Specialized Animal Cells

Introduction

By the end of this lecture, we should be able to describe how sperm cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells are specialized for their functions.
These are all examples of animal cells, each specialized for different roles.
Key Concept: Most animal cells are specialized, meaning they have adaptations for specific functions. This process is called differentiation.

Function: To join with an ovum (egg cell) for fertilization.
- During fertilization, genetic information from the ovum and sperm combine.
Adaptations:
- Genetic Information: Contained in the nucleus, with half the genetic material of a normal adult cell.
- Tail: Long tail for swimming towards the ovum.
- Streamlined Shape: Facilitates easier movement.
- Mitochondria: Packed within the cell to provide energy for swimming.
- Enzymes: Allow digestion through the ovum's outer layer.

Function: To send electrical impulses around the body.
Adaptations:
- Axon: Long structure to carry electrical impulses over distances.
- Myelin Sheath: Insulates axon and speeds up impulse transmission.
- Synapses: Located at axon ends to pass impulses to other nerve cells.
- Dendrites: Increase surface area for connections with other nerve cells.

Function: Capable of contracting (getting shorter).
Adaptations:
- Protein Fibers: Can change length, allowing the cell to contract.
- Mitochondria: Abundant to provide energy for contraction.
Organization: Work together to form muscle tissue.

Understanding of specialized animal cells, such as sperm, nerve, and muscle cells.
Further study: Look into muscle tissue formation in more detail later.