Indian Constitution and Government Structure

Key Articles and Provisions

Separation of Judiciary and Executive

• Article 50: Directs the state to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in Public Services of the state.

Eligibility for Presidential Election

• Minimum Age: 35 years
• Other Requirement: Must qualify for election as a member of the House of the People.

Presidential Roles

• Head of the Nation: President
• Head of the Government: Prime Minister

Freedom of Movement

• Article 19: Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.

Fundamental Duties

• Number: 11 duties
• Incorporated by: 42nd Amendment Act, 1976
• Mentioned in: Article 51(A) Part IVA of the Constitution

Finance Commission

• Article 280: Deals with the constitution and functions of the Finance Commission.

Right to Privacy

• Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.

Prohibition of Discrimination

• Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 23: Right against exploitation; prohibits trafficking and forced labor.

Annual Report by State Public Service Commission

• Article 323: State Public Service Commission must submit an annual report on its work.
• Article 320: Functions of the Public Service Commissions.

Elections and Adult Franchise

• Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies to be based on adult franchise.

Citizenship Provisions

• Part II: Deals with the provisions relating to citizenship.
• Article 11: Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Directive Principles on International Peace

• Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security.
• Article 48(A): Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.

Distribution of Taxes

• Article 270: Taxes are collected by the center but distributed between the center and states.

Duties of Chief Minister

• Article 167: Furnishing of information to the Governor by the Chief Minister.

Imposition of President's Rule

• Article 356: Imposition of President's rule in states.
• Article 352: Proclamation of emergency.
• Article 360: Financial emergency.

Fundamental Rights

• Article 12: Definition of State.
• Article 20: Protection against conviction for offences.

National Commission for SC

• 65th Amendment: Establishment of National Commission for SC; replaced the special officer for SC.
• Article 338: National Commission for SC/ST.

Issuance of Writs by High Courts

• Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
• Article 32: Power of Supreme Court to issue certain writs.

Election Commission

• Article 324: Establishment and functions of the Election Commission of India.

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