Overview
This lecture reviews organic compounds in the body, with a focus on amino acids, proteins, enzymes, and the importance of temperature and pH in enzyme function.
Classes of Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) chemically bonded together.
- Main types include carbohydrates (like glucose), fats, and amino acids.
- Amino acids are unique as they also contain nitrogen (N) in an amino group (NHâ‚‚).
Amino Acids and Proteins
- There are 21 individual amino acids in the body.
- Amino acids link together by chemical bonds to form proteins.
- The two main classes of proteins are structural proteins (hair, collagen, nails) and functional proteins.
Functional Proteins: Enzymes and Hormones
- Functional proteins include enzymes and hormones.
- Enzymes are proteins that control all chemical reactions in the body.
- Each enzyme is specific to one type of chemical reaction.
Protein Structure and Function
- The sequence and type of amino acids determine the protein's identity.
- Each amino acid carries an electrical charge, influencing protein folding.
- The shape (3D structure) of a protein determines its function.
- Altering the sequence or folding changes function, possibly disabling the enzyme.
Enzyme Activity and Body Conditions
- Enzymes work optimally at normal body temperature (98.6°F).
- Fever (high temperature) or hypothermia (low temperature) alters enzyme shape and reduces function.
- Shape change from heat or pH changes can prevent enzymes from working.
pH and Enzyme Function
- Body pH must be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 for optimal enzyme activity.
- Lower or higher pH alters enzyme shape, disrupting chemical reactions, especially in the brain.
- Acids or bases (like hair treatments) change pH and thus protein shape.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Organic Compound — Molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Amino Acid — Building block of proteins, contains C, H, O, and N.
- Protein — Chain of amino acids bonded together.
- Enzyme — Protein that speeds up and controls chemical reactions in the body.
- pH — Scale measuring acidity/basicity; blood pH must stay between 7.35-7.45.
- Homeostasis — Maintenance of stable internal body conditions.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the importance of protein structure and enzyme specificity.
- Memorize the optimal body temperature (98.6°F) and blood pH (7.35-7.45) for enzyme activity.
- Read more about how temperature and pH affect protein function.