Stoicism: Origins, Principles, and Enduring Influence

Introduction to Stoicism

• Zeno of Cyprus
  • Wealthy merchant shipwrecked in Athens around 300 BCE
  • Inspired by Socrates and other philosophers
  • Developed the philosophy of Stoicism
  • Taught in the Stoa Poikile (public colonnade in Athens)

Key Teachings of Stoicism

• Virtue, tolerance, and self-control
• Four Cardinal Virtues
  • Practical wisdom: ability to navigate complex situations logically
  • Temperance: self-restraint and moderation
  • Justice: treating others fairly even in wrongdoings
  • Courage: facing daily challenges with integrity
• Logos
  • Rational structure of the universe
  • Control over personal responses to events

Stoicism in History

• Seneca
  • Emphasized virtues and humane treatment of others
  • Stressed fundamental human equality
• Marcus Aurelius
  • Roman emperor influenced by Stoicism
  • Guided Rome through wars and personal losses
  • Inspired later figures like Nelson Mandela

Modern Influence

• Stoicism's parallels with other philosophies/religions
  • Christian theologians like Thomas Aquinas
  • Buddhist concept of Nirvana and Stoic Ataraxia
• Epictetus
  • Suffering stems from our judgments about events
  • Influenced modern psychology and self-help
• Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy
  • Based on Stoic principles
  • Applying will power to find life’s meaning, even in dire circumstances

Conclusion

• Stoicism as a long-standing philosophical tradition
• Emphasis on personal improvement and positive societal change
• Continues to influence modern thought and therapy