelvic floor okay and um yeah I and I'll show you that in a moment soon as soon as we're done with the screen anybody else have any questions and I'll I'll show you okay so officially this is the end of lecture okay I just took a screenshot of this I don't know if you want a screenshot of this mess I'll wait a sec and slowly get rid of unnecessary things that are here this is sh you transition aium from before okay all right like I said you're going to see the anatomy of this when we do lab just want to finish the physiology okay so let's clear this okay and give you a chance to take a look at the other diagrams that you're going to see when we do the the um the reproductive system so the question that you had okay we could see it here okay here it is in females okay so just to show you what we're talking about starting with the pubic bone here's the pubic symphysis okay starting here see this muscle it starts right here and it goes from here to here to here to here to here so that is skeletal muscle that is the muscle and then there are some ligaments that attach it to your tailbone right right here all right so everything that I drew in red okay that's the urogenital diaphragm it's skeletal muscle it's voluntary muscle all right now I'm going to change color to Green so you can see what I'm about to show you since this is voluntary muscle voluntary muscle look what it can control it can control here it can control here and here so it can control when you have a bowel movement it can control here and here so control urinary flow and here's where the keigle muscles come in and it could control here and here so it actually controls the the the if you want to call it the tightness or or the diameter of the vaginal Canal okay so what you were saying before after a woman gives birth she's told to do pelvic floor muscle um okay I'm sorry two people just got stuck in the waiting room okay so if you saw what just drew those green dots okay so these are the Keo muscles these are the muscles that I'll change color again okay right here and right here those are the Keo muscles all part of the same thing all part of the urogenital diaphragm voluntary muscles that you can control and that's why they say you know when you're exercising these muscles you got to like make believe like you're holding back your urine or you know you you contract ing you're you you're you're you're consciously trying to contract these muscles to tighten up things okay just to keep it simple meanwhile the ones that you can't control ah well the ones you can't control are the internal sphincter so you got an internal sphincter here on the floor of the bladder that you can't control and then you've got internal sphincters here okay notice that are in the wall of the rectum that you can't control because they're part of the smooth muscle the rectum just like these muscles are the smooth muscle of the drusa muscle okay so those are the smooth muscles those you can control all right did I make your your question I mean did I did I answer your question is it clearer [Music] now yes it is thank you okay you welome all right um okay and the same urogenital diaphragm that we see here that's voluntary for U for females also exists in males so you're getting a preview on the males here okay and there we see the same muscle here starting at the pubic symphysis so that's your Landmark start there the muscle goes like this and it controls urine flow and it goes all the way down here and then it controls the external anal sphincter for for defecation okay so this is the voluntary muscle the involuntary muscle will be in the floor of the bladder excuse me for a minute okay the involuntary muscle being the floor of the bladder or being the inner wall of the rectum that's the smooth muscle that's the involuntary muscle okay so we basically went through the outline and uh I did send you a video on nefron function so that might uh assist you in going through this and understanding what's going on and we have we also have the review quiz where we talk some of the things that are going on here okay all right and after that comes the reproductive structures all right so let's uh let's take a look uh at uh a new thing here okay let's stop the share and as we stop the share let me see if I could find find the lab and what else am I looking for I'm just getting the uh the screen set up for you and that way you can see all the things is that we go over so I'm going to work backwards on purpose so that way we're going to start off with familiar territory and uh okay sorry to keep you waiting okay we got everybody in the room right now yes we do okay so let's go back to sharing screen and now we're in lab okay now here is the lab outline on the left of your screen I'll slide that over if I can if it will allow me to that's not what I want I wanted not the diagrams I had to open up two different emails so that way you could see the outline and the diagram at the same time okay so here is the urinary system lab now remember when I give you these labs this is your guide of what you need to know here's one of the models the model of the urinary system this is one of the models that we see okay so the first part is simple okay I'm just going to go through the lab right up the way it's shown here okay the first part it says use the plaque to identify the basic organs so when you look at this plaque you should be able to tell me what are kidneys what are ERS what's the urinary bladder and the urethra but it does say not shown because it's it's not here on this particular model I'll show you a closeup of this later in a minute so obviously how many kidneys do you see two two two kidneys how many your readers do you see two two how many urinary bladders do you see at the bottom one one one and then there should be how many urethras leaving the bladder one two one okay should be one one urethra leaving the blood okay so this is basically it what could you see here well the only thing you could see here is you could see the renal artery going in and the renal vein leaving renal arter is not visible on this sub you see the renal vein coming back and this bring the blood there uh you see this kidney completely covered and what's this indent called again remember the indent hilum that's the hilum again okay so that's one place you could see the hilum okay that indent is the highum and that's where everything goes in and out in and out if I asked you what's this brown tissue on the outside you remember what that was the medulla not the tissue on the outside not skin wouldn't that also be Sosa well it would be if this was in the peritoneum but it's not SOS because it's behind it yeah it's behind it it's not even it's not even parial yeah retrop perianal is its location but that surface is covered with something called the fibrous capsule okay we're going to go over that all right but I just was seeing how many people remembered this from Monday the outer skin of the kidney the outer skin okay when you saw the kidney on on on Monday we said the outer skin was the fibrous capsule when you said medulla the medulla was the inner part right here okay what I'm just making a c what I'm making covering with blue right now that would have been the medulla the medulla is the inner parts of the kidney that have all those pyramids if you remember that but I would never ask you on this model unless I showed you it up close Okay so this model here is only showing you the basic urinary structure okay there's another model that also uh is sometimes used by the department okay that's one that looks like this no I can't find it why isn't it here did I go the wrong way okay I'm wasting time I'm going way the wrong way yep okay I know there's pictures of it somewhere but it was it not in the cail I'm shocked there it is yeah I did go the wrong way here's a model that also shows the urinary system but this is showing you the urinary system in the pelvic cavity now again don't get confused by all the labels you see here because I would never ask you those labels all right what I would ask you is the same things look one kidney two kidney the indent is the hilum okay and then there's the tubes that are uh there are the tubes the ERS well maybe I should make it a better color so you could follow okay right here those are the ERS heading down and the only thing that you don't see is that what should be sitting right here urinary bladder yeah right here is where those tubes should be coming down and going into the bottom of the urinary bladder all right so this model is missing the urinary bladder at least the way it is right now all right but if we look at this model you could see this model I took from the manufacturer this model actually comes with all different pieces that you could put inside to show the urinary bladder but you don't have to worry about that for now because we're going to just look at the urinary bladder separately okay so this is just to give you an idea of the entire system okay so here is the urinary bladder okay but before we go over this key let's take a look at it in this model okay this is a model of the urinary bladder okay and now you can look at the outline I don't know if you could read it if the print is large enough all right but we'll do the best can okay so for lab okay if this is the urinary bladder and I should ask you something like what is the layer let me make this a little thicker okay what is the layer that rests on top of the urinary bladder like this you would give me the answer what the Sosa yes this on top would be the Sosa okay now you can't see anything out here because out here underneath over here okay that's where you'll find the what yeah advantia yeah if I asked you what's the connect tissue on the outside that would be the EV tissue okay that would be out here okay next what is this layer right here I'm want a different color where's this layer right here B assuming this one was a would I just put B on all this and what answer would you put on the lab test the D truser muscle very good that is the det truser muscle that would be the right answer okay that's a theusa muscle now you might say oh but Professor what if I wrote down this okay well if I asked you what's the specific tissue in layer B smooth muscle would be the right answer but if I asked you what's the name of that structure the structure is the trua muscle now if you ever wondered how did I get a 62 on the lab exam and then after the professor graded it I got an 88 that's one of the reasons okay if each question's worth 1.5 points if somebody wrote smooth muscle instead of D trusa muscle I'll say well they knew the smooth muscle but that's not what I asked for but instead of deducting one and a half points I might only take off a half a point so I'll give you a point on that question just for knowing it was smooth muscle you didn't call it ruge then it's totally wrong you didn't call it transitional epithelium that would be totally wrong uh you didn't call it U Sosa that would be totally wrong but you did call it something that is correct it just didn't answer my question all right and that's where I take off you know a little bit of points okay so I'll take off sometimes I take off 0 five sometimes I'll actually take off less than that if you were very very close but you just didn't answer my question it depends Pence so if you ever wondered how is it possible I ended with a 66 and I ended up with an 88 uh that's where all the mystery points are coming from all right let's go go on okay so now that you're getting a review of the bladder because we just went over this okay let's look at another layer okay notice this pink layer that's here okay so that pink layer that's underneath the drusa muscle be careful on this one what would you call that one the sub mucosa ah somebody's been paying attention that's definitely the sub mosa because where's the makosa on the inside yeah the makosa is in here what's the tissue inside that would definitely be the mosa okay that's what's inside now do you notice that the inside has folds wrinkles and if hopefully you're saying yes I see it's all bumpy in there okay well hopefully you're saying yes because if I asked you what is the internal folds called then you would change your answer to what to rugi to rug okay so those are the folds and again here's another example I ask you what are the folds and you say makosa you get might get half credit or you might get you know some of the credit but you're not going to get the full credit because I wasn't asking what's the layer okay but there is another possible question isn't there if you've been paying attention you should know this one as well if I ask you what's the specific tissue in that layer then you need to remember something more important that's the transitional epithelium that would be if I was pointing once again to the inside but the question was what's the specific tissue and now you have to say it's a transitional epithelium okay so again reading the questions are kind of important okay now you got the layers down Sosa drusa muscle sub mosa C and in the inner layer is the mosa D okay now what else is in here well there are some other structures in here mentioned Sosa on top adventia on the side notice the lab right up has all the answers so when you're studying and you look at the lab right up you can look D trusa muscle which is smooth the sub mosa the rug with I mean the makosa with rug and here see so this is why the lab outline is important this is actually giving you the whole list of what you need to know now it does say other structures okay structures maybe you didn't hear of okay like one here is called the Trigon now the Trigon is on the bottom of the bladder and it actually looks like a triangle and it's got the two Ural openings in it now on this splatter it's laying flat so you're not seeing it very well but that would be this little triangle piece right here that I just traced over in red and in this corner there's an opening and in this corner is an opening those openings are the ureteral openings and there's two and they're both in the Trigon so obviously this is not the model I would use okay also there's internal and external sphincs so the internal sphincter would be in this wall of the muscle and this wall the muscle that's the internal sphincter okay where would you find the external sphincter the external sphincter would be off the screen it would be here and here because this is where the urogenital diaphragm would be on a regular thing so you can't see the external spinter but one thing you can see is what's this tube leaving the bladder right here in the middle let me change the color of that so you can see it a little bit better let's just tube right here leaving the bladder you know that one I'm sure the tube leaving the bladder come on I'm looking at the SC the screen right now and it says that there's 10 brains in the room okay out of 10 brains nobody can tell me what that tube is that leaves the bladder it's the urinal Canal well this is urinary vaginal Canal this is not reproductive we're not there yet we will be but not right now urethra yeah that's the urethra that's the urethra leaving the bladder all right remember two kidneys two URS see these little things here that look like little horns coming out from the sides that's the urer coming from the that's the urer coming from the kidney okay and so the urer comes in enters right here this ureer comes in it's entering right here but this is the urethra okay this is the urethra that's leading out okay in this particular bladder okay so this little triangle thing remember just got a little fancy named Trigon because shaped like a a triangle what's different about the the the Trigon it's nice and smooth so when urine is Flowing out of the bladder it's not going over bumps of ruge so the bottom of the bladder has this smooth section the Trigon that's nice and smooth that allows you know the smooth flow of urine out of the body uh sometimes in lecture I explain that the Trigon is sort of of like you know if you have a driveway and your driveway is made out of Pebbles your driveway could be made out of black top your driveway could be made out a patio block the driveways could be made out of lots and lots of different things but at the end of the driveway at the end of the driveway most driveways have like a concrete apron and that concrete apron usually is made up of no matter what your driveways made out that concrete apron is usually made nice and smooth usually okay and the reason for that is after you you don't want the Pebbles of your driveway to go into the street you don't want the patio blocks to shift whatever fancy driveway You' got you don't want the black top to get all cracked and broken they always put let's just say most of the time most of the time they put a concrete apron at the end well this Trigon here acts like like a little apron that allows the urine to flow nice and easily now this urinary bladder right here that we just went over uh is one model that we do use it it looks you can see the layers much clearer okay but another one that we use is the one that I have labeled for you okay and that's the one that you saw earlier that's the one that's over here that's the one that's at the bottom of the smile mod you see the bottom of the model I can point to it without jumping but let's look at that up close no not here not here but here okay this is the picture I sent you that's already labeled for you okay so again what should you do see see smart students are going to look at this and say oh this is great it's got all the answers but let's see if I can know what they are without looking see and this is how you're supposed to be practicing for your lab exam you're supposed to be looking and saying okay what is that top layer okay that top layer is the drusa muscle okay and this one is pointing to it looks like it's underneath so that one looks like the sub muosa okay and then the one under that that's pointing to the makosa oh oh I got to remember something okay I got to remember that that who I spelled it wrong that's one I did okay all right that MOS has rug in it if he asks me what the wrinkles are or if he says what tissue that is I got to remember that fancy word transitional epithelium I'm not going to write it out you you heard me just say that okay what's this triangle thing again what's that triangle thing in the middle TR trionic that's what it looks like doesn't it like a little triangle yeah yeah it's a Trigon whatever you however you want to pronounce it's fine what is this what is this tiny little hole they're showing you right there there's another one on this side the you Ral openings I be careful on your pronunciation uteral uteral openings okay don't say ureal because soon as you put that H in there you're in the wrong place yeah different structure okay all right now on this picture I added the urethra so you could see it where's the urethra at the bottom that's at the bottom okay that's the urethra now you're going to learn when we do the urinary system system and uh I'm not going to mention it now all right because it because it is a little uh little confusing but uh but when we do the the male reproductive system you're got to find out that there's actually three urethras in males each urethra in males is named by what it's going through okay so in males there are three ureas in females there's only one you reth okay what do you think okay looking for hold on okay what do you think this arrow is pointing to it's pointing to something here that's pointing to here what might that be I know it's a sphincter for sure uhhuh now you got to decide whether it's the internal one or the external one I think it's the ex Turnal one wait which one are you pointing at the one that's in right here where I put the two pink dots the internal s why are you saying internal because it's part of the what the muscle yeah notice it's part of the muscle do you see that these two pink dots are part of the muscle wall of the bladder so since these two dots are the muscle wall of the bladder is it vol AR or involuntary oh it's involuntary yeah you can't control it okay so that's the internal sphincter in this picture where you find the external sphincters would be actually out here yeah they would be on this particular model okay they would be here and here because this brown thing that I drew in I drew this in that's the famous the diaphragm the diaphragm the euro genital diaphragm okay and and you're going to again see that more specifically in the reproductive models when it plays a role so that's where the external urethal spinter are okay but you've got this to do what I just did practice okay you practice until you know it okay back to our lab on the on the right side here okay after after we just did the bladder now it says let's review the kidney so we need a picture of the kidney and again I sent you the one that's on the plaque there it is and there it is numbers on it we can practice and there's one with no labels on it you can practice but I'm not going to torture you right now okay because we we we just did it okay so here is the urinary bladder okay and notice some of the things that we just went over okay remember look at number one the skin on the outside remember is the renal capsule or you should make a correction it's also known as the fibrous capsule and I don't like this overuse to the word capsule because then we get confused with Bowman's capsule which is part of the nefron okay so right now you can either call this the renal capsule or the fibrous capsule and that's the connective tissue or the outer epithelial tissue that's outside the kidney so that's the like the visceral layer the skin of the kidney but don't use the word Sosa don't use the word peritoneum has nothing to do with this the kidney is behind the periton okay and all the things we said before remember then there's the Zone here number three that's obviously the cortex because it's out here that's where all the nephrons are number three renal cortex and underneath that number four is all of this that would be the renal medulla okay all right and then we have each of these things here and they're labeled separately right right here okay there's a number here for one actually every one of these should have a 10 in it because you have many of them and all the tens that I'm drawing right here actually I did put two okay there's a third one over here so there are lots of tens there and all the tens are the real per pyramids remember the pyramids are the things that have the tubes in it okay and you remember each pyramid comes to a tip and what's that tip called tip tip no doesn't come back to you the tip of this pyramid see what I just did and that's the renal Papa that's number nine that you see here here's a number nine the nine is the renal Papa so you got to practice this I mean we just went over this on Monday all right so you know I'm not going to go over it all but again you've got this to go to to practice with now this model is the answer key for renal structure now notice I threw in a few review questions for you where in this model do you find the million nephrons where do you find the nephrons in the cortex yeah that's where you got to find it okay you got to find in the cortex and of course if you want to get full credit you better say renal cortex but that would be a lecture question not a lab question okay where do you find the first drops of urine first droplets of urine where are the first droplets of urine that will fall out the major calx all right ready I'm I'm going to show you where the major Cal is and then you tell me whether that's the right answer oh sorry the minor calx okay all right all right right because the major calx is here okay so the first drops of urine are going to come out of the renal papill and they're going to drip into the minor calic first so the first droplets of urine are going to be out here you see where I'm drawing the dots they coming out in here okay where the minor where the little funnels are okay and that's number eight okay that's the minor cic then from the minor callx it will go into the major callx from the major calx it'll go into number five which is the pelvis the renal pelvis and then where does the urine go after the pelvis now look just look at the picture the urine's got no choice it's got to leave and go which way out of the highis it's got to go all right now here's an interesting thing it's got to go through the highis or exit through the highis because that's this area here that's I drew it with a bar that number 12 okay so it's got to go under the high list like it's going under an arch make sense because the highish is just an area so it's like when you're leaving the house you go out through the front porch you know what I mean that that would be like the highis that you see right here okay so it's like it'll be leaving going under the highas into number two which is the two that's going to where the uror yeah that tube is heading out that's the urer no h notice okay and then again see mentally you play games with yourself and the uror is going to go to the UB the what Ur bladder and out through the uh urethra urethra okay it's got the T the H in it good see and and the more you practice it the more you'll get more more familiar with it any question about kidney structure this is kidney structure okay there's a few more questions here by the way okay what's the area where blood vessels and nerves are entering somebody already just gave me that answer what's the area where there's entering blood vessels and nerves the hilum yeah that's theum hilum or hus I'll accept both it's okay and where is Paralis pushing where's peristalsis involved in this thing if you're thinking is it in like the pyramids No not so much no in the pyramids basically these are tubes that don't have really muscles they're just like hollow tubes like straws and they're making the urine drip out okay here's another pyramid and urine is dripping out and here's another pyramid and urine is dripping out but when this peristalsis start when the urine enters the what the digestive system urine does not go in the digestive system I knew you know I was about to say that you might be thinking digestive system no remember well I'm thinking about peristalsis in the digestive system so I was thinking like the muscle layer may be contracting yeah but then but but see when you think of peristalsis in the digestive system you're right there's peristalsis and what's that peristalsis doing it's moving what food it's moving food right oh so this one's just moving urine now this system is pushing urine and it's pushing urine into the urinary bladder so our ERS sort of act like the esophagus a little bit just like food is being pushed into the stomach and makes the stomach fill up with food we're actually pushing urine into the urinary bladder so remember the ERS are like the esophagus almost they have perosis and they're pushing urine they're not just letting urine drip they're actually this muscles in here that actually push the urine to the urinary bladder and now that you know about the urinary bladder see I'm going to draw it again for you remember how it happens urinary bladder pushes the urine to the back of the bladder and it fills up the bladder and that's what makes the bladder stretch and stretch and stretch and meanwhile this urinary bladder is trying to p push the urine it's doing a job of pushing the urine into the bladder but when the bladder's too full that's where you start getting the back pressure okay so but peristalsis is in the uror it's pushing the urine towards the blad okay good uh okay just one one quick thing it'll be very quick okay now that you've got the the basic bladder here let me just clear this and just review also the blood vessels now this model shows you the blood vessels but I'm going to go away from this model without all the numbers on it and we'll review the blood vessels in the unlabeled one and that way you can take notes on that if you'd like okay here there's numbers huh I guess we could use the numbers okay the numbers will help us and then if anybody else has any questions you could ask okay ready oh or this one but I like the one with numbers so that way we can talk about the numbers all right let me get The annotation here okay all right we're going to start with blood which number is showing you the blood vessel going into the kidney which number what number showing the blood going into the kidney that's number two and what do we call number two the renal artery that's the renal artery correct all right now follow number two okay number two is going in the renal artery and it becomes these other little blood vessels all right now believe it or not I don't see any number going to the blood vessel I'm thinking of so I am going to have to draw my own Arrow okay so I'm talking about this little blood vessel right there that red one that you see right there okay now it doesn't have a number but it definitely has a name okay okay because the renal artery broke into pieces anybody remember what that one was called segmental artery yes that would be the segmental artery and there's more than one so you know it could be segmental arteries if I but you oh no it can't be that I'm looking at other numbers and I don't see them okay so yeah this would be the segmental artery going in and now when the segmental artery goes in notice it keeps going and now it's up here someplace now when you're in the red vessel and you're up here now okay so let's say we're talking about this red what vessel right there or maybe ah I see a number okay I didn't see it before but now I see it okay it looks like number 22 is pointing at it see number 22 how it's pointing at that red vessel that's in there okay and there's another [Music] one that we can see right here and another one will be here okay so that's 22 okay so that one we go right down okay when the segmental artery goes deeper inside then it becomes a smaller vessel that's in between remember and that's the anyone lowbar artery inter low bar artery okay it's in between the lobes so that's the interlobar artery that's number 22 okay and then where does the interlobar artery go well let's follow it it looks like this interlobar artery is curving right here and this in lobar artery that's number 22 it's curving over here and it's curving over here and there's another one here that's curving here and there's another one that's curving here and the ones that are curving looks like 16 is pointing to it right here okay so all these vessels that are curving and curving okay and it looks like 16 is the answer those are the ones that are curving and what what was their fancy name be careful because they curve arcuate they're called aru arteries that's number 16 okay and finally we're at the end of the line what do those arcu arteries do they look like they're making tiny little red things that are going up and these tiny little red things that are going up they're going into the cortex if you remember and it looks like number 13 is pointing to that I see 13 here pointing to Something red where 17 is poting to Something Blue so we we'll do uh we'll do 13 first and then we'll do 17 soon as we're done with that okay and what were those number 13 blood vessels they had two names are those interlop veins well if it's an if it's red it's an artery oh interlobular arteries yeah inter globular arteries but they had that other name little fancy name they were also called cortical radiant arteries but into lobular just remember when it's got a u it's the small ones when it's just into low bar it's the ones that are in between the columns over here down in here all right now thank goodness the veins are the same names so if 13 is an inter lobor artery then 17 must be the interlobular vein okay and then these curvy ones that are blue and we see a number pointing to the curvy ones that are blue I don't okay curvy ones that are blue that would be like right here actually this is the only place we see curvy ones that are blue and not on the other end sides of the kidney so this is the only place I could point to the curvy ones that are blue and since they don't have a number we'll just call them curvy ones that are blue what are the curvy ones that are blue aru ve those are the aru vades okay those are the curvy blue ones that are uh over there and supposed to be that color supposed to be that color okay so if they were here it would be here you know it would be here it was here be here so wherever there's an artery there's going to be a vein there would be some here there would be some here so the curvy ones that are blue are the aru veins okay and where the arc veins go well they go over here where it looks like there's 21 and there would be one over here and there'd be one over here and there'd be one over here okay so what we see 21 pointing at is the blue vessel that's coming down down and so since the blue vessel is coming down that must be a anyone inter lobar veins that's the inter lobar vein and now remember there was one little sneaky trick and that is after you're into lowbar vein I'm going to follow it with a a little scribble here after that interlobar vein it goes right into renal vein it goes right to number one there's no segmental vein okay there's only a segmental artery so the inter lobar vein goes right to the renal vein what numbers the renal vein in this picture one number one that's number one okay now here comes a challenge and I'm not going to give you the challenge now because we need to take a little break but while I'm taking a little while we're taking a little break the question is right now I know it's brand new all right but if fire erase this mess that's here could you tell me what the rest of those numbers might be pointing to now I'm going to tell you right now there's some we haven't talked about yet so if I just take the Eraser and erase the mess here on this side okay erased most of the ink that's on this side okay I'm going to tell you which ones you should know okay uh you should know what a is pointing to okay you should know what B is pointing to you should know what 23 is uh you should know what 5 b is and 5 a and four and three and I don't see a number oh yes I do and you should know what seven is are we trying now or after the break oh after the break after the break so I'll put the numbers here okay you go you start your break okay so we said A and B 23 seven 5 b 5 a okay all right so I'll see you uh in a little bit okay it's 747 now so say got 13 minutes got get a drink of water get a whatever cup of coffee stretch move those legs a little bit see in a bit okay we're officially back I don't know if you've got your uh computers on uh all right so before we go on let's uh let's do this little quiz here okay I mean obviously this is not a great picture it's got all numbers in the way and things like that okay so uh practice lab test okay what is a everyone back yet okay what is a referring to what do you think it's referring to the pyramids all right a could be pointing at just the pyramid that's a possibility but because of that bracket I think it means more than the pyramid but I would have accepted that answer so that's a good answer if you thought it was just pointing to that pyramid okay uh another possible answer maybe the renal columns okay that's good I like that because it might be in between it might be the renal column notice I added D down here see where at a d yeah yeah that would be a renal column and here's another D that would be the renal column so a could have been a renal column if it was in the light area Okay unfortunately it's touching part of the red so it's a little off but a could be talking about that bracket could represent it's talking about the whole zone so what's this entire Zone that the bracket of a is covering the Reno medulla that could be the Reno medulla but I'm not saying any of those answers were wrong I think that if I that was on the test and you said uh renal pyamid I would accept it uh if some people said renal column I might have given most of the credit noting that it's touching the red so it's not really a column but I can see why people would think it's a column all right and Reno medulla was supposed to be the acceptable answer because the bracket and again I wouldn't do that I would actually tell you the whole ER area and if I was doing a question like this uh I would probably say this area this area covers what and then the answer of course would be renal medulla all right um let me get rid of that big Arrow okay so what's B then based on what I just told you that would be the cortex now if you wrote down cortex you would probably get a half a point taken off because the full answer is renal cortex just like adrenal cortex when we did adrenal gland you have to use adrenal so this is Arenal cortex okay just you don't want to lose that half Point okay 23 where is 23 uh 23 here bottom okay so what's 23 pointing at the renal capsule the renal capsule or fibrous capsule very good okay and see seven is pointing to two things I think that's the one that was pointing to the the pyramids pyramids yeah the probably the pyramids okay renal p pids or medary pyramids some books call them uh now what is 5B pointing at the arrow is pointing right there so that looks like it's pointing to uh the minor one ofal yeah one of the Cales and because it's the one underneath the pyramid in case you get confused when I point to something and you say it's a calx the first thing you should do is see where the CX is if the CX is right underneath a pyramid right underneath the pyramid right underneath the pyramid then it's a minor C then it's a minor Cal see every place I put a a yellow Dash if it's right underneath the pyramid then it's a minor calus but if it's out here someplace out here someplace over here someplace and it's not in the middle middle okay then it must be a major cus okay and that's what 5A is pointed to okay four now four is Right smack dab in the middle so that must be the what the renal pelvis yeah that's the renal pelvis that's where all the calluses meet right in the middle and of course three has got to be the what the urer the urer okay and that's leaving and bringing the urine out okay now I added to I said what's C the tips and do you remember what the tips were called renal pill renal pill okay and D that was the one we said before were the renal The Columns columns yeah the real columns okay all right so we've got this we could use to study but you know like I said you've got other things any questions on kidney structure blood vessels structures there's a lot on the kidney so you know there's going to be some kidney pictures definitely on there uh let's see if there's anything else kidney related that's the blank one now this is called the lobule of the kidney this is just a closeup of one of these sections here okay now if this is on the test just you would ask the same questions as if you were looking at like one of these see like it's like I'll pick this one it's like you're looking at this you're looking at the whole thing okay so you're looking at like a wedge of the kidney so if you can mentally remember that that you're just looking at the wedge of the kidney when you're looking at this picture okay so if this is a wedge of the kidney I'm not going to ask you detailed pictures uh detailed um uh things here so it's the same thing here's your fibrous capsule renal capsule what's this [Music] section the outer section the renal cortex that's the renal cortex again it's like it's like having a piece of watermelon okay so instead of looking at the whole watermelon we're looking at one slice and if that's the renal cortex then this would be the the renal medulla yeah that would be the renal medulla oops and what do you think this tip is down here Papa that's the papa okay so you got an idea of what you're looking at okay now if I ask what's below this blue line This of course should be the pyramid okay and these things are trying to to represent the the nephrons okay that we haven't discussed yet and I won't ask you nephron structures here okay uh but these blood vessels are interesting the ones that are making the arcs see the ones that are going like this those are the arcu red is artery vein of blue all right the ones that are up here that are red or blue those are the high ones so that's the ones that I guess you guys are liking this name better interlobular arteries and veins yeah it's easier to remember for some reason instead of cortical radiant arteries because that's got three words right the only thing I don't want you to get confused is these are the low ones these are the tiny ones up here but you see these right here those are the ones that are in between those are the inter low bar yeah I think I'll confuse that so for me personally I'll stick to the other long name all right yeah well I don't know if it'll help you low bar because it's just like putting the L in a different place I'm probably GNA mix them up yeah yeah well if you remember low bar is the big one and low bu is longer so that must be the smaller ones I don't know if that makes a differ way remembering it but if you're afraid you got to just remember well you know this is the cortex right so these are got to be the cortical radiant because they're radiating out arteries so if you can remember cortical radiant and if they're blue they're veins and if they're red they're arteries cortical radiant is a nice anatomical name okay and that's basically it it's sort of like a wedge of the kidney and I would ask the same questions okay now what about these nephrons well the nephrons are a totally different structure okay so that is next on our list okay if we look at the lab writer okay the lab right up went through Renal Circulation you could practice the names and things like that but then it says the nefron model now I'm going to help you with the nefron model because a nefron model is color coordinated so let me show you the nefron model if if it's here not that not that there's the nefron model okay and there's the nefron model a little bit bigger laying down without the black all right uh all right we'll let let this one go okay I want to uh let me see if I can put this on full screen let see if it helps that did help I think is everybody seeing the nefron model on full screen yep okay all right now I'm going to put things in order and I'll I'll and I'll type them up for you okay but I'm G to put things in color order I want you to understand this both functionally as well as anatomically okay so just bear with me okay start with the red so I'm going to start with o notice o is this thing here okay so if we start with o o is the blood coming in okay okay so we start with o that is the aru artery okay okay except my abbreviation okay where does the aru artery go well the aru arter is going to go up this red tube right up here okay that's a see the red tube going up okay so I want you to understand the function of this thing not just the names don't memorize just the names oh my goodness where what I needed to do is backtrack and I don't know if I could do that I might have just erase okay good uh okay so what is a well you guys have a difference of opinion of what you're going to remember a is you could say it's the I mean you said it's radiating right so y it's the one that's going up right so that's the cortical radiant artery or if you're happy with it don't remember I mean don't forget it could also be called the one with the U interlobular artery okay that's that's a now that's bringing the blood up right okay now you're learning something new right now when the blood goes up in the cortex it has to feed the the nephrons these things in orange green purple those are the nephrons now we'll talk about those in the minute right now I want you to understand what's going on look at c c is bringing blood into the nephrons in fact there's lots of seas all these seas that that I'm putting a little yellow line next to this is the red vessel that's bringing blood into the nephron so C has got a special name because it's bringing blood into the nefron okay that's the one we call the afferent arterial okay and like afferent nerves these are the input nerves afferent nerves if you remember we're sensory okay and that's going into those little green marbles this is part of the nefron okay now since we're doing function and structure let's do it in order then so what is the blood going into well it's going into those green marbles okay now the green marbles have a letter somewhere I'm sure G oh that makes sense G for green and those green marbles are the things that are called Bowman's capsule okay they're also known as renal capsules or sometimes they're actually called renal cor pusles but in reality renal cor pusles are made up of two parts this green marble if I ask you what is it and you said Bowman capsule you're going to get the right answer for me if somebody said these are renal cor pusles you'll get the right answer for me now how could two answers be right because the green part is actually on the outside if we cut one of these things open okay if we cut one of those things open it would look like this that green marble would actually be like like a catcher Smitt it's Hollow in the middle and it looks like like a hollow cup okay so what you see me draw in green here is this that's Bowman's capsule now inside Bowman's capsel we have a blood vessel going in so I'm going to draw it here's the blood vessel going in what do we call that the one going [Music] in AER arterial there you go there you go I know you just got the answer there it is in so this is the afferent arterial what you don't see is what's inside here and what's inside here is the important blood vessels inside here there's a little bowl of capillaries that you can't see because every one of these Bowman capsules are completely closed you can't see what's inside and inside here is something called the glomus we sort when we did the physiology of the nefron on Monday the glomus is the ball of fenon strated capillaries where the filtrate is going to come squirting out and Bowman's capsule is going to catch it okay so this is where the blood gets filtered right in here we can't see it because it they're closed we' have to cut this open to see this we'll get there I just want you to understand it now so the green part is really the renal cor pusle and what's it made up of well it's made up of Bowman's capsule on the outside which is green and inside we can't see this it's got the glomus inside okay does everybody get that anyone confused by what I just said okay so this green marble is really the renal cor pusle and what's it made up of it's made up of two parts it's got Bowman's capsule on the outside that's the part you see and it's made up of a glomus inside that you can't see because it's in here okay but on a test if I ask you what's the screen structure you could can tell me it's Bowman's capsule or you can tell me it's a Rena cor pusle can you say it's also the glomus no because the glus is inside that's right exactly you're listening okay yeah you can't say that's a glomus because you don't see the glomus the glus is inside okay all right has everybody got that okay so let's get back to our story so we're looking at not only the structures here we're learning how this works so here's blood coming in from the aru then it goes to the cortical radiant artery going up then the afferent arterial brings the blood into Bowman's capsule well then well well then we've got something red coming out don't we I see a red vessel coming out one a red one goes in and the red one comes out does everybody see that with me the red one comes in and the red one goes out so the red ones that go out so is that the eent arterial yes all right it looks like d is pointing to it right here okay so it looks like d and that would be the opposite the AER arterial that would be the eer arterial so that's the that's the out blood vessel But Here Comes the interesting thing where's that out blood vessel going to well if you're watching you'll see that that out blood vessel is going to these capillaries right right here or this out one is going down here to these capillaries down here okay so it's either going to e or it's going to f so these efferent arterials when they leave they got two places they can go to and I'm making this distinction so that way you don't get confused okay the capillaries up here that are e those are the ones that we learned about called per tubular capillaries okay and that was e peritubular capillaries are the capillaries that are in the cortex that go around the tubes for reabsorption these are the capillaries that allow secretion so these are the capillaries that are going to be given and taking from the filtrate to eventually make urine those are the paratubal capillaries and they're very very important specifically for the nephrons that are on in the cortex those would be the cortical nephrons but if you notice this weird nefron here is way down in the medulla we'll get to that uh classification in a minute so these capillaries down here are similar to these capillaries up here these are the peritubular capillaries but then the peritubular capillaries of a deeper set of blood vessels so what I call those there are peritubal capillaries we can say [Music] peritubular capillaries of the vasera right I will allow you to call them vasera capillaries if you'd like okay and there's not supposed to be an S here that s is a mistake so peritubular capillaries of the vasor Rector that's these down here at the bottom okay so these peritubular capillaries no matter where they are they are the capillaries that allow for reabsorption and secretion the two functions that the nephrons do okay now if you remember my little picture over here for a second we were talking about these green marbles as being made up of Bowman's capsule and inside is a glomus and I changed the color to Orange to represent the filtrate that went inside well I did that on purpose because when the filtrate goes inside notice that this leads to an orange tube so I said everything's color coordinated so so far we did green after the green marble comes these orange tubes okay the orange tubes look like H is pointing to them right there H represents the first set of tubes that the filtrate goes in and they get all curled up and because they're all curled up and because they're closest to Bowman's capsule they're called the proximal [Music] convoluted tubules and of course I wrote it in Black where you can't see it as well against the screen so print it again if it'll allow me to proximal [Music] convoluted tues and again I'll write it down in this case it's the orange tubules now play the little G game with me follow the orange tubules and where do you see them go tell me where are these orange tubules heading they're curling around they're curling around they're curling around and eventually what do they do they intersect with that uh big orange one or a big yellow one all right they look like they're intersected with the yellow ones but actually follow them carefully and you'll see they actually turn into a different color look at this one down here yeah do you see how the orange tube is curling and then eventually it goes down here and it turns it to purple and this one's got a long leg on it and it's turning it to purple now this one obviously got cut off you don't see it so these orange convoluted tubules eventually go down turn into purple and then make a uturn and go back up again does everybody see that orange tube yes going down turn into purple make a uturn and going back up again well now it's getting a little complicated okay that proximal convoluted tubu where does it go through next it makes that U that U turn it goes into L okay here I'm pointing to l as the uturn okay that's the part that's got that special name it's called Henley's Loop and let me spell it right before I expose the word or it's got a simple name it's called The Loop of Henley Henley Loop or just the nefron loop but that nephron loop literally has three parts to it it's got a j part that's going down it's got the L part that's making the U turn and then it's got a k part that's going back up so this is actually all directional now now since the orange tube starts it we'll call the J part here the orange part and so the orange part I'll put the word part in there too this is called the this is called the descending limb of the loop for a very good reason this is where the filtrate is going down then it gets to l which is the uturn so that's the loop so there's you know you just call that Henley's Loop that's the uturn but then it turns into K which is the purple part and anybody want to guess what the purple part is called the ascending limb of the loop exactly right because that's the side of the loop where the filtrate is going up so this fil tra's got a weird place to go right for and we saw this in the diagram on Monday maybe you didn't notice it okay but but and of course it's not going to allow me to draw it but when we saw the picture of Bowman's capsule Bowman's capsule is like this then it had a wiggly part that was the proximal convoluted tube then it went down back up again down back up again then it wiggled again and then at the end of that wiggle it went straight down and was leaving so we have Bowman's capsule a proximal convoluted tubu the loop and what do we call this purple part the wiggly part at the end well that would be purple part Wiggly purple part that the distal convoluted tub yes that's letter I so after you pass through the loop now you're on the distal convoluted tubu okay and that's where other processes happen like secretion and and and facultative reabsorption and all that other stuff in the anatomy but that's [Music] the purple coiled tube that's the distal convoluted tube that's the purple one okay so what you see here on the right side that I drew is the image that you have in your notes so again I'll label it so here's Bowman's capsule okay that's where the filtrate goes first then it goes into the proximal convoluted tube that's the orange then the orange tube maybe I should do this for you then the orange tube turns purple down here turns purple down here where it makes the loop okay then the purple continues until here so if I was doing this totally correct see what I'm doing I'm trying to make everything color coordinated for you okay so there's Bowman's capsule there's a proximal convoluted tubal this would be the distal convoluted tubal and this is just one two three parts of the loop the one that starts off orange is the descending side the side that's all purple is the ascending side and the uturn is the loop of Henley so what color were we left with well after the filtrate goes through all this ride it ends with what color that you see up there blue I think you better look again there one color we haven't covered in the tubes in other words where does this purple tube go to okay let me point it out maybe the end you'll see see right here where it's purple oh y one purple goes into yellow can't see it here too well okay but the purple's going into the yellow right in here and here you see the purple very well going right into the yellow up here okay so the purple is going into yellow and the yellow looks like it is being pointed at anywhere letter that's pointing to Yellow oh right there looks like M right m is pointing to one of the yellow tubes of course it could be pointing to lots of tubes it look like m is pointing to Yellow yeah m is pointing to the yellow here then you've got a yellow here but these tubes that are yellow that are coming down okay those are the ones that are actually collecting the urine and that's why they're called collecting ducks and they're called collecting Ducks because they're collecting the urine from the nephrons until they get to the end and when they get to the the end right here is a different letter that's n and the reason why it's a different color is because what happened to the collecting duct is this collecting duct and this collecting duct joined another collecting duct that joined another collecting duct and so these collecting Ducks became pretty big because remember where they're going they're all going to the tip where the urine's going to drip out okay so This n That you see down here okay if the collecting duct is f no collecting duct was m okay then n at the end is going to be the duct that's leading to the tip and that's why it's called the and I just typed it in but it didn't show up why I don't know that's the papillary so there's a lot of words on the screen right now a lot to know all right but the way I presented it to you was not just here's the name here's the name here's the name I try to make it functional for you there's a an organization to what I wrote on the board this is telling you how this thing works so when you look at this model don't just look at at it and go this is this this is this but you can I mean some of you will just memorize the colors and that's great because I'll say what are the green Marbles and you say Bowman's capsule got it what's the orange curled tubes proximal convoluted tube got it okay what's the purple Coral tubes distal convoluted tube got it what's the yellow skinny tubes collecting duts see now I make it sound easy because I've got these memorized but you'll doing that next week no two weeks not next week okay and then and of course at the end there would be the the the papillary D okay so definitely take a screenshot of this if you have the capability of doing that if this if you think this helps okay but if not the picture that's right next to this I'll show you right now has all the labels on it okay does anyone need this picture can I erase anybody any questions before I erase no just a statement that was actually really helpful because it's better than just memorizing yeah piece by piece and not really knowing where it leads so right right right and see it it makes sense now because you're reinforcing your knowledge of physiology and suddenly it says oh okay I see it's like it's like following a maze a path you know and there's a definite path you know and there's a path for the blood and there's a path for the filtrate see so when the blood went into the afferent then it left with the eent and went to the paratubal capillaries now there's only one blood vessel that we didn't discuss okay and that's what's these blue things that are leaving the blue that's leaving here which is B it's on this side and the B on this side well if the red one going up remember was a cortical radiant artery oh was a cortical radiate vein that's the vein coming down and if o was the aru artery then P must be the see where p is y That's the arate vein so at least the arteries and veins are parallel in name okay and that's it as simple as it may sound now the only thing that's left is one more little structure and that's this thing we've got to cut open one of these renal cor pusles and look inside and when we look inside we're going to understand how that works okay now I think there's like maybe like five six seven more do it Professor things in there excuse me please go over it go over it oh I definitely I definitely will all right but I want to make sure there's no questions on this okay okay so let's take a look uh look at the other images that are here allow me to switch yeah okay so there's the answer key to what we just went over everything is there you could double check the answers all them okay there's the kidney we went over that before okay and there's the piece of the watermelon piece of the kidney okay now this is one picture of what's inside that tube now let me review for you what I just did a second second ago okay I said that the outside tube whoops the outside tube in [Music] green was Bowman's capsule and inside Bowman's capsule you have the aarant coming in then the marilus inside and the eer leaving okay so now let's look at this picture obviously I see red on this side and I see red on the side so the first question is what side is the ether side which side is a side okay so it turns out that this is the ference side and the only way you can tell this is the aeren side is because it's got that on it that's a special group of cells that we mentioned on Monday that's the special group of cells that release rein and again I don't expect you to have this memorized already but those are the know it's jua something yeah jua glomular cells now depending on where you look in the book there might be three different names for this sometimes they call the J gloma cells sometimes they call J glomera apparatus I've even seen some books called juxa gloma complex because it consists of a bunch of cells right here that make renin and these cells touch part of this tube here here and this tube here's got a bunch of cells called the macular denza okay I'll make sure I never ask you that question but together these cells and these cells make up the apparatus or the complex okay I'm just giving you the reason why okay so for your sake you need to know one the afferent arterial that goes in and that and the way you know it is because it's got these cells on it two it's got these ju the glomular cells on it now where's this afferent arterial bringing blood well it's bringing blood into these red things right here right and what are these red things number three glus that's the glomus and if I ask you what kind of capillaries are those Glarus made up of you have to remember something detailed those capillaries are not just any capillaries in the world these capillaries have little holes in them okay these are the capillaries that are fenin strated and the reason why they're fenin strated is for a very good reason they have to let the filtrat squirt out remember the the filtrate is going to squirt out through this okay now notice that when the filtrate squirts out Bowman's capsule is going to catch it okay so just to keep you coordinated here this structure out here is Bowman's capsule okay that's a green thing but now I'm going to point out some things to you okay Bowman's capsule actually has three parts to it okay so this was number four Bowman's capsule Bowman capsule a that's this outer membrane right here so very simple simple name this is the V no it's not cross it out undo undo undo undo undo how could it be this is on the outside so this is the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and that's a parietal layer of bonus capsule okay it's just on the outside notice it's simple squamous cells they're very small they're very flat then notice when I drew this so this would be the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule I'm going to change color so is there really a lot of space there like how this is this is so microscopic it's hard to imagine okay that is yeah remember there's a million of these in every kidney so when you're looking at a kidney these things are like d and there's a million of them in every kidney up here so these things are very very small okay but when you look at them the detail on is amazing so the outer part is the parietal layer and then this layer that's in here that for this diagram I'm making blue okay okay that would be what you're seeing in here looking like flesh color or light tan okay that would be the layer that's supposed to be covering this capillaries so whoever made this model they left the layer on this side but they cut off the layer on this side so you can see the capillaries underneath so this is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule now the visceral layer bombs capsule do you see those little red squiggles in there you said red squiggles yeah look I'm tracing over them see some over here little squiggles over here that's because the cells of the visceral layer look like this okay these special cells have little feet sticking out so they have a special name it's on the vocabulary list these cells are called phocytes and these little fingers that they have on them leg like extensions on them they actually create little slits so when the protoc sites line up next to each other they allow the filtrate to squirt out the filtrate can actually go through those slits there you might say yeah but I thought the filtrate went through the fen andrate capillaries yes but if the fenestrated capillaries were covered with something solid the liquid would never be able to get out so instead what's covering the fenestrated capillaries is something that has spaces to allow the filtrate to get through and these little spaces are called filtration slits so this is explaining how this whole thing is designed for filtration all right but let's get to structure again so the blood comes in afferent arterial that was number one okay then it goes inside to the glomus okay on the afferent arterial is the JX to glomus cells and that leads to the glomus like we said the glomus of fonr capillar is you're going to allow the filtrate to go out but the glomus okay is inside Bowman's capsule and there's two layers the parietal layer is on the outside and the visceral layer is covering it but to allow the filtrate to get out the visceral layer is made up of poyes that have filtration slits to allow the fil trate to go out and what's the filtrate going to go out into well obviously the fil tra is going to go out into a Zone that's going to catch the filtrate and so what's the filtrate the fil trate is filling up this whole layer right here this is a space what I just covered in purple right here is the space that's number five okay that's basically got a simple name that's called the capsular space that's all and the capsu space is just a space that's in between right here is the capsu space it's catching the urine nope nope no bad word to use It's not catching the urine it's capturing the filtrate it's not urine yet okay this is just all the good stuff that comes out of the blood the water the glucose the Ura the amino acids everything's coming out in the filtrate so one more structure let's see if you got it ready what's this tube that's carrying the filtrate away from Bowman's capsule right here after proximal convolute because the one on the top is the distal right yes and right the first the first tube that leaves this green marble is the orange one right so you're absolutely right number six is the proximal convoluted two so these are the six main structures you need to know the only place where there was a little bit of detail was uh here where I talked about the visceral layer okay but other than that everything's just name it okay glus made up of fenestrated Capers that's a little detail uh these cells are cold so this is sort of like six structures that you need to know but again it's a functional structure so you should know how it works I'm not going to repeat everything but blood comes in the glomus keeps an eye on blood pressure and if the blood pressure is too low remember it's going to release rinin here's the glomus with the fen andr Capers is it's going to let all the filtrate come out into the capsu space and the proximal convoluted tubule is going to carry it away for reabsorption and everything else that happens to go on afterwards okay this is a million of these in your kidneys now you can see all these delicate structures here you definitely don't want to get a punch in your kidney you break these capillaries and you'll have internal bleeding going on sometimes when people fall and they hit their back really really bad they can actually internally Hemorrhage okay all right 8:58 it's time to end tonight okay uh we didn't get a chance to do the review uh but uh you know we could do the review next week or I can send you a separate video with the review but you have the answer key so you can go over it but if you have any questions please let me know all right so this is it for urinary uh any questions before I shut off the screen um Professor can you still send the separate video for the review yeah I will I will definitely do that okay I'll uh I I'll do that all right so uh let's uh clear the screen and stop the share for now and um as I promised before you go let's see if I could find it real quick if I could find it within seconds I'll share it with you uh but if I cannot that's okay we can do it another time and also another quick question while you're searching um the Frog Heart Project like did they give you the grades back for those no I I I believe it or not before class started I actually looked online hoping I looked at my email to see if the grades came in yet and no they did not yet soon as they come in soon as they come in the first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to send everybody an email here's what you earned you know all right so before you go just to let you know this is what's going on in the reproductive system okay my outline has a lot of detail in it this is the first time I've given you an outline with so much detail for the most part this is what you need to know structure function structure function F what's the job of the scrotum tells you what's the job of the dto muscle it tells you I'm going to explain all this to you but I want you to know that I've given you more detailed notes in this unit because in this unit there's a lot of structures to know but I'm going to simplify it know the name of the structure know what its job is and here are the jobs right here so there's the male reproductive system then we're going to go into a little detail on the Fe female reproductive system some of this you had already when we did endocrine about the ovarian cycle then what happens in the uterine tube so notice I've given a lot more notes here because I wanted to give you the notes up front so there's no question on what you need to know okay and then the key hormones in the menstrual cycle okay A little bit of chap the 29 and this will take about five minutes because I'm just going to give you the the processes that go on and that's it okay all right so I will send you also a quiz on the reproductive system so you've got that to study but uh right now I'm just going to send you the review uh little review video on um the urinary so that way you got over the weekend to hear the answers from me I know you got the answer key but hearing it from me might help you remember it better I know some of you like that okay all right so uh let me officially stop the recording