welcome back everyone to session 1.2 so just a little carryover from session 1.1 because Georgina's asked a question um so I'm happy to to just try and answer this because I think it brings together a few things so um someone this is about calcification of arter is I hope you can see this question on the screen but if someone has classification of the ultra is with wild type V KO or C1 so that's vitamin K uh reactivation plus Snips on vdr GC but a wild type vdr and takes vitamin E daily could this put them at greater risk of further calcification so I think the biggest Factor there is you can have a perfect set of genes but if you're not having sufficient intake of the particular nutrient then you're going to be low in that nutrient so Vitamin K is very important um for directing calcium away from uh arteries there are other factors involved in that obviously like inflammation and oxidative stress and all those things things too um but Vitamin K is super super important at making sure that it's it's kind of where it's the where's the where's that calcium going to be sent to um so if they're taking vitamin E as a as an anti-coagulant perhaps uh blood finner um antioxidant is there a way of swapping that for something else um why are they taking that anyway and what is their vitamin K status that would be my first consideration what is their vitamin K status what is their calcium intake um what is the vitamin D um like all those things think of them together so um just because you've got a green Jee doesn't mean you're completely off the hook and you can ignore it it just means you've got a better potential um so I hope that's a good way to start um or end session 1.1 and get into 1.2 so welcome back um we're going to talk about antioxidants uh in part two first of all vitamin C um vitamin C so simple um but so impactful um when we have enough of it um so we're actually let's have a look first before we get to the Gen at what its roles are so it's very well known as an antioxidant um and very well known I think for its role in immunity um promoting our immune system to do its thing supporting our immune system it is also a component of collagen um so if you got good uh vitamin C levels then that's helpful in supporting collagen synthesis cartine also cartine big role of carnitine is to transport fatty acids into mitochondria so to provide and Supply that fuel for our mitochondria to make ATP um so vitamin C insufficiency can um be part of a picture of fatigue uh or unsupported or dysfunctional mitochondria and then catacol means um big word but I like the three C's as a way of reminding uh myself and others as to the roles of vitamin C um particularly so it has a particular function in helping to convert dopamine inor adrenaline and adrenaline um so if you don't have much or there's a lack of vitamin C that can actually mean that it's more difficult for you to make that conversion it can mean excess dopamine relative to those other neurotransmitters but it can also mean that um if you are stressed and you are making lots and lots of adrenaline it it's actually whopping through your vitamin D uh vitamin C Supply it's pulling it it's using it it's demanding um that it is used up to make adrenaline um so that's why often we talk about vitamin C as helpful um for people with adrenal uh fatigue type symptoms so as a support for adrenals um and then finally it helps support iron absorption um particularly the non-he iron so the in the in plant uh food sources so symptoms of scurvy we are familiar with vitamin C deficiency being associated with scurvy um that should not be happening in this day and age um but we may see these symtoms or related symptoms even without outright um scurvy okay so um why is it essential um you know we talked about a little bit about vitamin D essential um so just to go dial back a bit the word vitamin vital um vitamins are nutrients that we can't make ourselves or that we can't make enough of ourselves therefore we need to obtain them um from an external Source um and actually most animals have an ability to make vitamin C they can make it from glucose um but primates M primates apart from Bush B bees uh and lemur uh and guinea pigs uh and uh fruit bats too uh we don't have that Gene the gulo gene um that can make vitamin see and so we need to obtain it from food um so that's that's super super interesting um I think the fruit buts thing is interesting it's like yeah the fruit butts need fruit um because they can't make their own vitamin C but other bats can um so there is a hypothesis of well why the heck would this have happened like it's beneficial isn't it to be able to make vitamin C from glucose um but actually it's beneficial um to be able to use that glucose or fructose well use the glucose to provide fuel uh rather than vitamin C so in a world of fuel and food hardship or deficit um actually it would have been beneficial to go you know what that glucose needs to be used um for fuel I don't want to be diverting it to make vitamin C um so that's the theory and there's a little paper about that as well if you're interested in evolutionary um theories so but we can't make it so how do genes affect our vitamin C Level there is a gene called slc23 A1 um solute carrier family 23 Member One uh doesn't really roll off the tongue um or give as much of a clue to the function although it is also known as this which at least incorporates vitamin SE into its name um but what does this do it actually transports vitamin C um into the body and it helps to distribute it so it really really does have a significant impact on vitamin C levels um so it's intestinal absorption and kidney reabsorption um so together those two ends of the process um are supported by this transporter um protein and again there's the little link to theic Gene information if you want to go look there okay so of course there is a snip on uh this uh vitamin C transporter gene um the tea is the risk again I've never really noticed that before that there is this pattern of te's um but it's really really shouting at me today um but it occurs fairly infrequently so only between 1 and 4% of populations depending on the populations that frequency 1 to 4% which is quite low um in terms of who has that uh snip and it is very very strongly associated with vitamin C levels um and this is the kind of impact 24% lower for heterozygotes the homozygote G type is very rare um so I don't think I did a p on that no I haven't because it is so rare um but lots and lots of people are possibly going to be in the CT I have actually met someone with a TT at hyas genotype and I don't know if anyone here is on the chat and if that's you and you want to say say that totally fine he was a very health aware is a very health aware person um but he is very wrinkly and I've always thought gosh you like you do all these things and you like really on it and you take quite a lot of supplements but you you know you are well informed um and he's got home as iust Vitamin C snip and he did our test he's a neighbor actually um he did our test and then he said yeah I've been told before that I need Vitamin C and I I do take it now um so I thought that was really interesting in terms of real reality real life um it actually does have these uh these effects okay so okay here it is on the report so again you have all the information or most of the information that I'm telling you and imparting that we're sharing on this course most of it but not all of it some of the little pearls won't be there but it's on the report itself so again you know the context what is it for um what does the Gen do what is the nutrition advice if you have this sort of snip or this particular result so again we're showing here a variant means you have higher need for regular intake of vitamin C and it's pretty clear to most people where you can obtain that uh vitamin C um but also interesting to see how that might reflect in terms of symptoms even from an outward appearance uh perspective uh that that effect might not necessarily be obvious for looking at someone and indeed that is the power of genetics because we're looking From the Inside Out uh rather them from the outside in and so there are things that you may have no other way of of knowing okay so we're happy with vitamin C that was quite easy I hope um so Kate you must be doing something oh you you're a double C that's good isn't it cc is good it's the well type it's the most common result so you've got good Seas good genes for vitamin C okay so now onto another antioxidant uh which isn't a vitamin actually so if we think about the what is a vitamin how essential is it glutathione it's the master antioxidant um but we can make and we do make glutathione um so just a little bit of biochemistry for you it's a tripeptide it's made from these amino acids so proteins we need these proteins in our diet and it exists in a reduced form and an oxidized form um reduced is it's active it's it can act as an antioxidant and oxidized means that it's done its thing and it's picked up that o oxide um oxygen from somewhere and neutralized something else as we're going to see so sometimes in functional tests you'll see a marker that looks at the ratio of reduced to oxidized glut and that is an indication of oxidative stress there are obviously other ways uh of looking at that but that that is a a reasonably uh common marker in some functional test okay um so antioxidant reactivation is one function we're going to look at this in detail reactive oxygen species deactivation is what we mean by antioxidant um so sometimes it links to other genes so we're going to visit these genes in due course but there are whole family of genes called GPX gluto peroxidases and they use glapion um to deactivate these reactive oxygen species um which are very very damaging in terms of oxidative stress okay um antioxidant reactivation is something we're going to see in a second uh it's a whole that thought for this middle one and the other way the the glutathione works or functions is it conjugates um certain toxins xenobiotics um so it sticks to them I always think it's like a piece of putty or clay so the toxic substance is sticking to the glop and then that is excreted usually in the store um in order to get rid of that toxic substance from the body okay so it's got these different mechanisms these different modes of action so how do we make it um so we've got cysteine and glutamate here two of those Amino IDs that we discussed on the glycine here um we are going to look at this pathway in the methylation session um but cine comes from or it can be generated from home assistin there's a big cycle kind of going around there that we want to keep moving um and it is considered the limiting factor so out of all the components of gione cysteine is the most important one um and so we need a good supply of it um and that can come from a good methylation methine cycle um it can come directly from Foods sulfur Foods or we can obtain it as a supplement or from a supplement and AC many of you will know that that stands for netal cine um and basically that is providing the cysteine to make the glut phione which is in green here so again it's the glut cysteine and glycine which is here here and here um and there are other co-actors that help this to happen so as well as the cysteine or NAC being important we need energy ATP to actually perform this first step here um and really interesting I love this even though it's kind of horrible um paracetamol blocks this process um so it actually depletes cysteine um so paracetamol why is paracetamol so toxic potentially when people take uh an overdose for example it's because it completely depletes the liver of glutathione um and so an antidote to a paracetamol overdose is actually NAC which just replenishes uh this this huge depletion that has happened here um so I think that's that's a really it's an interesting way of thinking about it even if someone is just using paracetamol think about the fact that it is depleting their cine at Supply in some ways and that can have a effect on their overall glutathione status um so that's the real takeaway from that um the e g CG epig Gallo I can never remember the long uh words for that but the very very potent good um nutrient chemical in green tea um is a co-actor for this particular step in making gluto um and we've also got magnesium and again ATP is is needed um to promote these uh steps in making gluty so you can kind of understand if someone is uh experiencing uh fatigue type symptoms um that their mitochondrial capacity has been reduced you know maybe they've had a viral infection or or something like that that actually hand inand with that it's it's likely to impact their glut status um so yeah lots and lots of of things can um interact with this process um to to do this okay so these are inducers of this process and in some ways I was think it's so clever um oxidative stress is an IND of this process so a little bit of a stressor is a good thing often because it will push the body into action in terms of making the antidote to the problem um so it's that homeo stasis um hormesis hormesis um uh kind of principle where we direct these chemicals to the places where when when and where we need it okay okay and there are a whole family of genes that use glutathione um one of them we're going to look at in detail and it's in your nutrient core report it's gstm1 but it's part of this family um including gstp1 and gstt1 um they are similar but they also have specific uh effects and jobs to do as well as they all contribute generally but they all use glut toome so the clue is in the gnome um genetics and neutr genomics is a language now if you just start to learn the language then it'll just seem much much easier to remember what all these things do and how they work um so they help conjugate the gome to whatever the toxin is um in order to detoxify basically um they are highly polymorphic and what that means is there are lots and lots of uh variant in them um there's lots of versions of these genes that are very very common um including this sounds really dramatic whole Gene deletions um or null um and we can get a null gstm1 and a null gst1 so null is the technical term in genetics but it basically means that that Gene is not functional at all it's not just one snip that is altered but it's a whole sequence it it it might be the ABS whole gene or it's sufficient enough of the whole Gene sequence to render it completely um unfunctional just doesn't work at all um so that sounds really awful Until you realize that actually is really common um again it's different by population but this gstm1 Norm is really really common um in fact we have a little poll and I don't know if Chloe's activated this I've just activated it Emma okay cool do you have good potential yes I know so a little bit of a Twist here um if you have a insert in so and I'm just going to move the slide on actually to here I'll go back a bit in a minute you will either have a i i here um and green or you'll have a DD and a red there is no in between for this if you have an insert that means that it is active um so behind the scenes the lab basically just go any insert is good it's active it means that that's always the The Chosen uh mode for the gene so rather than having a letter A T C or G as your result for gstm WM you will have either a delete delete so that's what dd stands for or you'll have an insert insert um which is green so you've either got it or you haven't um and then you might think oh my God what is the what is the point in me having any glut then if I can't use it well remember what we said about the multiple families or family members I've never seen a whole set of delete delete and the um red for uh the STP one I don't think and even if you had Reds for all of those there are other GST family members um that can pick up some of the slack in terms of this detoxification conjugation and other functions of the family and it's as if you just need to give that family a bit of extra support because some of its people are missing they've gone away um and so the people that are trying to keep the show on the road just need to have a bit more kind of lift in terms of their glutathione levels um in order to to to give them a best chance of of doing those jobs um so it's not a ter terrible um oh my God that's you know I'm just so vulnerable to everything but it is impactful so people with uh the null the delete especially if it is a more than one of these gsts do need to be aware of a more vulnerable uh kind of scenario when it comes to certain toxins um and also to keep keep your glut levels uh as as well supported as possible but it also of course depends on the exposure um you know can you avoid exposure to these toxins in the first place prevention is better than cure um so to bear in mind that um for certain people it's just not a good idea to visit certain places or do certain jobs where we know that that exposure is unavoidable okay and again um we've got like I said the induction of these gen by the very things that the gene is responsible for neutralizing so a little bit of a toxin um is not a bad thing but there are toxins and toxins so a lot of phyto chemicals um in Plum Foods in herbs in spices are toxins um but they are quite gentle they're enough to give the system the message to get ready for action but without overwhelming the situation and without actually causing damage um to the body so it's almost as if you're just giving it little push little push with that chili pepper and I think people mention things like cold and heat um exposure on the chat a little while ago so it is about these like these little pushers these things that are mild toxins but in small doses um that push these processes into action in a gentle encouraging way rather than a bullying really toxic way okay um so this is how it kind of looks in the cell um we've got our reduced gione it interacts with the protein that is made by that Gene and and the Toxin and zaps it out of the cell and then excretes it okay and this little NRF here is nuclear respiratory Factor 2 um which is a really good uh protein that is The Pusher it's it starts the antioxidant uh Cascade uh it it kick starts it into action basically it's at the beginning and so it's part of the sensing of the need for it um and stimulates a a whole load of antioxidant activity we'll come across that later too so that is the report that I flipped to um a little while ago um again it's got that explanation um it's got the explanation about the the deletion aspect as well um but don't be alarmed if you do have a deletion um it's just take it in your stride the purpose of knowing is so that you can choose where to focus in terms of that person person's nutrition and lifestyle um what to avoid how to be conscious um and what to proactively support so again we've talked about the modulators a little bit here's a a big list of phyto chemicals that might actually be helpful and another paper um exercise is also helpful to some extent you know it depends on uh the situation that person's in if they're chronically fatigued and there's already a lot of oxidative stress then for some people a little bit of exercise might push them over the top and is too much um but actually for most people um they are well enough to tolerate exercise that generates some oxidative stress which then pushes all these really posit itive helpful um processes into action um so and these are some other things that are helpful in terms of glutathione support um liver support is important in general because glutathione is made in the liver so consider that too you know we're looking deep we're looking at specifics but don't lose sight of the big picture uh the fact that you know Liver Health what is that like is it taken a bit of a hammering over Christmas um would that person benefit from some uh more generic kind of liver support uh with milk ftle and and things like that as well um just to get them back up to that Level Playing Field okay gosh I can see the chart I I haven't looked for a while I've just in a ton of it um by the way I love and please do carry on contributing to the chat you know we don't know everything there are practitioners on here who know a lot more than I do about supplements a lot more experience of client work so all that contribution um and sharing is really really valuable to the group um so keep up with it it lets me off the hook a bit so do do continue with that and thank you very much okay so this is a little it's meant to be a simple explanation of a Redux reduction oxidation and a whole antioxidant Cascade so if we start at the left hand side we can see gion kind of somewhere here and there's some other uh antioxidants in the mix um when we have peroxides so for example here lipid peroxides they are neutralized by the antioxidant vitamin E So What vitamin E is doing it's basically providing the reduction factor to the peroxide the lipid peroxide in this case and it's neutralizing it so that is no longer a volatile kind of reactive substance it's been calmed down it's been settled it's been neutralized it's been taken out um still there but in a in a un uh dangerous form but in the process of of doing that actually the vitamin E becomes a radical um it's kind of swapped and so that vitamin E is actually then a a an oxide it's an oxidized form it's a reactive oxygen species in its own right um but then vitamin C can come along and do the same it's basically neutralizing and reactivating reducing that vitamin E so that it's active again as an antioxidant um but it's picking up that radical and it's becoming a free radical um in its own right and so on and so forth um and so each of these antioxidants can be affected by other antioxidants and supported by them um so my main point really is that don't rely on one antioxidant um type but also consider that an antioxidant can become an oxidant too so when people are in a really extreme situation or not even really that extreme but if there's a lot of oxidative stress sometimes putting antioxidants in can actually be part of that oxidative stress picture um and so it's important to consider the Cascade um and to make sure that there are these reducing agents these um reduced versions of the the vitamins the antioxidants um in the mix um and that there's not that imbalance of the free radical oxidized versions okay um so I'm going to I'm going to leave that there we've got B3 and N in at the beginning of that Chain by the way um but again it can become oxidized so you can have too much of the wrong version of uh these antioxidants they are not totally innocent okay right so summary about the git ofion um remember that it's part of a family the gstm1 um and that the other family members can pick up the slack but they will need more support to do so if your gstm1 has gone a um that there are all these different uh modes of action of uh reduced glutathione that it's not just uh through that gstm1 uh that it acts as an antioxidant and it interacts with other antioxidants and uh uh reactive oxygen species too um and also don't be alarmed by the fact that that is a whole Gene deletion um because the whole point is we can support it we do have the power um to compensate for any of the gene variances that you'll see in the reports there are ways and means to compensate for them and reduce the potential negative effects of those Snips um so that's the overall message um that it you know just keep on thinking it's actionable that is why we want this information we don't want it to go oh no that means this forever I'm just doomed it's the opposite it giving you the information to be a to know what to focus on and why in order to avoid prevent um or work out what is going on and uh reverse it uh and make sure that person has the best chance of optimizing their health and the context is absolutely key um so some of those actionables people will already be doing them um good or bad um and so that's why again you cannot just take a genetic report and write a set of advice based on it you have to explore that person's lifestyle uh background what is going on with them dayto day what about their family history in order to understand how that connects with the genetics and to make sense of it in that way okay so what have we learned um we've learned some things about Gene names and functions that sometimes if we're looking a gene n reflects its function um we've talked and used a lot the short forms like bco1 but it is worth learning a little bit of the long forms particularly when that is Meaningful in terms of the function uh vitamin D receptor gluto bio and S transferases you know it all really makes sense um they've got different types of function some of them are enzymes some of them are Transporters some of them are receptors etc etc and we'll explain that as we go um we've experienced different genotypes so the genotype is fixed you are not going to change your code um you are changing the surrounding environment that that code exists in when we talk about nutrients co-actors Inhibitors etc etc but your genotype if it's green today it will green it'll be green in 10 years same with red and Amber it's not going to change um but it is all these are the things at our disposal the food the Sleep the exercise the water the air the stress um the social all of those things that are the variables that interact with the genes and over which we have some control um not necessarily all control but a lot of control um so this is the power of putting it all together the context is the key um so those are key lessons from week one um there are a few extra resources just to share with you quickly I think we did some of this on the preview there are information on the website you can look at products what's in each report training page looking a bit weak at the moment but there's some really exciting things about to be added to that um but you've got your training uh sorted for the next few months um support and etc etc so do go to the website as your first Port of Call for things um there are reports that you can download um to get samples there but again you've got a lot of your reports yourself and there are supplementary uh videos um on our Vimeo channel that you can also access via the training page so you don't need to sign in or register or log on to see those Vimeo videos um it's a little bit of an easier way to do it um and then other links again that we covered uh in the preview but I've just put some links here if in doubt email us um don't don't email Emma email team because then we can all uh share the work and get back to you more quickly um again some other links WhatsApp groups Facebook groups if that's your thing it's absolutely not mandatory to benefit from this course but some people really really love it um so if that's you go there and then finally we are having an in-person event at the end of January uh to celebrate and educate about our chlo's on board now our minerals and metals and minerals report um so we're really really excited about that um it's almost full even though we've just literally put it out in one newsletter um so we'll probably do it again but please do grab a last place um if you feel like joining us on that Friday and L were you going to say something about that no no I was just gonna look at the questions afterwards okay okay yeah thank you um so that is the end of week one um we do have quite a lot of questions yes so hopefully I've answered all of them or at least most of them uh really interesting questions by the way everyone so thank you so much really keeping me keep on her toes you thought it was your rest week ex very interesting um a couple of questions on comp as well we're going to talk about it a lot so don't worry about that um yes I think all of them have been answered hopefully so um unless I've missed a couple of them so okay so thank you Chloe and AGA is on here as well AGA will be here with us in a couple of weeks time our third leg of for stall um for MPP presenting so thank you all um for joining and for your um contributions and interactions and all of that brilliant stuff and for your attention too and we will look forward to seeing you next week if you want to rewat the rec