Overview of Body Systems and Movement

Types of Tissues Affecting Movement

• Skin
• Connective Tissues: bones, fibrous cartilage
• Muscles: skeletal (voluntary movement), smooth (organs), cardiac (heart)
• Nerves: innervate muscles to produce force

Role of Connective Tissue

• Pathway for nutrition and waste disposal
• Protection and immune system function
• Provides information to central nervous system about internal and external forces

Musculoskeletal System

• Joints: allow movement
• Muscles: create movement by generating force
• Ligaments and Joint Capsule: stabilize joints, limit movement
• Bones: provide body frame, protect internal organs, act as lever system for muscles, site for muscle attachment, highly vascular and self-repairing

Types of Muscles

• Skeletal Muscle: voluntary movement (e.g., bending elbow)
• Smooth Muscle: found in organs
• Cardiac Muscle: heart muscle

Myofascia

• Combination of skeletal muscle and fibrous fascia
• Important in myofascial release techniques

Collagen Types

• Type I: Forms 90% of body’s collagen (ligaments, tendons, fascia, capsule), does not elongate when stretched
• Type II: Resists pressure (cartilage, intervertebral discs)
• Type III: Found in arteries, liver, spleen

Tendons and Ligaments

• Tendons: Attach muscle to bone, transmit muscular force to bone, do not change length under tension
• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, strengthen and stabilize joints, can lengthen under tension
• Impact of Disuse: Ligaments get weaker when not used, leading to joint instability

Skeletal System

• Axial Skeleton: Skull, spine, rib cage
• Appendicular Skeleton: Four limbs
• Joint Types:
  • No Movement: Skull, sternum
  • Slight Movement: Spine
  • Full Movement (Synovial Joints): Focus of study

Synovial Joints Categorization

• Non-Axial: No plane of movement (e.g., carpal bones)
• Uni-Axial: Single plane (hinge joints like elbow, pivot joints like proximal radioulnar joint)
• Bi-Axial: Two planes (e.g., wrist joint, thumb carpometacarpal joint)
• Tri-Axial: Three planes (e.g., ball and socket joints like GH joint and hip joint)

Muscle Force Generation

• Determined by muscle cross-section
• Maximum force produced in mid-range positions (e.g., elbow flexion at 70-80°)
• Muscle shape affects distance traveled and joint movement

Circulatory System

• Function: Transport nutrition and remove waste
• Systems:
  • Cardiovascular System: Two-way system delivering nutrition and oxygen and removing waste
  • Lymphatic System: One-way route collecting extra fluid and transporting to venous system
  • Pulmonary Circulation: Blood from body to lungs for oxygen exchange
  • Systemic Circulation: Blood from lungs to body

Lymphatic System

• Collects lymph and drains to venous system
• Maintains fluid balance
• Lymph nodes categorized by regions: cervical, axillary, inguinal

Advanced Practice

• Certification available in lymphedema management for occupational therapy