Mastering Human Anatomy and Physiology with Nurse Chung and Smart Edition Academy

Introduction

• Collaboration with Smart Edition Academy to prepare for the human anatomy and physiology section of the test.
• Science section comprises of 44 questions; 18 are about human anatomy and physiology.
• QR codes on slides link to more resources.

Organization of the Human Body

• Body Cavities: Spaces within the body housing vital organs.
  • Thoracic cavity: Heart and lungs.
  • Abdominal cavity: Stomach, liver, intestines.
  • Cranial cavity: Brain.
  • Spinal cavity: Spinal cord.
  • Pelvic cavity: Reproductive organs, digestive, and urinary system parts.
• Anatomical Terminologies:
  • Inferior/Superior: Below/Above.
  • Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal): Front/Back.
  • Proximal/Distal: Closer to trunk/Further from trunk.
  • Lateral/Medial: Closer to sides/Closer to midline.
  • Superficial/Deep: Closer to skin/Inside body.
• Body Planes:
  • Sagittal: Divides body into left and right.
  • Mid-sagittal: Equal left and right halves.
  • Coronal (frontal): Divides into anterior and posterior.
  • Transverse (horizontal): Superior to inferior.

Cardiovascular System

• Heart Structure:
  • Four chambers: two atria (upper), two ventricles (lower).
  • Atria receive blood; ventricles pump blood out.
  • Valves: Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), aortic.
• Blood Flow:
  1. Superior/Inferior vena cava → Right atrium.
  2. Right atrium → Right ventricle (tricuspid valve).
  3. Right ventricle → Lungs (pulmonary valve).
  4. Lungs → Left atrium (oxygenation).
  5. Left atrium → Left ventricle (bicuspid valve).
  6. Left ventricle → Body (aortic valve).
• Further Learning: Anatomy of blood, blood grouping, homeostasis.

Respiratory System

• Structure:
  • Upper: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
  • Lower: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
• Gas Exchange: Occurs in alveoli.
• Infections: Upper respiratory (common cold), lower respiratory (pneumonia).
• Further Learning: Mechanics of breathing, functions of the respiratory system.

Gastrointestinal System

• Digestive Pathway:
  • Oral cavity → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum.
• Glands and Organs: Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder.
• Further Learning: Accessory organs, digestion disorders.

Reproductive System

• Male Reproductive Tract: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis.
• Female Reproductive Tract: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva.
• Further Learning: Reproduction, reproductive system development.

Urinary System

• Urinary Pathway:
  • Kidneys → Ureters → Bladder → Urethra.
• Kidney Functions: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion (nephron processes).
• Further Learning: Urine formation, urinalysis.

Skeletal System

• Functions: Shape, support, organ protection, movement, blood cell production.
• Bone Types: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.
• Further Learning: Axial and appendicular skeletons, ossification.

Muscular System

• Muscle Types:
  • Cardiac: Involuntary, heart muscle.
  • Skeletal: Voluntary, bone movement.
  • Smooth: Involuntary, internal structures.
• Further Learning: Anatomy of muscle cells, coordinating movement.

Integumentary System

• Skin Layers: Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous.
• Structures and Functions: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
• Further Learning: Muscle cell anatomy, coordinating movement.

Nervous System

• Components:
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain, spinal cord.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside CNS.
• Divisions:
  • Somatic: Voluntary control.
  • Autonomic: Involuntary control (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
• Brain Regions: Cerebellum, brain stem, cerebrum (lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital).
• Further Learning: Neurons, nerve impulses, synaptic transmissions.

Endocrine System

• Glands: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
• Hormones: TSH, ACTH, MSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, GH.
• Further Learning: Functions of the endocrine system, receptors, hormones.

Lymphatic System

• Functions: Fluid balance, fat absorption, immunity.
• Components: Lymph vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils.
• Immunity Types: Natural passive, natural active, artificial passive, artificial active.
• Further Learning: Immune system responses, immune disorders.

Conclusion

• Encouragement to explore more in-depth resources.
• Emphasis on the importance of each body system for the ATITs test.