PLTW Lesson 3.1+2: Respiratory & Lymphatic/Immune Study Guide

Introduction

• Prepare for the test on the Respiratory and Lymphatic/Immune systems.
• Understand vocabulary definitions from activities 3.1.4 to 3.2.4.
• Review notes, lab analyses, conclusion questions, and powerpoints.

Activity 3.1.4: We Be-Lung Together

1. Labeling and Function of the Respiratory System
   • Understand the anatomy and function of each part of the respiratory system.
2. Function of the Respiratory System
   • Obtain O2, remove CO2, trap particles, aid in smell and taste, control air temperature and water content, produce vocal sounds, regulate blood pH.
3. Identify Structures on a Specimen: Use Quizlet to practice.
4. Lung Lobes
   • Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
   • Left lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
5. Fissures in Lungs
   • Right lung: horizontal fissure (superior and middle), oblique fissure (middle and inferior)
   • Left lung: oblique fissure (superior and inferior)
6. Conducting Zone vs Respiratory Zone
   • Conducting Zone: Passageway for airflow.
   • Respiratory Zone: Site of gas exchange.
7. Membranous Layers of Lungs
   • Visceral pleura (innermost), parietal pleura (outermost), pleural cavity (space between).

Activity 3.1.5: Take a Breath

8. Process of Respiration
   • Inhalation/exhalation, external and internal gas exchange, gas transport.
9. Ventilation vs Perfusion
   • Ventilation: Air movement in/out of lungs.
   • Perfusion: Blood flow in pulmonary capillaries.
10. Inspiration Process
    • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure to allow air in.
11. Expiration Process
    • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure, forcing air out.
12. Diffusion in Respiration
    • Movement of substances from high to low concentration without energy.
13. Asthma
    • Airways swell and tighten, producing excess mucus.

Activity 3.1.6: A Little TLC

14. Respiration Rate
    • Normal range: 12–20 breaths/minute.
15. Pulse Oximetry
    • Measures blood oxygen saturation; normal range: 95–100%.
16. Spirometry
    • Measures lung function by inhalation/exhalation.
17. Peak Flow Meter
    • Monitors airway openness; useful for asthma monitoring.
18. Tidal Volume (TV)
    • Volume of air breathed in and out without effort.
19. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
    • Calculated as TLC=VC+RV.

Project 3.1.7: Cleared to Climb

20. Altitude Sickness
    • Body adjusts to high altitude; lower air pressure reduces oxygen density.
21. Pulmonary Edema
    • Fluid in alveoli reduces space for oxygen and gas exchange.
22. Blood Tests
    • RBCs, cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL), triglycerides indicate oxygen capacity and heart disease risk.

Activity 3.2.1

23. Function of the Lymphatic System
    • Transports lymph, maintains fluid, absorbs fats, protects from pathogens, removes waste.
24. Structures in the Lymphatic System
    • Not detailed here.
25. Types of Granulocytes
    • Eosinophils (parasites), Neutrophils (bacteria), Basophils (allergic reactions).
26. Agranulocytes Categories
    • Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells), Monocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells).
27. Innate Immunity
    • Natural defense from birth against bacteria/viruses.
28. Acquired Immunity
    • Adaptive immunity developed through life; active and passive.
29. Infectious Agents
    • Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths.
30. Function and Layers of Skin
    • Protects, regulates temperature, sensory input; layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
31. Antibodies, Antigens, Agglutination
    • Antibodies neutralize antigens; agglutination is clumping of particles.
32. Sepsis and its Stages
    • Sepsis is a life-threatening infection response; progresses from sepsis to severe sepsis to septic shock.

Project 3.2.4: More Than Meets the Eye

33. Identify Eye Structures on Diagrams
    • Aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, sclera, tapetum, optic nerve, blind spot, retina, iris, cornea, pupil.

Diseases

• Lung Cancer: Cancer cells in lung tissues; symptoms include SOB, chest pain, cough.
• Cystic Fibrosis: Genetic disorder with mucus secretion; symptoms include cough, wheezing.
• Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection affecting lungs; symptoms include coughing blood, fever.
• COVID-19: Viral respiratory disease; symptoms are fever, chills, fatigue.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Inflammation and narrowing of airways.
• Pneumonia: Alveoli inflammation due to infection.
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tubes.
• Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
• Loiasis (African Eye Worm): Parasitic infection.
• Traumatic Iridodialysis: Separation of iris root and ciliary body.
• Onchocerciasis (River Blindness): Spread by infected flies.
• Trachoma: Contagious bacterial eye infection.