Ethics of Food: Meat, Eggs, and Heritage

(soft piano music) - [Sarah] How should society balance people's needs and wants for meat and eggs against the needs and wants of farmers and farm animals? What do theologians and ethicists have to say about factory farming, animals and marginalized communities? It's a complicated subject that triggers strong feelings about moral economics, racial equity, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. We'll explore these issues today on ''The Leading Voices in Food'' podcast with our guest, Methodist Pastor, Christopher Carter, who's also an Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of San Diego. I'm Sarah Zoubek, Associate Director of the World Food Policy Center at Duke University. Christopher Carter has a background in Theology, Religion, and the study of ethics and society. He's the author of the book, ''The Future of Meat Without Animals'' and writes about the food system through the lens of oppressions experienced by people of color, the environment, and animals. Welcome, Christopher. It's a pleasure to have you on the show today. - [Christopher] And it's great to be here. Thanks for having me. - [Sarah] All right, well, I understand that you're a faith and food fellow with Farm Forward, which is an organization dedicated to reducing factory farming and promoting the best of animal husbandry and sustainable family farming. Could you tell me more about your work on Farm Forward? - [Christopher] Yeah. So the former Executive Director, but kind of the person who started it, Aaron Gross, is a friend of mine and first encountered my work as a grad student several years ago. And he knew that I was kind of making connections between farm animal welfare, and race, and farm workers in ways in which that he had not heard yet. And this was maybe in 2011 and 2012, right? So pretty early on in my academic research and in this. And so, he approached me many years later and just kinda kept tabs on my work and let me know that they had some finances (giggling) that they were looking to invest in people who were really engaged in trying to address some of the systemic issues that you named earlier with regards to animal husbandry, animal welfare. I actually add to kinda farm worker element into it as well. And so, initially what they helped me do with funding was to fund my research. And so, I did spent five weeks in Louisiana in basically what you might call a plantation alley visiting different former plantations to do research on indigenous African agricultural practices to kind of learn about the knowledge-base that former or the enslaved Africans brought here with regards to animal agriculture. So animal husbandry and agricultural technologies that they brought here that were used on plantations and how those knowledges have still... how they still exist in different parts of the South, especially, and how we might as African American Christians begin rethinking or adopting those things in our current context as well. And so they helped me, they helped pay for that 'cause at this point I was still a grad student, so I was still poor. So, (laughing) after that, we've maintained a relationship with regards to my outreach to local churches. And so, they support me. I usually visit churches mostly in the spring and summer, so kinda offset my liturgical calendar I guess, if you will 'cause you have advent. (giggling) And other religious seasons that keep me tied to my local congregation. Spring and summer is when I'm able to actually visit other congregations to help them, as I say, start thinking theologically about food. So, a part of my responsibilities is just engagement with local churches, spectacularly churching or looking at, I think minority churches, but just broadly understood in a Methodist circle. Most of the churches tend to be predominantly white as well. And so, helping them make the connection between their theological beliefs, our theological beliefs, because I guess I should say how we treat creation, and how we treat, and how we think about what we eat, right? And how these things are interconnected perhaps in ways in which they hadn't unpacked, right? Like there's some things that I even start with like grace. Like we think about food and our religious perspective. We pray over this food but, what does that really mean when we do that? And what are some of the questions and things that we're saying with some of the assumptions we actually have when we say grace? And let's begin to name those things to bring a kind of a certain level of consciousness to it and then ask ourselves, are the way we are acquiring this food, is it consistent with the ways in which we even say grace? Right? - [Sarah] Mh-huh. - [Christopher] Is it really consistent with the theologies that we claim to uphold? And often, after some questioning and deep soul searching, they find out, well, maybe it's not quite as consistent as we want it to be. And so, then helping them think through what are the next steps, right? What they might do to begin to make some changes with regards to where they buy their produce, what they use, what they serve, all these other kinds of things. - [Sarah] So I wanted to drill in a little deeper on when you say you're helping churches think theologically about food, you gave a couple examples about saying grace, procurement, but can you help our listeners understand what does that look like practically? How do you think theologically about food? - [Christopher] Thank you, that's a great question. I think first and foremost, I guess I probably need to step back a little bit and say that I come at it from my own personal experience and then I bring, I try to make that accessible to others. And so personally, I grew up in a very food insecure household. And so for me, thinking theologically about food, first and foremost, it starts with grace because it starts about being thankful to have something to eat. And so, I begin with this premise of the creation narratives. And I look at those narratives as poetry and say, what would it be like to imagine a space where are all people have access to these kinds of opportunities and this blessings? That, from this poem that we can learn, that it's a beautiful vision of what the world could be. And so first and foremost, I encourage people to imagine and engage. So imagine what the world could be (laughing) if this kind of literature actually existed, but then to begin to do that kind of inner deeper work about what it is that we're actually doing in our local congregations. So specifically, the ways in which I go about I guess doing that first is helping them first to kinda map out their own assumptions around food and around eating, who cooks, where they get their food from, what they eat, (giggling) and then having them think more critically about once they begin to examine some of the ethical underlying dimensions of where they get those things and who's... And I say who cook because that's a way to get at questions of gender and power, quite honestly. - [Sarah] How does that play out? Could you give me an example of how-- - [Christopher] Oh, yes I can. - You help someone think more theologically about that? - [Christopher] So, I'll give you an example of what I did in my own congregation first. And what I did is, as a senior pastor at a black church, I never ate first. I always ate last and I always helped prepare and serve the food. And I do this rooted out of the Jesus's parable of washing the disciples feet and talk about our role as clergy to model service and what that looks like. And then I frame it around food as one primary means by which we actually can serve others, literally serve them food, but also help people who... especially the church I worked at, this was in Compton, California. We're in a very poor city with a lot of homeless and we have several unsheltered people come to our church especially on first Sundays where we had potlucks, and they knew that, and they were welcome. And so first and foremost, you have to, I would argue, you do have to model it in order to get people to be able to see that you as the leader of this space take this seriously and you're trying to set a tone for creating a welcoming and inclusive space and environment. And that can be done through a plate. The second way, I guess I would say, (giggling) I help people think theologically about food. I didn't wanna say this real things I forgot earlier, is through stories and having people... I always like to use the example of our bowls are our griots. And griots are, in West African traditions, are storytellers. And so, what we serve tells a story. Often a story passed down from our grandmothers, our mothers, or our father, whoever was the cook. There's something there that says something about us. And so, when we serve food at church, what story does it tell? Does it-- - [Sarah] And they feel something's been missing in that story. - [Christopher] I think if we are people of faith, if we were supposed to be about compassion and justice, I don't know that our food shares that story, right? That we serve if we haven't thought theologically about where that food comes from, who's growing it, and who may or may not be suffering as a consequence of it. Right? And so if we wanna model that and share it, right? So it's not just saying... it's not so much to make sure that you acquire food from good suppliers to feel good about yourself, right? It's really about actually naming that so the people who are eating know that you thought about these things. Most, especially if you're in a predominant African American church, our ancestors come from agriculture. And so, you may be a generation to remove from people who are farmers. (giggling) And they can relate to that. My experience is they respect that and they honor that. And there's a meaning there. And so, helping them reconnect with those stories of their childhood, modeling that particular kind of service, helping them understand that our bowls and plates tell a story about who we are and who we want to be in the communities that we long to be a part of. I think it's essential entering the first steps of getting people to think theologically about food. - [Sarah] And so, when you're trying to get people to consider these elements of maybe animal welfare, the welfare of the laborers, where the food comes from, all of these critical questions. What are some of the challenges you've encountered trying to get people to think theologically about food? I love to hear some examples. - [Christopher] (giggling) So, I would say the strongest challenges are from churches who tend to have more of an inward focus. And one could say that's most churches. (laughing) - [Sarah] What do you mean inward? - [Christopher] Inward focus meaning that they are focused on preservation, self-preservation rather than any kind of ministry that's really directed towards a kind of solidarity for the community. - [Sarah] Is that focus around sufficient funding to keep the church running? - [Christopher Yes. - [Sarah] Okay. - [Christopher] Often, so focus around sufficient funding, operating out of a kind of a scarcity mindset that we have to do things to keep things open for us. And so, I've met resistance by saying, well, this sounds great but what you're asking us to do is gonna cost more money in terms of if we buy food the way you're talking about. And if we do this, we don't have the budgetline items to do this kinds of work. I'm more concerned about other things in the community. And this seems as though it's not important enough because it's just about food and it's just about animals, right? That's been the push-back that I would get the primary strongest pushback I get. - [Sarah] And when you look at those plates where it's not where you would like it to go in terms of a theological underpinning around food, what does it look like and where are you trying to take it, if you could give us some specific examples? - [Christopher] I would say what it looks like when people haven't thought theologically about food and they just have their plate there, it's usually food that not only... it's usually not locally source and it's animal products that come from a factory farm. And ways in which their food not only harms the environment, that only harms the animal, but it harms people. And this is where I'm able to... I find that's the space that I'm able to get people to begin to see the importance of changing. It's, I think, the dimension of farm workers and factory farm workers is obscured by the ways in which we buy groceries. And so people don't see the ways in which people might suffer because of where you get your food from or how you get it. So helping them be able to share those stories with them is, I would say, one of the crucial ways to get people to think that perhaps there are ways we can change our plates. And I would say to a certain degree there has to be a health dimension there as well with regards to looking at a plate that they haven't thought theologically about food, right? Where they aren't concerned, always pull. It's funny 'cause Paul, the apostle, (laughing) has lots of things that one might find, I won't say problematic, but somewhat troubling (laughing) when it comes to society. But if you look at his letters as pastoral as they are and (laughing) if you recognize, I think, that most, I would say, some of his intentions are rooted around what does it take for communities to flourish. And so he talks about the importance of being healthy so that he can do his job, his vocation. And so, some of that language is the language that I use to congregations for them to think about health and wellness, not only as they're kind of superficial, I wanna look a certain kind of way. But it's, I want to feel good so I can do my vocation to the best of my ability. So I can be the person that God has called me to be, that I can actually do the work that I feel as though I'm called to do. And so trying to make those connections, I think. For a large part, I would say my work is about interconnection. It really is helping people see how these things are much more interconnected than they think because again, as I said earlier, our current model of food procurement disconnects people in such ways that they just don't have to think about it. - [Sarah] And delving a little deeper into your current work, you're finishing up a book about African American Christians and food justice. Could you tell us a little bit more about that book? What are its primary arguments and what's the contribution you wanna make? - [Christopher] Yeah, so the book is entitled ''Spirit of Soul Food.'' It's on University of Illinois Press. The essential argument there, and that was a part of the research that actually that Farm Forward was funding for me to do this research I should say in Louisiana. Is, I'm arguing for African American Christians to think theologically about food and creating ways for us to do that that are explicitly grounded in the black experience particularly leveraging the framework and language around soul that I think is really embedded in black culture and soul food. And so, what I try to accomplish, I call it a decolonial kind of liberal theology where I kinda, I try to decolonize the plate so that we take seriously the ways in which white theological values have been adopted in African American church spaces that perhaps... well, I won't say perhaps, that do limit our food imaginations. - [Sarah] What does it look like? Those differences between the white theology around what's on your plate versus the black theology? - [Christopher] Yeah, and thank you. I think that probably the primary difference I would say is I want us to think about the racialized dimensions that that exists with... so it's not only how we get our food, right? 'Cause we talked about that. It's recognizing that those farm workers are mostly black and brown. Isn't it right? It's recognizing that the factory farm workers are mostly black and brown. It's recognizing that the people who live in these factory farm communities are black and brown (laughing) and all the negative stuff about farming industry, agriculture, affects black and brown people more so than other communities. Globally actually affects women more so than other communities. And so, it's helping them see that and see this as an issue that's distinctly tied to the wellbeing of the black community in America and what we're at large. So that's one piece. The second piece is, the reason I was doing the research in Louisiana is to recapture some of the knowledge that was lost. So I have this... that was lost in... I won't say, I shouldn't say loss. Knowledge that many contemporary black people don't know that's it's a part of our culture. So, I used to volunteer at this kinda urban like garden that my little brother at his high school, they used to grow food. And there was once a couple of students, but one student in particular that came up to me that, I was trying to get to volunteer for the garden club, and I told them what we we're doing. And he said to me, I don't wanna do that, what you're tryna do, make me a slave. That was the language that he used about gardening. - [Sarah] Wow. - [Christopher] And it helped me, it awakened me to the fact that the consequences of forced agricultural labor psychologically and emotionally run deep, right? And so, a part of my research in going through the plantations and doing research on indigenous African agricultural practices is for people to know that the knowledge, there was a reason why they enslaved certain black tribes and not others, it's because they brought a particular kind of knowledge and skillset that is still used. So the ways in which rice was grown in the Carolinas comes from Senegambia. Like (laughing) it's distinctly African as ways in which they still grow it over there right now. Different tribes of the Fulani, for instance, are ones that were captured and brought to Texas in Oklahoma because of their particular experience in pastoral and animal husbandry. And so there's all this knowledge that is in black culture, African culture, that we have been often, as black people, are told that it's... we came here and we weren't smart enough to know how to do any of this stuff. And so, the plantation owner out of their gracious and goodwill (giggling) showed us how to grow food 'cause we didn't know. - [Sarah] Right. - [Christopher] And so, I'm trying to undermine that assumption so people can be empowered to say, no, this is a part of our history, and a part of our culture, and a part of our past. Like we are an agricultural people, we are people from the land. And so, I attempt to reclaim that through the language of soul and soul food, right? And I redefine soul food and soulful eating in ways that not only challenge, I would say, de-center whiteness, right? Challenge the assumptions around farming and gardening, but center on the experience of black farmers, and black gardeners, (giggling) and black cooks to show that there is this knowledge-base that we have a distinct contribution to make. That I would argue is also embedded within a lot of Christian language just because that's as much as African Americans have been here. And so, ultimately I think that's kind of my aim and that I end the book by trying to describe what soulful eating will look like and what gardening will look like, all these different kinds of practices I think that African American churches can engage in as they begin this journey of thinking theologically about food. - [Sarah] Well, it's so exciting to hear your message of reclamation of this pride within the African American community around farming and food. And I wanna make sure I quickly get to the fact of you are here at Duke University and you're, I think, about to do something big and you are going to facilitate a large meeting around food and faith here. So I wonder if you could really quickly tell me about why you're here, what makes this event unique? What do we wanna get out of it? - [Christopher] I think what makes this event, well, I guess I should say I'm here as the facilitator. I'm here as the person who was graciously (giggling) invited to help design the process to design this event to get people to be able to connect with each other, to not only share with their expertises, but also to plan and think about what we might do after we leave this space, right? It can't just be a meeting where people come together and give each other hugs and feel good about what we do and then leave and go do nothing although there is a space for giving each other hugs. What's exciting about this event is that it has academics, and practitioners, and farmers. Like there's a diverse group of people here committed to changing the structure of our food communities and food systems in America. And I think the potential for the cross pollination of ideas is exciting in this space. And so, I'm really happy to be able to help do what I can to kinda create the space for that cross pollination of ideas to take root so that we can begin to, I don't know, move forward and kinda change the world with regards to how we source and eat our food. - [Sarah] Wonderful. Well, Christopher, thank you so much for being on ''The Leading Voices in Food'' podcast. I really appreciate you taking the time to be with us here today. So, our guest today is Pastor and Dr. Christopher Carter, Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of San Diego, thank you. And thank you to our listeners. Please subscribe to [email protected] or by visiting the Duke World Food Policy Center website. This is Sarah Zoubek. (soft piano music)

(soft piano music) - [Sarah] How should society balance people's needs and wants for meat and eggs against the needs and wants of farmers and farm animals? What do theologians and ethicists have to say about factory farming, animals and marginalized communities? It's a complicated subject that triggers strong feelings about moral economics, racial equity, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. We'll explore these issues today on ''The Leading Voices in Food'' podcast with our guest, Methodist Pastor, Christopher Carter, who's also an Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of San Diego. I'm Sarah Zoubek, Associate Director of the World Food Policy Center at Duke University. Christopher Carter has a background in Theology, Religion, and the study of ethics and society. He's the author of the book, ''The Future of Meat Without Animals'' and writes about the food system through the lens of oppressions experienced by people of color, the environment, and animals. Welcome, Christopher. It's a pleasure to have you on the show today. - [Christopher] And it's great to be here. Thanks for having me. - [Sarah] All right, well, I understand that you're a faith and food fellow with Farm Forward, which is an organization dedicated to reducing factory farming and promoting the best of animal husbandry and sustainable family farming. Could you tell me more about your work on Farm Forward? - [Christopher] Yeah. So the former Executive Director, but kind of the person who started it, Aaron Gross, is a friend of mine and first encountered my work as a grad student several years ago. And he knew that I was kind of making connections between farm animal welfare, and race, and farm workers in ways in which that he had not heard yet. And this was maybe in 2011 and 2012, right? So pretty early on in my academic research and in this. And so, he approached me many years later and just kinda kept tabs on my work and let me know that they had some finances (giggling) that they were looking to invest in people who were really engaged in trying to address some of the systemic issues that you named earlier with regards to animal husbandry, animal welfare. I actually add to kinda farm worker element into it as well. And so, initially what they helped me do with funding was to fund my research. And so, I did spent five weeks in Louisiana in basically what you might call a plantation alley visiting different former plantations to do research on indigenous African agricultural practices to kind of learn about the knowledge-base that former or the enslaved Africans brought here with regards to animal agriculture. So animal husbandry and agricultural technologies that they brought here that were used on plantations and how those knowledges have still... how they still exist in different parts of the South, especially, and how we might as African American Christians begin rethinking or adopting those things in our current context as well. And so they helped me, they helped pay for that 'cause at this point I was still a grad student, so I was still poor. So, (laughing) after that, we've maintained a relationship with regards to my outreach to local churches. And so, they support me. I usually visit churches mostly in the spring and summer, so kinda offset my liturgical calendar I guess, if you will 'cause you have advent. (giggling) And other religious seasons that keep me tied to my local congregation. Spring and summer is when I'm able to actually visit other congregations to help them, as I say, start thinking theologically about food. So, a part of my responsibilities is just engagement with local churches, spectacularly churching or looking at, I think minority churches, but just broadly understood in a Methodist circle. Most of the churches tend to be predominantly white as well. And so, helping them make the connection between their theological beliefs, our theological beliefs, because I guess I should say how we treat creation, and how we treat, and how we think about what we eat, right? And how these things are interconnected perhaps in ways in which they hadn't unpacked, right? Like there's some things that I even start with like grace. Like we think about food and our religious perspective. We pray over this food but, what does that really mean when we do that? And what are some of the questions and things that we're saying with some of the assumptions we actually have when we say grace? And let's begin to name those things to bring a kind of a certain level of consciousness to it and then ask ourselves, are the way we are acquiring this food, is it consistent with the ways in which we even say grace? Right? - [Sarah] Mh-huh. - [Christopher] Is it really consistent with the theologies that we claim to uphold? And often, after some questioning and deep soul searching, they find out, well, maybe it's not quite as consistent as we want it to be. And so, then helping them think through what are the next steps, right? What they might do to begin to make some changes with regards to where they buy their produce, what they use, what they serve, all these other kinds of things. - [Sarah] So I wanted to drill in a little deeper on when you say you're helping churches think theologically about food, you gave a couple examples about saying grace, procurement, but can you help our listeners understand what does that look like practically? How do you think theologically about food? - [Christopher] Thank you, that's a great question. I think first and foremost, I guess I probably need to step back a little bit and say that I come at it from my own personal experience and then I bring, I try to make that accessible to others. And so personally, I grew up in a very food insecure household. And so for me, thinking theologically about food, first and foremost, it starts with grace because it starts about being thankful to have something to eat. And so, I begin with this premise of the creation narratives. And I look at those narratives as poetry and say, what would it be like to imagine a space where are all people have access to these kinds of opportunities and this blessings? That, from this poem that we can learn, that it's a beautiful vision of what the world could be. And so first and foremost, I encourage people to imagine and engage. So imagine what the world could be (laughing) if this kind of literature actually existed, but then to begin to do that kind of inner deeper work about what it is that we're actually doing in our local congregations. So specifically, the ways in which I go about I guess doing that first is helping them first to kinda map out their own assumptions around food and around eating, who cooks, where they get their food from, what they eat, (giggling) and then having them think more critically about once they begin to examine some of the ethical underlying dimensions of where they get those things and who's... And I say who cook because that's a way to get at questions of gender and power, quite honestly. - [Sarah] How does that play out? Could you give me an example of how-- - [Christopher] Oh, yes I can. - You help someone think more theologically about that? - [Christopher] So, I'll give you an example of what I did in my own congregation first. And what I did is, as a senior pastor at a black church, I never ate first. I always ate last and I always helped prepare and serve the food. And I do this rooted out of the Jesus's parable of washing the disciples feet and talk about our role as clergy to model service and what that looks like. And then I frame it around food as one primary means by which we actually can serve others, literally serve them food, but also help people who... especially the church I worked at, this was in Compton, California. We're in a very poor city with a lot of homeless and we have several unsheltered people come to our church especially on first Sundays where we had potlucks, and they knew that, and they were welcome. And so first and foremost, you have to, I would argue, you do have to model it in order to get people to be able to see that you as the leader of this space take this seriously and you're trying to set a tone for creating a welcoming and inclusive space and environment. And that can be done through a plate. The second way, I guess I would say, (giggling) I help people think theologically about food. I didn't wanna say this real things I forgot earlier, is through stories and having people... I always like to use the example of our bowls are our griots. And griots are, in West African traditions, are storytellers. And so, what we serve tells a story. Often a story passed down from our grandmothers, our mothers, or our father, whoever was the cook. There's something there that says something about us. And so, when we serve food at church, what story does it tell? Does it-- - [Sarah] And they feel something's been missing in that story. - [Christopher] I think if we are people of faith, if we were supposed to be about compassion and justice, I don't know that our food shares that story, right? That we serve if we haven't thought theologically about where that food comes from, who's growing it, and who may or may not be suffering as a consequence of it. Right? And so if we wanna model that and share it, right? So it's not just saying... it's not so much to make sure that you acquire food from good suppliers to feel good about yourself, right? It's really about actually naming that so the people who are eating know that you thought about these things. Most, especially if you're in a predominant African American church, our ancestors come from agriculture. And so, you may be a generation to remove from people who are farmers. (giggling) And they can relate to that. My experience is they respect that and they honor that. And there's a meaning there. And so, helping them reconnect with those stories of their childhood, modeling that particular kind of service, helping them understand that our bowls and plates tell a story about who we are and who we want to be in the communities that we long to be a part of. I think it's essential entering the first steps of getting people to think theologically about food. - [Sarah] And so, when you're trying to get people to consider these elements of maybe animal welfare, the welfare of the laborers, where the food comes from, all of these critical questions. What are some of the challenges you've encountered trying to get people to think theologically about food? I love to hear some examples. - [Christopher] (giggling) So, I would say the strongest challenges are from churches who tend to have more of an inward focus. And one could say that's most churches. (laughing) - [Sarah] What do you mean inward? - [Christopher] Inward focus meaning that they are focused on preservation, self-preservation rather than any kind of ministry that's really directed towards a kind of solidarity for the community. - [Sarah] Is that focus around sufficient funding to keep the church running? - [Christopher Yes. - [Sarah] Okay. - [Christopher] Often, so focus around sufficient funding, operating out of a kind of a scarcity mindset that we have to do things to keep things open for us. And so, I've met resistance by saying, well, this sounds great but what you're asking us to do is gonna cost more money in terms of if we buy food the way you're talking about. And if we do this, we don't have the budgetline items to do this kinds of work. I'm more concerned about other things in the community. And this seems as though it's not important enough because it's just about food and it's just about animals, right? That's been the push-back that I would get the primary strongest pushback I get. - [Sarah] And when you look at those plates where it's not where you would like it to go in terms of a theological underpinning around food, what does it look like and where are you trying to take it, if you could give us some specific examples? - [Christopher] I would say what it looks like when people haven't thought theologically about food and they just have their plate there, it's usually food that not only... it's usually not locally source and it's animal products that come from a factory farm. And ways in which their food not only harms the environment, that only harms the animal, but it harms people. And this is where I'm able to... I find that's the space that I'm able to get people to begin to see the importance of changing. It's, I think, the dimension of farm workers and factory farm workers is obscured by the ways in which we buy groceries. And so people don't see the ways in which people might suffer because of where you get your food from or how you get it. So helping them be able to share those stories with them is, I would say, one of the crucial ways to get people to think that perhaps there are ways we can change our plates. And I would say to a certain degree there has to be a health dimension there as well with regards to looking at a plate that they haven't thought theologically about food, right? Where they aren't concerned, always pull. It's funny 'cause Paul, the apostle, (laughing) has lots of things that one might find, I won't say problematic, but somewhat troubling (laughing) when it comes to society. But if you look at his letters as pastoral as they are and (laughing) if you recognize, I think, that most, I would say, some of his intentions are rooted around what does it take for communities to flourish. And so he talks about the importance of being healthy so that he can do his job, his vocation. And so, some of that language is the language that I use to congregations for them to think about health and wellness, not only as they're kind of superficial, I wanna look a certain kind of way. But it's, I want to feel good so I can do my vocation to the best of my ability. So I can be the person that God has called me to be, that I can actually do the work that I feel as though I'm called to do. And so trying to make those connections, I think. For a large part, I would say my work is about interconnection. It really is helping people see how these things are much more interconnected than they think because again, as I said earlier, our current model of food procurement disconnects people in such ways that they just don't have to think about it. - [Sarah] And delving a little deeper into your current work, you're finishing up a book about African American Christians and food justice. Could you tell us a little bit more about that book? What are its primary arguments and what's the contribution you wanna make? - [Christopher] Yeah, so the book is entitled ''Spirit of Soul Food.'' It's on University of Illinois Press. The essential argument there, and that was a part of the research that actually that Farm Forward was funding for me to do this research I should say in Louisiana. Is, I'm arguing for African American Christians to think theologically about food and creating ways for us to do that that are explicitly grounded in the black experience particularly leveraging the framework and language around soul that I think is really embedded in black culture and soul food. And so, what I try to accomplish, I call it a decolonial kind of liberal theology where I kinda, I try to decolonize the plate so that we take seriously the ways in which white theological values have been adopted in African American church spaces that perhaps... well, I won't say perhaps, that do limit our food imaginations. - [Sarah] What does it look like? Those differences between the white theology around what's on your plate versus the black theology? - [Christopher] Yeah, and thank you. I think that probably the primary difference I would say is I want us to think about the racialized dimensions that that exists with... so it's not only how we get our food, right? 'Cause we talked about that. It's recognizing that those farm workers are mostly black and brown. Isn't it right? It's recognizing that the factory farm workers are mostly black and brown. It's recognizing that the people who live in these factory farm communities are black and brown (laughing) and all the negative stuff about farming industry, agriculture, affects black and brown people more so than other communities. Globally actually affects women more so than other communities. And so, it's helping them see that and see this as an issue that's distinctly tied to the wellbeing of the black community in America and what we're at large. So that's one piece. The second piece is, the reason I was doing the research in Louisiana is to recapture some of the knowledge that was lost. So I have this... that was lost in... I won't say, I shouldn't say loss. Knowledge that many contemporary black people don't know that's it's a part of our culture. So, I used to volunteer at this kinda urban like garden that my little brother at his high school, they used to grow food. And there was once a couple of students, but one student in particular that came up to me that, I was trying to get to volunteer for the garden club, and I told them what we we're doing. And he said to me, I don't wanna do that, what you're tryna do, make me a slave. That was the language that he used about gardening. - [Sarah] Wow. - [Christopher] And it helped me, it awakened me to the fact that the consequences of forced agricultural labor psychologically and emotionally run deep, right? And so, a part of my research in going through the plantations and doing research on indigenous African agricultural practices is for people to know that the knowledge, there was a reason why they enslaved certain black tribes and not others, it's because they brought a particular kind of knowledge and skillset that is still used. So the ways in which rice was grown in the Carolinas comes from Senegambia. Like (laughing) it's distinctly African as ways in which they still grow it over there right now. Different tribes of the Fulani, for instance, are ones that were captured and brought to Texas in Oklahoma because of their particular experience in pastoral and animal husbandry. And so there's all this knowledge that is in black culture, African culture, that we have been often, as black people, are told that it's... we came here and we weren't smart enough to know how to do any of this stuff. And so, the plantation owner out of their gracious and goodwill (giggling) showed us how to grow food 'cause we didn't know. - [Sarah] Right. - [Christopher] And so, I'm trying to undermine that assumption so people can be empowered to say, no, this is a part of our history, and a part of our culture, and a part of our past. Like we are an agricultural people, we are people from the land. And so, I attempt to reclaim that through the language of soul and soul food, right? And I redefine soul food and soulful eating in ways that not only challenge, I would say, de-center whiteness, right? Challenge the assumptions around farming and gardening, but center on the experience of black farmers, and black gardeners, (giggling) and black cooks to show that there is this knowledge-base that we have a distinct contribution to make. That I would argue is also embedded within a lot of Christian language just because that's as much as African Americans have been here. And so, ultimately I think that's kind of my aim and that I end the book by trying to describe what soulful eating will look like and what gardening will look like, all these different kinds of practices I think that African American churches can engage in as they begin this journey of thinking theologically about food. - [Sarah] Well, it's so exciting to hear your message of reclamation of this pride within the African American community around farming and food. And I wanna make sure I quickly get to the fact of you are here at Duke University and you're, I think, about to do something big and you are going to facilitate a large meeting around food and faith here. So I wonder if you could really quickly tell me about why you're here, what makes this event unique? What do we wanna get out of it? - [Christopher] I think what makes this event, well, I guess I should say I'm here as the facilitator. I'm here as the person who was graciously (giggling) invited to help design the process to design this event to get people to be able to connect with each other, to not only share with their expertises, but also to plan and think about what we might do after we leave this space, right? It can't just be a meeting where people come together and give each other hugs and feel good about what we do and then leave and go do nothing although there is a space for giving each other hugs. What's exciting about this event is that it has academics, and practitioners, and farmers. Like there's a diverse group of people here committed to changing the structure of our food communities and food systems in America. And I think the potential for the cross pollination of ideas is exciting in this space. And so, I'm really happy to be able to help do what I can to kinda create the space for that cross pollination of ideas to take root so that we can begin to, I don't know, move forward and kinda change the world with regards to how we source and eat our food. - [Sarah] Wonderful. Well, Christopher, thank you so much for being on ''The Leading Voices in Food'' podcast. I really appreciate you taking the time to be with us here today. So, our guest today is Pastor and Dr. Christopher Carter, Assistant Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of San Diego, thank you. And thank you to our listeners. Please subscribe to theleadingvoicesinfood@soundcloud.com or by visiting the Duke World Food Policy Center website. This is Sarah Zoubek. (soft piano music)

Transcript for:Ethics of Food: Meat, Eggs, and Heritage

Transcript for:
Ethics of Food: Meat, Eggs, and Heritage