Definition: Power over refers to the hierarchical dynamics where power is possessed by some and wielded over others, implying unequal distribution.
Comparison: Similar to power two, but more explicitly unequal in terms of resources, influence, and knowledge.
Elite Theory of Politics
Iron Law of Oligarchy: Concept by Michel, stating that in any group, a small group of insiders will run things.
Societal Groups: Typically split into 'haves' and 'have-nots'.
Elite Positions: Occupied in key institutions like military, religion, economy, politics, and culture.
Inevitability: Discusses whether elite structures in society are inevitable.
Insider vs. Outsider Dynamics
Larry Summers' Speech: Differentiation between insiders who have influence but can't criticize each other versus outsiders who have freedom of speech but lack influence.
Impact: Such dynamics can lead to negative cultures of leadership and environments.
Economic and Political Implications
Examples:
Apple and Market Forces: Debates around capitalism and market dynamics.
Government Role: Decision-making bias towards insiders (e.g., interest rates, economic policy).
Machiavellian vs. Liberal Democratic Principles: How these principles impact governance and decision-making.
Class Analysis and Marxist Theory
Distribution and Conflict: Unequal distribution weaponized in class conflict (elites vs. masses).
Historical Context: Class struggles as an explanation for historical oppression and resistance.
Capitalism: Exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie.
Intersectionality in Class Analysis
Criticism: Over-simplification by prioritizing class over other forms such as racism, sexism, etc.
Intersectional Approach: All forms of social issues (class, gender, race) are interconnected.
Examples:
Feminist Political Economy: Social reproduction and remuneration issues.
Colonial Dispossession: Destroying cultures seen as development opportunities.
Modern Media: Disparities in remuneration and value creation (e.g., TikTok creators).
Contemporary Issues
Tech and Innovation: Often exploit regulatory gaps (e.g., Uber vs. regulated taxi services).
Systemic Reproduction: New systems reproduce old inequalities.
Class and Elite Analysis: Recent literature reflects ongoing challenges in addressing these issues.
Conclusion
Power Dynamics: Complex and interwoven with various societal issues.
Future Discussions: Will focus on how these power structures influence broader societal outcomes.