Tension Pneumothorax

Definition

• Tension Pneumothorax: A life-threatening condition where air leaks outside of the lung and gets trapped between the pleura and the lung.
  • Pleura: A membrane surrounding the lungs.
  • Anatomy: Includes right and left lungs, trachea, and pleural cavity.

Pathophysiology

• Occurs when air escapes from the lung into the pleural cavity.
• Air is trapped and cannot exit the pleural cavity.
• Prevents lung expansion and impairs oxygenation.
• Leads to hypoxia and cardiopulmonary collapse.

Symptoms

• Acute unilateral chest pain.
• Dyspnea (respiratory distress).
• Tachypnea (rapid breathing).
• Tachycardia (rapid heart rate).
• Unilateral decreased or absent breath sounds.
• Tracheal deviation to the opposite side of the affected lung.

Examination

• Normal lung vs. collapsed lung:
  • Decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side.
  • Air in the pleural cavity visualized.

Treatment

• Needle Decompression:
  • Insert needle at the second intercostal space, mid-clavicular line.
• Chest Tube Insertion:
  • Follows needle decompression to allow air to escape and the lung to re-expand.

Conclusion

• Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention for successful treatment and resolution.

Important Note

• Frequently appears on exams due to its critical nature and emergency handling requirements.