The Crisis Century of the Roman Empire

Nov 17, 2024

The Third Century AD - Highlights and Crises

General Atmosphere of Crisis

  • The third century is marked by crises.
  • Challenges include displacement, migration, poverty, and security.
  • Romans have much to do to integrate conquered and immigrant peoples.

Integration and Social Contract

  • Growth and stability of the Roman Empire through successful integration.
  • Romans offered protection and a roof in exchange for taxes and loyalty.
  • Integration of craftsmen, traders, soldiers.
  • Tolerance towards traditions as long as taxes were paid and loyalty existed.

Threats and Internal Turmoil

  • Powerful enemies such as Goths, Vandals, Alemanni, and Franks press on the borders.
  • Sassanids in the East threaten Roman provinces.
  • The murder of Emperor Severus Alexander in 235 leads to instability.
  • Soldier emperors: 26 men claim the throne within 49 years.
  • Civil war and anarchy disrupt the empire.

Economic Problems

  • Economic crisis due to constant civil wars and barbarian invasions.
  • Devaluation of the denarius by lowering its silver content.
  • Corruption and exploitation by officials.
  • Social decline and distrust of strangers.

Disintegration of the Empire

  • After defeat by Sassanids, Emperor Valerian is captured.
  • Establishment of the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire.
  • Division of the Roman Empire into three parts.

Reunification and Reforms

  • Reconquest of the Gallic and Palmyrene separate empires.
  • Emperor Diocletian reunites the empire in 284 AD and ends the crisis.
  • Long-term changes due to civil war and anarchy.

Significant Personalities

  • Zenobia, Queen of the East, creates a powerful empire based on tolerance and prosperity.
  • Lawrence of Rome is later canonized.
  • Christianity remains illegal but gains importance.

Conclusions and Questions

  • Fear shapes people's decisions in times of crisis.
  • The third century raises questions about the necessity of crises.

Discussion: How is the third century assessed? Are crises important for a fresh start or are they more harmful? Discussion in the video comments is welcome.