Unit 5: Revolutions - Heimler Review Guide

The Enlightenment

Overview

• Intellectual movement applying rationalist and empiricist approaches.
• Similar to the Scientific Revolution’s approach to the natural world.
• Crucial for understanding revolutions during the period.

Challenges to the Status Quo

• Questioned religious authority and role in public life.
• Emphasis on individual rights and natural rights.
• Social Contract theory encouraging overthrow of tyrannical governments.
• Advocacy for popular sovereignty and democracy.
• Liberalism: civil rights protection, representative government, free-market trade.

Effects on Society

• Expansion of suffrage post-American Revolution.
• Initiated feminist movement focused on women’s rights.
• Abolition movements against slavery and serfdom.

Nationalism

Definition and Impact

• Sense of commonality among people based on shared traits/vision.
• Nationalism drove revolutions, unification efforts, and formation of new states.

Role in Revolutions

• Leaders used nationalism to justify revolutions and create unity.
• Example: American and Haitian Revolutions driven by nationalist sentiments.

The Atlantic Revolutions

Significant Documents and Ideas

• American Declaration of Independence: Social contract, popular sovereignty.
• French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: Rights and government transparency.

Causes and Effects

• American Revolution: Discontent with British rule.
• Haitian Revolution: Influenced by French Revolution; led by Toussaint Louverture.
• Latin American Revolutions: Influenced by Enlightenment, anti-imperial sentiment, Napoleon’s actions.

Industrial Revolution

Factors Contributing to Industrialization

1. Proximity to waterways for transport.
2. Access to coal, iron, and timber.
3. Foreign resources and market access, especially in textiles.
4. Improved agricultural productivity.
5. Urbanization with a workforce shift to cities.
6. Legal protection for private property.
7. Accumulation of capital from trade and colonization.

Changes in Production

• Factories centralized production, reduced costs.
• Specialized labor emerged.

Spread of Industrialization

• Varied across regions: Britain, France, USA, Russia, Japan.
• Factors included natural resources, political stability, and government initiatives.

Technological Advancements

• Steam engine by James Watt.
• Combustion engine, electricity in the second Industrial Revolution.
• Railroad and steamship advancements.

Economic Developments & Innovations

Transnational Businesses

• Unilever as an example.
• Rise of stock markets and limited liability corporations.

Impact on Society

• Improved living standards in industrialized societies.
• Urban challenges including housing and sanitation issues.

Reactions to Industrialization

Government and Worker Responses

• Expansion of suffrage and worker rights.
• Formation of labor unions and political parties.

Ideological Developments

• Marxism: Response to capitalist exploitation.
• Social reforms attempted in Qing China and Ottoman Empire.

Social Hierarchy Changes

• New social classes: Industrial working class, middle class.

Women's Roles

• Working-class women worked low-wage jobs.
• Middle-class women faced domestic expectations.

These notes summarize the key themes and historical developments discussed in the Heimler Review Guide for the AP World History curriculum, focusing on the Enlightenment, nationalism, revolutions, industrialization, and economic changes.