Overview
This lecture covers the rise and expansion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, examining its political power, key leaders, and lasting regional influence.
Post-Late Bronze Age Landscape (1155–972 BCE)
- After the Late Bronze Age, many small kingdoms appeared and disappeared in Syria and Mesopotamia.
- The Kingdom of Israel was founded and thrived during this period, while others left few records.
- Assyria survived as a small kingdom centered around the city of Ashur.
Re-Emergence and Expansion of Assyria
- In the 10th century BCE, Assyrian kings began campaigns to reclaim former territories.
- King Ashurnasirpal II (9th century BCE) expanded even further, conquering new lands never controlled by Assyria before.
- Wealth from conquests funded the construction of a new capital city, Kalhu (also called Nimrud).
Achievements of Ashurnasirpal II
- Built a grand palace in Kalhu, decorated with large stone reliefs depicting war, hunting, and divine protection.
- Inscriptions praised Ashurnasirpal II’s achievements.
- Hosted a massive 10-day feast for nearly 70,000 guests, demonstrating wealth and power.
Assyrian Empire Organization and Influence
- The Neo-Assyrian Empire became at least four times larger than any previous empire.
- It held uncontested power in the region, facing no rival empires.
- The Assyrian government used brutal military tactics to control and intimidate subjects and neighbors.
- Developed a network of protected roads to ensure rapid movement of troops and information.
- At its height, the empire included modern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Israel, Palestine, and Turkey.
Legacy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Assyrian political administration, infrastructure, and influence shaped regional history for centuries.
- Decisions from the imperial capitals affected people from the Nile to the Caspian Sea.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Neo-Assyrian Empire — Renewed empire of Assyria, expanding from the 9th century BCE, dominating the Near East.
- Ashurnasirpal II — Assyrian king known for military expansion and building the capital at Kalhu.
- Kalhu (Nimrud) — Major Assyrian capital established by Ashurnasirpal II.
- Cuneiform — Ancient writing system used in Mesopotamia and neighboring regions.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review maps of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and major capitals.
- Read about the administrative systems of Assyria for next class.