The Coliseum: More Than Entertainment

Historical Background

Emperor Vespasian (69-79 CE): Ruled Rome after Emperor Nero's tyrannical reign ended with his suicide.
Year of the Four Emperors (69 CE): Civil War involving Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
- Galba: Became emperor after Nero but was disappointing.
- Otho: Assassinated Galba, lost at the Battle of Bedriacum, then committed suicide.
- Vitellius: Briefly ruled before Vespasian assumed power.
Construction Initiated: Vespasian began building the Coliseum in 70 CE to rebuild society and regain trust.

Seating Arrangements: Reflects Roman social hierarchy.
- First deck for Nobles and Knights.
- Second deck for merchants and freedmen.
- Last deck for women and the poor.
Inclusive View: All classes could see the events, symbolizing equal enjoyment.

Gladiator Fights: Most famous, symbolizing bravery and strength.
Animal Hunts: Displayed exotic animals from conquered lands.
Executions: Public spectacles of punishment.
Mock Naval Battles: Occasional events demonstrating naval prowess; costly and damaging.

Titus (79-81 CE): Completed the Coliseum; hosted grand games and spectacles.
Domitian (81-96 CE): Expanded the Coliseum, including underground chambers (hypogeum) for animals and gladiators.

Symbol of Empire's Extent: Displayed Rome's power and reach through exotic animals and events.
Social Hierarchy Representation: Reinforced class distinctions within Roman society.
Influence on Modern Sports: Arena seating and event hosting have parallels in modern sports venues.

Financial and Maintenance Costs: Following the empire's fall, funds dwindled, leading to the end of games.
Rise of Christianity: Changing moral views led to the decline of violent spectacles; the last gladiator fight occurred in 404 CE.
Symbol of Unity and Decline: While it united Rome in entertainment, the Coliseum's fall mirrored the empire's decline.