AP World History Review: Units 6-9

General Introduction

• Review of AP World History Units 6-9.
• Units 1-5 were covered previously.
• Shoutouts can be requested and will be read between units or at the end.

Unit 6: 1750-1900

Big Idea 1: Ideologies and Imperialism

• Industrial Revolution led to new empire building, primarily by Europeans.
• Driving Ideologies:
  • Superiority of the white race and European culture (e.g., Kipling's "White Man's Burden").
  • Social Darwinism: Strong states dominate weak ones.
  • Desire to spread Christianity.
• Nationalist Motives:
  • Colonized peoples developed nationalism.
  • Imperial states also had nationalist motives.
  • Examples: Britain in India, French in Africa, Japan in Korea.

Big Idea 2: Imperial States' Strategies

• Non-state to State Control:
  • Congo: From King Leopold II to Belgian state.
  • India: British East India Company to British government.
• New Imperial Powers:
  • U.S. expansion after Spanish American War.
  • Japan's expansion into Korea and China.
  • Russia's expansion into Poland and beyond.
• Scramble for Africa:
  • Berlin Conference: Peaceful division of Africa among European powers.

Big Idea 3: Resistance from Colonized Peoples

• Direct Resistance:
  • Tupac Amaru in Peru.
  • Indian Mutiny of 1857.
• Creation of New States:
  • Balkan states: Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria.
  • Religious rebellions: Ghost Dance movement in the U.S., Costa Cattle Killing in South Africa.

Big Idea 4: Economic Transformation

• Shift from Subsistence to Cash Crops:
  • Examples: Cattle in Uruguay/Argentina, Guano in Peru/Chile.
• Colonial Economies Serve Imperial Centers:
  • Focus on raw materials like cotton, rubber, etc.

Big Idea 5: Economic Imperialism

• Economic Power without Political Control:
  • Opium Wars in China.
  • Spheres of Influence in China.

Big Idea 6: Migration Patterns

• Reasons for Migration:
  • Work opportunities.
  • Bad conditions at home (e.g., Indian poverty, Irish potato famine).
• Ethnic Enclaves and Discrimination:
  • Resulting urbanization and racist legislation.

Unit 7: 1900-Present

Big Idea 1: Change in States

• Russian Revolution: Economic lag, Bolsheviks establish Soviet Union.
• Chinese Revolution: Overthrow of Qing Dynasty by Sun Yatsen.
• Mexican Revolution: Wealth gap leads to revolution.

Big Idea 2: Causes of World War I

• MAIN Causes:
  • Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
  • Trigger: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Big Idea 3: Strategies in World War I

• Total War:
  • Propaganda for mobilization.
  • New technologies: Poison gas, machine guns, tanks.

Big Idea 4: Government Economic Role

• Post-War Economic Policies:
  • U.S. New Deal.
  • German hyperinflation and rise of Nazi Party.
  • Soviet Five-Year Plans.

Big Idea 5: Causes of World War II

• Treaty of Versailles' Problems:
  • War guilt and reparations.
  • Rise of fascist regimes.
  • Hitler’s expansionism and appeasement.

Big Idea 6: World War II Strategies

• Total War Again:
  • Propaganda and civilian mobilization.
  • New tactics: Firebombing, atomic bombs.

Big Idea 7: Genocide and Ethnic Violence

• Nazi Holocaust: Final Solution and extermination camps.
• Holodomor in Ukraine: Soviet policies leading to famine.

Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization

Big Idea 1: Cold War Ideological Struggle

• Superpowers: U.S. vs. Soviet Union.
• Causes:
  • Ideological expansionism.
  • Mutual mistrust.
• Non-Aligned Movement:
  • Nations resisting Cold War alignment.

Big Idea 2: Cold War Effects

• Arms Race and Alliances:
  • NATO and Warsaw Pact.
• Proxy Wars:
  • Korean and Vietnam Wars.
  • Latin America: Nicaragua.
  • Africa: Angolan Civil War.

Big Idea 3: Spread of Communism

• China’s Communist Revolution:
  • Mao Zedong's leadership.
• Mao’s Policies:
  • Collectivization and Great Leap Forward.

Big Idea 4: Decolonization Processes

• Negotiated Independence: India.
• Armed Resistance: Algeria.

Big Idea 5: Redrawing Political Boundaries

• Conflict and Displacement:
  • Example: Israel and Palestine partition.

Big Idea 6: State Economic Roles

• Examples of Government Intervention:
  • Nasser's nationalization of Suez Canal.

Big Idea 7: Resistance Movements

• Nonviolent Leaders:
  • Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela.
• Violent Resistance:
  • Example: Augusto Pinochet’s regime in Chile.

Big Idea 8: End of the Cold War

• Factors Leading to End:
  • US military spending, Soviet defeat in Afghanistan.
  • Gorbachev’s reforms: Perestroika and Glasnost.

Unit 9: Globalization

Big Idea 1: Technological Advances

• Communication and Transportation:
  • Internet, cell phones, air travel.
• Agricultural Innovations:
  • Green Revolution.

Big Idea 2: Health and Disease

• Diseases Associated with Poverty:
  • Malaria, cholera.
• Pandemics:
  • Spanish flu, COVID-19.

Big Idea 3: Environmental Problems

• Issues and Solutions:
  • Climate change, deforestation, desertification.
  • International agreements like the Paris Agreement.

Big Idea 4: Economic Changes

• Free Market Economics:
  • Examples: Reaganomics, Thatcherism.
• Multinational Corporations and Free Trade:
  • NAFTA, ASEAN.

Big Idea 5: Human Rights and Inequality

• Global Reform Movements:
  • Apartheid, Civil Rights Movement.

Big Idea 6: Globalized Culture

• Examples:
  • Music: Reggae, K-pop.
  • Movies: Hollywood, Bollywood.

Big Idea 7: Resistance to Globalization

• Resistance Movements:
  • Protests against WTO, IMF.

Big Idea 8: International Cooperation

• United Nations:
  • Peacekeeping and human rights efforts.

These notes summarize the key points from the lecture, organized by unit and big ideas to help with studying and understanding the major themes of each period.